Per Normann Andersen

• Orangzeb, Saima; Hartz, Ingeborg; Bakken, Inger Johanne Landsjøåsen; Odsbu, Ingvild; Furu, Kari & Skurtveit, Svetlana Ondrasova [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Incidence of ADHD diagnoses and medication initiation among children and adolescents in Norway from 2016-2024. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. ISSN 1018-8827. doi: 10.1007/s00787-026-03116-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Global trends show an increase in ADHD diagnoses and medication use. This study aimed to describe the incidence of ADHD among children and adolescents in Norway from 2016 to 2024, and to investigate sociodemographic factors associated with treatment initiation among newly diagnosed individuals. This nationwide longitudinal study used data from Norwegian health registers, including all incident ADHD cases (first diagnosis or medication) at ages 3–17 years between 2016 and 2024. Incidence rates were calculated per 1,000 individuals along with proportion initiating medication 0–3 months and 4–12 months post diagnosis. Logistic regression models were used to assess factors associated with initiation. The overall incidence of ADHD more than doubled between 2016 and 2024 (from 4.4 to 9.0 per 1,000), with 52,149 incident ADHD cases. The most pronounced increase was observed among adolescent females (14–17 years), where incidence rose from 3.1 to 11.4 per 1,000. Among 38,749 individuals diagnosed between 2016 and 2023, the proportion initiating medication within one year of diagnosis increased from 72.8% to 78.4%. Following a peak in 2021, proportion initiation within 0–3 months declined, while initiation at 4–12 months increased. Having a foreign-born parent was associated with lower odds, while older age at diagnosis and lower paternal education associated with higher odds of medication-initiation. This study documents a doubling in the incidence of ADHD diagnoses among children in Norway, and an even stronger increase among adolescent females. Medication initiation increased slightly but evolved toward a delayed approach. Sociodemographic factors, especially age at diagnosis, parental region of birth and father’s education influence medication-initiation.

• Andreassen, Marita; Berg, Liam James; Larsen, Mikkel Møller; Vee, Tove Sandvoll; Andersen, Per Normann & Orm, Stian (2026). Academic self-efficacy and study engagement in university students with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities. ISSN 0891-4222. 169, s. 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2026.105209. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives To (1) compare academic self-efficacy and study engagement between students with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), (2) examine procrastination, self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships with peers and faculty as possible associated factors, and (3) explore whether these associations differ between students with and without ADHD. Method Students in higher education with ADHD (n = 99; Mage = 22.29, 79.8 % female) and without ADHD (n = 182, Mage = 21.57, 83.5 % female) completed scales. Data were analyzed with linear regression. Results Students with ADHD reported lower academic self-efficacy (d = −.45, p < .001) and study engagement (d = −.42, p = .003), more procrastination (d = 1.32, p < .001), lower self-esteem (d = −.36, p = .007), and poorer relationships with peers (d = −.65, p < .001) and faculty (d = −.49, p < .001) than students without ADHD. Across groups, higher academic self-efficacy was associated with less procrastination (β = −.24, p < .001), higher self-esteem (β =.32, p < .001), and better relationships with faculty (β =.37, p < .001). Self-efficacy and self-esteem were more strongly associated in students with ADHD. Higher study engagement was associated with less procrastination and better relationships with peers and faculty. Females without ADHD reported higher study engagement than males, whereas no gender differences were found among students with ADHD. Conclusions Students with ADHD experience lower academic self-efficacy and study engagement than their peers. Addressing procrastination and fostering social and academic integration may improve these outcomes.

• Skogli, Erik Winther; Andersen, Per Normann; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Øverland, Elisabeth; Kjørren, Eldri Skjelkvåle & Hovik, Kjell Tore [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Deliberate and Affective Driven Decision-Making. A 10-Year Longitudinal Study of Decision-Making in Autism. Developmental Neuropsychology. ISSN 8756-5641. s. 1–16. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2025.2595934. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We investigated the developmental trajectory of decision-making in autistic individuals from childhood into emerging adulthood and examined the impact of internalizing symptoms on decision-making strategies. Thirty-eight autistic and 50 non-autistic individuals were assessed at baseline (Mage = 11.8 years, 72.7% boys), at 2-year, and 10-year follow-up. Autistic and non-autistic individuals showed similar improvements in decision-making performance over time. However, the autistic participants exhibited a more risk-averse decision-making style compared to the non-autistic participants. The pattern of risk-averse decision-making in the autistic individuals reflected a more deliberate thinking style in advantageous situations and the influence of internalizing symptoms in disadvantageous situations.

