Cecilie Ruud Dangmann

• Steigen, Anne Mari; Stea, Tonje Holte; Granrud, Marie Dahlen; Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud & Bonsaksen, Tore (2026). Trends in sexual harassment exposure among adolescents in Norway between 2017 and 2023 and associations with depressive symptoms. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. ISSN 0803-9488. 80(6), s. 366–374. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2026.2694659. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose The aim of this study was to examine trends in sexual harassment victimization and possible changes in the association between sexual harassment victimization and depressive symptoms among adolescents (aged 16–19) in Norway between 2017 and 2023. Methods This study used cross-sectional data from the national Ungdata Survey conducted in upper secondary schools in Norway from 2017 to 2023 (total N = 229 417). Descriptive analyses and chi-square tests were used to examine changes in sexual harassment victimization across years by gender and age. Logistic regression analyses were used to study temporal trends and potential changes in the association between sexual harassment victimization and depressive symptoms. Results The prevalence of any sexual harassment victimization increased significantly among adolescents between 2017 and 2023. Girls reported a higher prevalence of all forms of sexual harassment victimization than boys. When studying the genders separately, the increase in exposure over time was statistically significant only among girls. Sexual harassment victimization was significantly associated with depressive symptoms in all years for both boys and girls. The strength of this association was generally higher among boys than among girls, and this gender difference became more pronounced between 2017 and 2023. Conclusions Our findings indicate a significant increase in sexual harassment victimization among girls between 2017 and 2023. Although girls are more frequently exposed to sexual harassment than boys, the association with depressive symptoms tends to be stronger among boys, and this difference appears to increase over time.

• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Skogli, Gunhild Kathrine Winther; Holthe, Mira Elise Glaser; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene & Andersen, Per Normann (2024). Life Gets Better: Important Resilience Factors When Growing Up With ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 28(8), s. 1–12. doi: 10.1177/10870547241246645. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: To explore emerging adults' descriptions of important resilience factors when growing up with ADHD. Method: Individual interviews with 10 emerging adults (21-24 years) who participated in a 10-year follow-up study, analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The main theme was that "life gets better." Resilience factors contributing to this positive development were strategies to regulate ADHD, valuable relationships, acceptance, seeing positive attributes of ADHD, receiving tailored, non-stigmatizing support, and participating in meaningful activities. Conclusion: Growing up with ADHD was associated with both challenges and positives, but the main resilience theme was that life gets better. A variety of resilience factors contributed to this, but relational and environmental factors seemed particularly important. Acceptance, both from society and self-acceptance, were related to all resilience factors in various ways indicating that better knowledge of ADHD might foster better understanding and acceptance of children and adolescents with ADHD.

• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Kleppang, Annette Løvheim & Leonhardt, Marja (2024). Health assessments of refugee minors arriving in Norway – a modified Delphi study among health professionals in primary care settings. BMC Public Health. 24(1), s. 1–12. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-19871-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Refugee minors are considered particularly vulnerable to negative health consequences from war, flight and resettlement. Offering health assessments after arrival in a host country could uncover unmet health needs and provide access to treatment. In Norway, a national guide describes these assessments, but little is known about its implementation especially for refugee minors. Thus, the aim of this study was first to explore how health assessments of refugee minors are carried out, second how health professionals perceive the needs of refugee minors and third, the competencies they perceive as necessary to meet the needs of refugee minors. Method: A modified Delphi study in three rounds was conducted using online surveys and one focus group to collect data on the needs and resources of refugee minors, essential factors for a good and health assessment practice. Participants were 54 health professionals responsible for early health assessments of refugee minors, throughout the Norwegian municipalities, working in primary care settings. Quantitative data was analysed descriptively, and qualitative data with content analysis. Results: Health assessments of refugee minors were predominantly conducted by public health nurses, but the organisational structures surrounding assessments varied greatly according to the size of the municipalities and to how much resources were allocated. The feeling of safety was found to be paramount to ensure a good start in a new country for refugee minors. The top four competences professionals should have, were ‘general communication skills’, a ‘health professional background’, ‘expertise in children’s health’ and ‘knowledge about the national guide’. To ensure good health services for refugee minors, improved, more comprehensive, and mandatory directives for children and young individuals was highlighted. Conclusion: Although most refugee minors were invited and attend health assessments, one third of participating municipalities did not offer health assessments to all newcomers and the organisation and content of the assessments were diverse. Several topics, especially mental health, were postponed or not routinely addressed, contrasting with current knowledge of unmet health needs for this group. Missing documentation, practical barriers and providing general health information took time away from doing the actual assessments. The perceived needs of refugee minors were safety and stability, combined with meaningful activities, thus a coordinated effort from several services is necessary. Suggestions for improvements were more time given to assessments, better organisation and co-operation, improved competence and guidelines adjusted for age.

• Phuong, Hoai-Nga; Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Dang, Hoang-Minh & Ho, Ha (2024). Emotion(dys)regulation self-report measures in adolescents in Emerging Asia, Child and Family Wellbeing for a Sustainable Future: Proceedings from the Safe and Sound International Conference. University of Education, Vietnam National University & Inland Norway Univeristy of Applied Sciences. ISSN 9786044994833. s. 94–111. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bonsaksen, Tore; Steigen, Anne Mari; Granrud, Marie Dahlen; Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud & Stea, Tonje Holte (2024). Sexual harassment exposure among junior high school students in Norway: prevalence and associated factors. Frontiers in Public Health. 12. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1307605. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Sexual harassment is common in most countries and cultures. Less is known about sexual harassment, its risk factors, and psychosocial outcomes among young adolescents. The aim of the study was to examine the 12-month prevalence of sexual harassment exposure, and sociodemographic and psychosocial factors associated with exposure among junior high school students in Norway. Methods: A comprehensive cross-sectional study was completed by 83,297 Norwegian adolescents in junior high school in 2021. Data on exposure to sexual harassment were used in combination with sociodemographic measures and psychosocial outcomes: depressive symptoms, loneliness, self-esteem, and well-being. Group differences were analyzed with Chi Square tests, and sociodemographic risk factors were analyzed with logistic regression. Psychosocial outcomes were assessed with multivariate and univariate ANOVAs, and dose–response relationships were assessed with linear regression. Results: Among the adolescents, 32.6% had experienced sexual harassment during the past year. Girls had higher odds of exposure (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.84– 1.96), whereas adolescents whose parents had higher education had lower odds (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.90–0.99). Exposure was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms (partial η2 [ES]  =  0.11) and loneliness (ES  =  0.07), and with lower self-esteem (ES  =  0.06) and well-being (ES  =  0.06). Among exposed adolescents, more frequent exposure was associated with poorer outcomes. Conclusion: Exposure to sexual harassment affects one third of junior high school students in Norway. Those who are exposed have poorer psychosocial outcomes, and there is a dose–response relationship between exposure and outcomes. Awareness of sexual harassment among young adolescents, and interventions to prevent and reduce it, are needed.