• Øverland, Elisabeth; Andersen, Per Normann; Skogli, Erik Winther; Hauge, Åshild Lappegard & Pellicano, Elizabeth (2025). “One must think autism in everything one does”: Clinicians’ Experiences of Supporting Autistic Patients. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. ISSN 0162-3257. doi: 10.1007/s10803-025-07070-w. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose Studies have consistently shown that autistic individuals often find their interactions with healthcare professionals unhelpful, indicating unmet needs. This issue is exacerbated by healthcare professionals’ inadequate knowledge about autism and communication difficulties between healthcare professionals and autistic patients. This qualitative study sought to gain a deeper understanding of clinical encounters between healthcare professionals and autistic patients, from the perspectives of clinicians. Methods We conducted five in-depth focus groups with 20 experienced clinicians in Child and Adult Mental Health services in Norway. We used reflexive thematic analysis to analyze the data, using an inductive approach. Results We found that, overall, clinicians want to be respectful and flexible in their clinical encounters with their autistic patients. We also identified four themes, including that clinicians: 1) are attentive to the varied responses to diagnoses; 2) understand the importance of adapting their communication styles toward the needs of their autistic patients; 3) recognize the need for greater focus on quality of life and autonomy; and 4) acknowledge the significant role that parents play in autistic young people’s lives. Conclusion Although neurodiversity-affirming attitudes amongst clinicians are encouraging, whether they are demonstrated in practice needs further investigation. The findings indicate that support for autistic patients should be more comprehensive and persist for a longer time.

• Orm, Stian; Wood, Jeffrey J.; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Adams, Keenan; Andersen, Per Normann & Fjermestad, Krister Westlye [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Anxiety Symptoms Predict Subsequent Depressive Symptoms in Neurodivergent Youth: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. ISSN 2730-7166. 53(3), s. 429–441. doi: 10.1007/s10802-025-01292-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Neurodivergent youth often experience anxiety and depressive symptoms that may hamper adaptive functioning and well-being. There is little knowledge of how anxiety and depression are related in neurodivergent youth. Therefore, we aimed to examine whether the relationship between anxiety and depressive symptoms is uni- or bidirectional in neurodiverse youth. We assessed self-reported anxiety and depressive symptoms over time in 173 youth (Mbaseline age = 11.7 years, SD = 2.1, 64% males, 36% females). The sample comprised 38 autistic youth, 85 youth diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 50 comparison youth assessed at baseline (T1), 2-year follow-up (T2, 97% retention), and 10-year follow-up (T3, 73% retention). We used cross-lagged models to analyze the data. In neurodivergent youth, more anxiety symptoms at T1 and T2 predicted more depressive symptoms at T2 and T3. Preceding anxiety symptoms were linked with later depressive symptoms, even after accounting for autoregressive effects of depressive symptoms. The results are consistent with a prodromal model in which anxiety symptoms can independently foreshadow the emergence of depressive symptoms over the course of development among neurodivergent youth. Potentially, addressing anxiety symptoms among youth with autism or ADHD could play a role in preventing the onset of youth depression.

• Øverland, Elisabeth; Hauge, Åshild Lappegard; Orm, Stian; Øie, Merete Glenne; Skogli, Erik Winther & Pellicano, Elizabeth [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). “I have to charge my social battery”: Perspectives from autistic young adults on Quality of Life. Autism. ISSN 1362-3613. 28(6), s. 1369–1381. doi: 10.1177/13623613241245578. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Several studies report on lower quality of life for autistic people when compared to non-autistic people. However, there are ongoing discussions about the conceptualization of quality of life for the autistic population. This qualitative study investigated self-perceived quality of life in the context of autistic young adults’ everyday lives. Participants (age range 21–29 years) were recruited from a 10-year follow-up study, Lillehammer Neurodevelopmental Follow-up Study, all diagnosed in childhood and adolescence. Fourteen individual in-depth interviews were conducted. When asked about what was important for having a good quality of life, our autistic participants described relationships to people and pets as important, as well as having meaningful activities. Specific interests had guided many to their choice of both academic and work career. Many also described obstacles in their environment that had influenced their quality of life negatively, such as being misunderstood by teachers and other professionals, being bullied, and sensory and emotional overload. Our findings indicate that those in supportive roles should provide help with establishing connections to activities and people/animals, as this seems to be essential for creating a good quality of life. Taking advantage of passions and interests can create opportunities for autistic people. Findings suggest that future research should address the communication barriers between autistic people and professionals that can lead to misunderstandings

• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Skogli, Gunhild Kathrine Winther; Holthe, Mira Elise Glaser; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene & Andersen, Per Normann (2024). Life Gets Better: Important Resilience Factors When Growing Up With ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 28(8), s. 1–12. doi: 10.1177/10870547241246645. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: To explore emerging adults' descriptions of important resilience factors when growing up with ADHD. Method: Individual interviews with 10 emerging adults (21-24 years) who participated in a 10-year follow-up study, analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The main theme was that "life gets better." Resilience factors contributing to this positive development were strategies to regulate ADHD, valuable relationships, acceptance, seeing positive attributes of ADHD, receiving tailored, non-stigmatizing support, and participating in meaningful activities. Conclusion: Growing up with ADHD was associated with both challenges and positives, but the main resilience theme was that life gets better. A variety of resilience factors contributed to this, but relational and environmental factors seemed particularly important. Acceptance, both from society and self-acceptance, were related to all resilience factors in various ways indicating that better knowledge of ADHD might foster better understanding and acceptance of children and adolescents with ADHD.

• Orm, Stian; Wood, Jeffrey J.; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Andersen, Per Normann; Fjermestad, Krister Westlye & Øie, Merete Glenne [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Within-Person Effects of Executive Functioning on Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Youth with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Longitudinal Study. Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. ISSN 2366-7532. doi: 10.1007/s41252-024-00421-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives The objective was to disentangle the role of between- and within-person variation in executive functioning (EF) in the development of anxiety and depressive symptoms among youth with neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods We assessed 85 youth with ADHD, 38 youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and 50 typically developing (TD) youth at baseline (Mage = 11.7 years, 64% males), 2-year follow-up, and 10-year follow-up with neuropsychological tests of EF and anxiety and depressive symptoms scales. Results Across groups, depressive symptoms increased with age, whereas anxiety symptoms were stable. Greater within-person improvement in overall EF from baseline to 2-year follow-up predicted reduced anxiety symptoms. Greater within-person improvement in cognitive flexibility predicted reduced depressive symptoms from baseline to 2-year follow-up. Conclusions We conclude that improvement in EF skills in youth may lessen the severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms over time. Thus, EF could be an intervention target to prevent anxiety and depressive symptoms.

• Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Øie, Merete Glenne; Orm, Stian; Andersen, Per Normann & Skogli, Erik Winther (2024). Longitudinal Predictors of Adaptive Functioning in Emerging Adults with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. ISSN 2730-7166. 53. doi: 10.1007/s10802-024-01265-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) display heterogeneity in adaptive functioning, underscoring the need to identify predictors to inform clinical and scientific interventions. We investigated the longitudinal associations between an autism diagnosis, co-occurring psychopathology symptoms, executive functions (EF) and subsequent adaptive functioning in individuals with and without ASD (IQ > 70). Sixty-six individuals (26 with ASD, 40 without ASD) were assessed at baseline (mean age = 11.8 years, SD = 2.1) and at 10-year follow-up (mean age 21.4, SD = 2.3). The diagnostic evaluation comprised a comprehensive assessment of autism symptoms and emotional and cognitive functioning. Co-occurring psychopathology symptoms were assessed with two measures: self-reported depressive symptoms with the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and parent-reported total problems with the Child Behavior Checklist 6–18. Participants completed neuropsychological tests to evaluate EF. We investigated adaptive functioning by using the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale (WFIRS) which is a self-report measure of impairment in the following domains: family, work, school, life skills, self-concept, social and risk-taking. Among the emerging adults previously diagnosed with ASD, 46% reported living independently, 75% had at least one friend, and 71% were employed or in education. Individuals with ASD reported significantly lower adaptive functioning compared to individuals without ASD (WFIRS Total, Hedges’ g = 0.92). Greater EF difficulties in childhood/adolescence predicted lower adaptive functioning in emerging adulthood, surpassing the influence of autism diagnosis and co-occurring symptoms. The findings highlight the influential role of EF, implying that interventions targeting EF difficulties could improve long-term outcomes for individuals with ASD.

• Tilden, Solveig; Parish, Karen; Mishra, Deepti; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Andersen, Per Normann (2024). Humanoid Robots as Learning Assistants? Useability Perspectives of Grade 6 Students. Technology, Knowledge and Learning. ISSN 2211-1662. 30. doi: 10.1007/s10758-024-09731-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Despite the increasing number of robots in educational settings, they are relatively new, with ambiguous research findings regarding a robot’s influence on students’ learning, psychosocial aspects, and gender differences. In this study, 17 Grade 6 students in a Norwegian school participated in a human–robot interaction (HRI) session with mathematics and programming tasks followed by focus group interviews to explore their experiences. Thematic analysis resulted in four main themes: (1) Technical aspects, (2) Robots as educational assistants, (3) Robot features, and (4) Attitudes regarding robots. Overall, the students found the robot entertaining, providing mastery experiences in mathematics and programming. Some technical difficulties were experienced, and the robot’s lack of facial expressions, emotions, and tailored feedback created interaction challenges. Gender differences regarding interest in people versus things were found. The implementation of robots in education shows potential, however, more research is needed, especially longitudinal exploring the impact of HRI in education.

• Hartz, Ingeborg; Madsstuen, Nils Henry Haugen; Andersen, Per Normann; Handal, Marte & Odsbu, Ingvild (2024). Nationwide trends in the use of ADHD medications in the period 2006–2022: a study from the Norwegian prescription database. BMC Psychiatry. 24(1). doi: 10.1186/s12888-024-06199-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background The use of medication for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) increased globally throughout the early 2000s. This study examine trends in prevalences and incidences of medication use in Norway from 2006 to 2022. Methods Data from the Norwegian Prescription Database were used to present one-year-prevalence and incidence rates of ADHD medication (ATC-group N06BA and C02AC02) for the overall population (ages 6–64) and within sex and age subgroups of children (ages 6–17) and adults (ages 18–64). Incident use was defined as the dispensing of medication, with no recorded use in the previous two calendar years. Results The overall prevalence of ADHD medication use in 6- to 64-year-olds increased from 5.2 to 19.4 per 1000 in the period, most pronounced from 2020 and onwards. While males experienced a nearly threefold increase in use (from 7.3 to 20.6 per 1000), the use among females increased almost sixfold during the study period (from 3.0 to 18.1 per 1000). Consequently, the male-to-female prevalence-ratio decreased from 2.4 to 1. Children exhibited a higher prevalence of use compared to adults throughout the period, although the largest relative increase was observed in adults, particularly in female adults. In children the male-to-female ratio decreased from 3.2 to 2.0, primarily due to an increasing use in 13–17-year-old females. Among adults, prevalences were similar across most age groups, with the highest rates observed among those aged 18–24, where female use exceeded male use by the end of the period. The male-to-female prevalence-ratio in adults decreased from 1.6 to 0.9 during the period. Parallel to prevalent use, overall incident use increased from 1.4 to 5.0 per 1000 during the period, with the most pronounced increase occurring from 2020 and onwards. From this point, incident use among females aged 13–17, 18–24, and 25–34, exceeded that of males. The male-to-female incidence-ratio decreased from 1.8 to 0.9. The overall incidence to prevalence ratio remained similar throughout the period, being 0.27 in 2006 and 0.25 in 2022. Conclusion A sustained increase in the prevalence of ADHD medication use was observed, with the most pronounced rise occurring among females and adults from 2020 and onwards. By 2022, the overall gender disparity in ADHD medication use had diminished, which should be considered in the context of a steep increase in incident use among adolescent and young adult females starting from 2020.