• Stea, Tonje Holte; Steigen, Anne Mari; Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Granrud, Marie Dahlen & Bonsaksen, Tore (2023). Associations between exposure to sexual abuse, substance use, adverse health outcomes, and use of youth health services among Norwegian adolescents. BMC Public Health. 23(1). doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-16261-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background A strong association between sexual abuse and adverse health outcomes has been reported among adolescents. The present study aimed to provide more information about adverse health outcomes associated with sexual abuse and substance use, and to examine the use of youth health services among Norwegian adolescents. Methods National representative cross-sectional study among 16–19-year-old Norwegian adolescents (n = 9784). Multivariable regression analyses, adjusted for socioeconomic status and age, were used to examine the association between exposure to sexual abuse, substance use and health risk factors, and the use of youth health services. Results Adolescents exposed to sexual abuse had higher odds of depressive symptoms (males: OR:3.8; 95% CI:2.5–5.8, females: 2.9;2.4–3.5), daily headache (males: 5.3;2.8–10.1, females:1.9; 1.5–2.4), high medication use (males: 3.2;1.7-6.0, females: 2.0;1.6–2.6), self-harm (males: 3.8;2.4-6.0, females:3.2; 2.6–3.9), suicidal thoughts (males: 3.3; 2.2-5.0, females:3.0; 2.5–3.6) and suicide attempts (males: 9.5;5.6–16.0, females:3.6;2.7–4.9). Furthermore, exposure to sexual abuse was associated with higher odds of using school health services (males: 3.9;2.6–5.9, females: 1.6;1.3–1.9) and health services for youth (males: 4.8;3.1–7.6, females: 2.1;1.7–2.5). In general, substance use was associated with increased odds of adverse health related outcomes and use of youth health services, but the strength of the relationships varied according to sex. Finally, results indicated a significant interaction between sexual abuse and smoking that was associated with increased odds of having suicidal thoughts for males (2.6;1.1–6.5) but a decreased odds of having suicidal thoughts and have conducted suicide attempts once or more for females (0.6;0.4-1.0 and 0.5;0.3–0.9, respectively). Conclusions The present study confirmed a strong relationship between exposure to sexual abuse and health risks, especially among males. Moreover, males exposed to sexual abuse were much more likely to use youth health services compared to sexually abused females. Substance use was also associated with adverse health outcomes and use of youth health services, and interactions between sexual abuse and smoking seemed to influence risk of suicidal thoughts and attempts differently according to sex. Results from this study increase knowledge about possible health related effects of sexual abuse which should be used to identify victims and provide targeted treatment by youth health services.

• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Dybdahl, Ragnhild & Solberg, Øivind (2022). Mental health in refugee children. Current Opinion in Psychology. ISSN 2352-250X. 48. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101460. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Almost half of the world's forcibly displaced population are children, most commonly originating from Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Health disparities are well documented, especially for mental health, but not consistent across groups, time or context. Despite high exposure to trauma and stress, refugee children also show remarkable resilience. An ecological model of refugee health including both risk and resilience factors is therefore recommended. The model also includes the dynamic inter-relationship of past traumatic experiences, ongoing daily stressors and the disruptions of basic systems affecting both the individual and families as a whole, offering a framework to better understand the health disparities and appropriate interventions for refugee children.

• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Solberg, Øivind; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene; Høye, Sevald & Andersen, Per Normann (2021). Syrian refugee youth resettled in Norway: mechanisms of resilience influencing health-related quality of life and mental distress. Frontiers in Public Health. 9. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.711451. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: The importance of resilience factors in the positive adaptation of refugee youth is widely recognised. However, their actual mechanism of impact remains under-researched. The aim of this study was therefore to explore protective and promotive resilience mechanisms to inform future interventions and policy. Promotive resilience is seen as a direct main effect and protective resilience as a moderating effect. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of Syrian youth recently resettled in Norway, aged 13–24 years. Regression and moderation analyses were used to explore different interactions, including moderated mediation using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. Result: A direct main effect of promotive resilience was found for health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and general mental distress, but not for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). No moderating effects of protective resilience were found. Post-migration stressors mediated the effects of potentially traumatic events (PTE) from war and flight, and this indirect effect was present at all levels of resilience. Conclusion: Despite high risk exposure and mental distress, resilience was also high. Broad resilience interventions targeting multiple factors would likely benefit the group, but these should include both individual assets and building supportive environments. Additionally, reducing current stress and providing treatment for those in need could enable recovery and increase the efficacy of resilience factors already present.

• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Solberg, Øivind & Andersen, Per Normann (2021). Health-related quality of life in refugee youth and the mediating role of mental distress and post-migration stressors. Quality of Life Research. ISSN 0962-9343. doi: 10.1007/s11136-021-02811-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose The aim of this study is to explore how potentially traumatic events (PTEs) from war and flight influence health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in young refugees after recent resettlement. In a model based on earlier theory, we tested if post-migration stressors and mental distress mediated the effect of PTEs on HRQoL, individually and in serial. We also explored how different types of post-migration stressors influenced different dimensions of HRQoL. Methods This study used a cross-sectional design where 160 Syrian youth recently resettled in Norway completed questionnaires at school between May and December 2018. Correlations between types of post-migration stressors and dimensions of HRQoL were explored and a serial multiple mediator model was tested. Models were adjusted for age and gender, using two types of mental distress; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and general mental distress. Results Higher levels of PTEs reduced experienced HRQoL, but this direct effect was mediated by post-migration stressors alone and in serial with mental distress. Despite high levels of mental distress, this did not affect HRQoL independently, only in serial mediation with increased post-migration stressors. Economic concerns and discrimination were types of post-migration stressors affecting several dimensions of HRQoL. Conclusion Quality of life in refugee is affected by past events from war, stressors in current resettlement and elevated mental distress through complex interrelations. The study reiterates the importance of considering structural and everyday post-migration stressors in policy and intervention to improve the health and wellbeing of refugee youth.

• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Solberg, Øivind; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene; Høye, Sevald & Andersen, Per Normann (2020). Health-related quality of life in young Syrian refugees recently resettled in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 48(7). doi: 10.1177/1403494820929833. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aims: Millions have fled from the civil unrest in Syria, and half of these are children and youth. Although they are a population with an elevated risk of health problems due to adverse pre-migratory and post-migratory experiences, few studies have explored their health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This is considered a fundamental construct in public health and might provide complementary descriptions of their health and well-being after resettling in a new country. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 160 Syrian youth aged 13–24 years. Using KIDSCREEN-27, the results for five dimensions of HRQoL was compared to population norm data. Demographic factors and war-related adverse events were used to predict HRQoL in hierarchical regression. Results: For most participants, the overall HRQoL was good, but it was lower in the dimensions for friends, physical well-being and psychological well-being compared to population norms. Scores in the dimensions for autonomy/parental relation and the school environment were high and were the main contributors to a positive HRQoL. Age and number of reported stressful events (SE) had the greatest impact on HRQoL, but the final regression model only accounted for 21% of the total variance. Conclusions: HRQoL is a relevant and non-invasive measure for refugee youth. Contributors to lower scores in physical and psychological well-being should be explored further and indicate the potential for future interventions focussing on general psychological well-being and networks, regardless of the SE that have been experienced. These interventions could potentially be based in schools or in families in order to benefit from these being seemingly safe environments for the majority of the group.

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud & Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim (2026). Kapittel 23 Barn og unge som har opplevd flukt, krig eller katastrofer. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Granrud, Marie Dahlen; Sandsdalen, Tuva; Anderzén-Carlsson, Agneta; Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud & Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene (2025). ”Alla tror att alla vet… i verkligheten är det ingen som vet”: Norska helsesykepleiers arbete med att identifiera och följa upp barn som är anhöriga. I Brolin, Rosita; Gough, Ritva; Magnusson, Lennart & Hanson, Elizabeth (Red.), Barn är anhöriga - vågar vi lyssna på dem?. Nationellt kompetenscentrum anhöriga (Nka) og Linnéuniversitetet. ISSN 9789187731884. s. 603–618. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud (2025). Migrasjon og identitet. doi: https:/www.hamar-kulturhus.no/arrangementer/kunstpause-en-gjest-i-tiden-3/. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Kunstnersamtale i anledning åpningen av kunstutstilling med Sylvia Denais i anledning Crossing 200 markeringen av jubileet for den første norske utvandringen til USA, bestilt av biblioteket sponset av av Innlandet fylkeskommune

• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud (2025). Migrasjon og indentitet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Foredrag i anledning Crossing 200 markeringen av jubileet for den første norske utvandringen til USA, bestilt av biblioteket sponset av av Innlandet fylkeskommune

• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud (2025). Migrasjon og identitet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Foredrag i anledning Crossing 200 markeringen av jubileet for den første norske utvandringen til USA, bestilt av biblioteket sponset av av Innlandet fylkeskommune

• Bromseth, Janne C. Haugnes; Akin, Deniz; Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Mathisen, Silje & Miklavic, Kristina (2024). Hva betyr det egentlig at «ikke-skeive har bedre livskvalitet enn skeive»? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Kleppang, Annette Løvheim & Leonhardt, Marja (2024). Helseundersøkelser av nyankomne barn og unge med fluktbakgrunn. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Skogli, Gunhild Kathrine Winther; Holthe, Mira Elise Glaser; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene & Andersen, Per Normann (2024). Important resilience factors when growing up with ADHD. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Title: Important resilience factors when growing up with ADHD Background: Growing up with ADHD is associated with significant challenges and a variety of negative outcomes such as bullying, stigmatization, depression, lower academic performance and reduced quality of life. Despite this, developmental outcomes vary greatly, and many adapt well and flourish despite symptoms, or function well in one or more domains even if they struggle in other. Factors which buffer against negative effects of risk or promote positive outcomes are often referred to as resilience factors and have traditionally been less explored that risk factors related to ADHD. Better understanding of important resilience factors could increase our repertoire of relevant treatment and interventions leading to more positive developmental outcomes for children growing up with ADHD. Objectives: To explore emerging adults' descriptions of important resilience factors when growing up with ADHD. Methods: Individual interviews with ten emerging adults (21-24 years) who participated in a 10-year follow-up study, analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The main theme was that “life gets better”. Resilience factors contributing to this positive development were personal strategies to regulate ADHD, valuable relationships, societal and self-acceptance, being able to see positive attributes of ADHD, receiving tailored and non-stigmatizing support, and participating in meaningful activities. Conclusion: Growing up with ADHD was associated with both challenges and positives, but the main resilience theme was that life gets better as they grow older. A variety of resilience factors contributed to this, but relational and environmental factors seemed particularly important, opposing a common treatment focus on individual coping skills. Acceptance, both from society and self-acceptance, were related to all resilience factors in various ways - indicating that better knowledge of ADHD in society at large, but especially amongst employers, teachers or doctors - might foster better understanding and acceptance of children and adolescents with ADHD.

• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud (2024). Ungdom med fluktbakgrunn og viktigheten av resiliens. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud & Løkra, Sissel (2024). Helse og levekår for skeive i Innlandet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud (2024). LHBT+Helse. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud (2023). Barn og unge med migrasjonserfaringer og krysskulturell oppvekst. I Dahl, Berit Misund & Bjørnsen, Hanne Nissen (Red.), Helsesykepleie i praksis. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 9788245037920. s. 179–192. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Steigen, Anne Mari; Bonsaksen, Tore; Granrud, Marie Dahlen; Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud & Stea, Tonje Holte (2023). Time trends in sexual harassment exposure among adolescents in Norway between 2017 and 2021. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud (2022). Egne fordommer og hvordan vi ser på mennesker fra andre kulturer. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Leonhardt, Marja; Kleppang, Annette Løvheim & Lien, Lars (2022). Assessment of mental health and psychosocial support in Ukrainian refugee minors resettled in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Andersen, Per Normann; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene; Høye, Sevald & Fjeld-Solberg, Øivind (2022). Resilience in Syrian refugee youth. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Andersen, Per Normann; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene; Høye, Sevald & Fjeld-Solberg, Øivind (2022). Barn og unge med fluktbakgrunn - betydningen av resiliensfaktorer for psykiske helse og livskvalitet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud (2022). God starthjelp avgjørende for unge flyktninger. [Radio]. NRK Innlandet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud (2021). Betydningen av hverdagsstress hos ungdom med fluktbakgrunn. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Andersen, Per Normann; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene; Høye, Sevald & Solberg, Øivind (2019). Health Related Quality of Life in resettled refugee youth. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Andersen, Per Normann; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene; Høye, Sevald & Solberg, Øivind (2019). God start i Norge, helse og trivsel hos unge flyktninger. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Andersen, Per Normann; Solberg, Øivind; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene & Høye, Sevald (2019). Health-Related Quality of Life in resettled refugee youth. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Andersen, Per Normann; Solberg, Øivind; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene & Høye, Sevald (2019). Health-Related Quality of Life in resettled refugee youth. European Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1101-1262. 29. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.055. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud & Gjevjon, Edith L Roth (2016). Ungdom forhandler om leggetid. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Bakgrunn Ungdom utsetter leggetid og mangler søvn, noe som påvirker deres fysiske og mentale helse (Hysing, Pallesen, Stormark, Lundervold, & Sivertsen, 2013). Manglende søvn har blant annet sammenheng med depresjon, selvmord, overvekt, ulykker, dårlige skoleresultater og frafall (Owens, 2014). Familie og leggetidsrutiner i hjemmet påvirker ungdommens søvnmengde og kvalitet (Bartel, Gradisar, & Williamson, 2015). Hensikten med denne studien var bedre forståelse for hvordan familien samhandler rundt leggetid, slik at tiltak for å bedre ungdoms søvn kan tilpasses målgruppen. Problemstilling Hvordan bestemmer og gjennomfører familier med ungdom leggetid? Design/metode Grounded theory med familieintervjuer av tre familier med ungdom i alderen 14 til 18 år. Ti personer deltok. Resultater Familiene var opptatt av å balansere behov og krav i hverdagslivet. Dette førte til en «leggetidsforhandling» for å få nok søvn og samtidig ha tid nok til andre aktiviteter. Leggetidsforhandlingen var en intern forhandling med seg selv, men også en forhandling i familien. Forhandlingen resulterte i et akseptabelt handlingsrom for leggetid, som inneholdt en variasjon av tidspunkt og rutiner påvirket av situasjonen, personen og familien. Leggetidsforhandlingen besto av tre strategier. Den ene var vekting av behov og krav der personen eller familien prioriterte aktiviteter etter hvilken verdi de hadde. Den andre var tillegging av søvnerfaring der personen eller familien brukte egen erfaring med søvn for å avgjøre hvilken adferd som var passende i situasjonen. Til sist var det lokalisering av grenser for leggetidspunkt og søvnmengde. Familiene var også opptatt av gode og dårlige søvnvaner og plasserte egne leggetidsrutiner på en normativ skala fra ideell til problematisk. Der de forskjellige handlingsrommene overlappet (fellesrommet) var leggerutiner og tidspunkt felles akseptert, og så lenge de holdt seg innenfor de felles rammene opplevdes leggetiden som god. Konflikter og diskusjoner oppsto på grensen eller nedenfor «fellesrommet». Når barna var små var det foreldrene som gjorde leggetidsforhandlingen på vegne av barna. De vektet behov og krav, lokaliserte klare grenser og brukte egen søvnerfaring og søvnråd for bestemme barnas handlingsrom. De sjekket ut effekten ved å vurdere hvor raskt barna sovnet og formen gjennom dagen. Etter hvert som de vokste deltok barna mer i prosessen og som ungdom definerte de sitt eget handlingsrom, selv om dette ikke nødvendigvis var det samme som foreldrenes ønsker. Så lengde de tilsynelatende handlet innenfor «fellesrommet» grep ikke foreldrene aktivt inn. Foreldrenes hovedfokus endret seg fra kveld til morgen, om kvelden var de motivatorer for å komme seg i seng. Om morgenen forsøkte de å minske eventuelt skadeomfang av sene kvelder ved å sikre at ungdommen sto opp. Ungdommen utviklet egen søvnerfaring og ble frustrert hvis de ikke fikk ta den i bruk. Utviklingen i leggetidsforhandling kan sees på som en tillært reguleringsadferd, der målet er at ungdommen skal ha ansvar for egen søvn om kort tid. Konklusjon. Studien viser at leggetid er en kompleks handling som påvirkes av biologiske, psykososiale og utviklingsmessige faktorer. Forenklede tiltak der foreldre skal overta styringen av ungdommens leggetid kan overstyre ungdommens egen erfaring hindre dem å lære å regulere egen søvn. Tiltak bør rettes mot hele familien, ikke bare ungdom eller foreldre. Forståelsen av leggetidsforhandling kan strukturere samtalen med ungdom om søvn ved å kartlegge hvilke behov og krav de prioriterer, hvilke søvnerfaringer de har og hvor grensene går, og dermed synligjøre deres handlingsrom og konkretisere tiltak.

• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud (2016). Grounded theory metodologi. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud & Gjevjon, Edith L Roth (2016). Ungdom og søvn: Forhandling om leggetid. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tahir, Hajra; Lynnebakke, Brit; Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud & Kindt, Marianne Takvam (2025). Forståelse og bruk av UDIs skriftlige kommunikasjon: En pilotstudie om søkernes erfaringer. NIFU Nordisk institutt for studier av innovasjon, forskning og utdanning. ISSN 9788232707126. doi: https:/www.nifu.no/rapporter/forstaelse-og-bruk-av-udis-skriftlige-kommunikasjon-en-pilotstudie-om-sokernes-erfaringer/. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Rapporten presenterer funn fra en pilotstudie gjennomført av NIFU i samarbeid med Universitetet i Innlandet på oppdrag fra Utlendingsdirektoratet (UDI). Formålet med studien er å gi kunnskap om hvordan søkere fra utvalgte land (Afghanistan, Syria, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Vietnam og Filippinene), opplever skriftlig informasjon fra UDI i forbindelse med søknad om familieinnvandring. Studien er forankret i Helsekompetansemodellen, som vektlegger fire kjerneferdigheter i møte med skriftlig informasjon: å finne, forstå, vurdere og bruke informasjon.

• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud (2022). Good starts : Mental Health and Resilience in Resettled Syrian Refugee Youth. Universitetet i Innlandet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Children and youth are estimated to comprise almost half the world’s displaced population of 82 million, yet they are less visible in literature on refugee health. The needs of young refugees deserve greater attention due to the long-term consequences for development, integration, health and quality of life. A good start in a new resettlement country represents an opportunity to positively influence their future health and development. Increasing our understanding of factors influencing their mental health in early resettlement could inform important policy and interventions to provide for such “Good starts”. Aim: The overall aim was to explore mental health and resilience in Syrian refugee youth and the influence of pre-and post-migration risk and resilience factors. Methods: One hundred sixty recently resettled Syrian youth, aged 13 to 24 years, participated in a survey at 23 schools across Norway. The study is part of the REFUGE project (REsettlement For Uprooted Groups Explored), a nation-wide survey of mental health and quality of life in refugees from Syria resettled in Norway. Results: The Syrian youth reported high levels of mental distress and reduced quality of life. For quality of life; friendships, physical and mental wellbeing were lowscoring dimensions, whilst home and school life contributed positively. Potentially traumatic events from war and flight had significant impact on mental health, but their influence was largely through increasing the amount of post-migration stressors. Mental distress reduced the experienced quality of life, both directly but also through increasing the amount of post-migration stressors. Lastly, resilience factors were associated with better mental health as a direct main effect independent of risk. However, this was not significant for PTSD. Environmental and relational factors seemed to have the largest impact on mental health. Conclusion: The inequities in health clearly indicate the need for policy and interventions to improve mental health and resilience in refugee youth. The complexity of interactions suggests that both universal promotive interventions, as well as targeted preventive interventions could be beneficial. Increased attention should be given to post-migration risk and resilience factors, especially environmental and relational factors.

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