• Øverland, Elisabeth; Andersen, Per Normann; Orm, Stian; Øie, Merete Glenne; Skogli, Erik Winther & Hauge, Åshild Lappegard (2024). “I Have Tried to Fit In, but I Just Want to Be Me”: Development Toward Identity Formation in Young Autistic Adults. Autism in Adulthood. ISSN 2573-9581. doi: 10.1089/aut.2024.0156. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Background: Research increasingly focuses on how autistic individuals use different strategies to adapt to their social environment. Awareness about how these strategies could impact well-being is essential. In this study, we aimed to explore the developmental perspective of social strategies and identity formation from childhood to young adulthood among young autistic adults. Methods: Participants were initially recruited in 2009 when diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder at Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) centers in one region of Norway (Mage = 12 years). For this follow-up study, 14 participants agreed to take part in individual in-depth, semistructured interviews conducted ∼12 years later. We applied reflexive thematic analysis to the interview material. Results: From the analysis of the interviews, we identified one overarching theme: I have tried to fit in, but I just want to be me: Development toward agency. The overarching theme represents an ongoing process of agency, tied to three main themes. Participants reported functioning differently in social situations throughout development (Theme 1) when compared with non-autistic peers. Consequently, they reflected on helpful strategies (Theme 2) that they found beneficial in navigating the social world. Gradually, the participants developed identity formation toward acceptance of being different (Theme 3). Conclusion: This study highlights the complexity of social interaction and self-perception in autism. Participants recognized their unique ways of interacting and used various strategies to fit in. Growing older, they became more self-aware and preferred social situations that met their needs for predictability, quiet environments, and routines. Interestingly, participants did not always view autism as a core part of their identity. This suggests that autistic adults may be more satisfied in acknowledging and appreciating their differences rather than trying to fit into conform identities. Our findings highlight the need to encourage strategies that promote well-being and individuality as autistic individuals become adults.

• Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Orm, Stian; Andersen, Per Normann; Geurts, Hilde M; Øie, Merete Glenne & Skogli, Erik Winther (2023). Childhood executive function predicts internalizing and externalizing symptoms in emerging adults with and without autism: A 10-year longitudinal study. Developmental Neuropsychology. ISSN 8756-5641. 48(3), s. 97–111. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2023.2206663. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing individuals were assessed on three neuropsychological tests of executive function (EF) and on scales of autism symptoms and co-occurring internalizing and externalizing symptoms at baseline (T1; N = 88, Mage = 11.8 years, 73% males), 2-year (T2; 99% retention, Mage = 13.9 years), and 10-year follow-ups (T3; 75% retention, Mage = 21.4 years). An EF composite score from T1 significantly predicted internalizing symptoms at T2 (β = .228) and internalizing and externalizing symptoms at T3 (β = .431 and .478, respectively), when controlling for age and autism symptoms. OThe findings suggest that EF difficulties are a long-term risk factor for more co-occurring symptoms.

• Orm, Stian; Øie, Merete Glenne; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Fjermestad, Krister Westlye; Andersen, Per Normann & Skogli, Erik Winther (2023). Predictors of Quality of Life and Functional Impairments in Emerging Adults With and Without ADHD: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 27(5), s. 458–469. doi: 10.1177/10870547231153962. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: We tested the hypotheses that (1) a diagnosis of ADHD in childhood or adolescence is associated with reduced quality of life (QoL) and everyday functioning in emerging adulthood, and (2) executive function (EF) deficits, internalizing difficulties, and ADHD symptoms predict reduced QoL and more functional impairments. Method: We assessed 85 children and adolescents with ADHD and 50 typically developing (TD) peers at baseline (Mage = 11.6 years, 58% males), 2-year follow-up, and 10-year follow-up with neuropsychological tests of EF and self-reports. Results: Individuals with ADHD reported lower QoL and functional impairments in emerging adulthood compared to TD peers. More internalizing difficulties and ADHD symptoms at baseline and 2-year follow-up significantly predicted lower QoL and more functional impairments at the 10-year follow-up. Conclusion: ADHD and internalizing difficulties in childhood or adolescence have a negative impact on QoL and everyday functioning in emerging adulthood. Keywords: ADHD; anxiety; depression; executive function; functional impairments; longitudinal; quality of life.

• Vu, Bich Phuong; Dang, Hoanh Minh & Andersen, Per Normann (2023). Does Videoconferencing-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxious Youth Work? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry. doi: 10.1007/s40501-023-00302-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  While videoconferencing has become a common tool for remote communication in health-related services such as psychotherapy, scientific evidence for its outcomes is scarce in the population of youth with problematic anxiety. This paper reviews the primary and secondary outcomes of cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT) delivered via videoconferencing for youth with subclinical or clinical anxiety. Quantitative and qualitative studies focusing on youth (aged 7 to 20), anxiety, CBT, and videoconferencing were systematically searched on Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ERIC databases. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria, of which seven were extracted for quantitative data. Out of the seven studies, only one study was quasi-experimental with an in-person CBT comparison group, while another study was a small-scaled randomized controlled trial with a waitlist control group. The pooled sample size was 213 children and adolescents. Significant changes in primary (i.e., anxiety symptoms and severity) and secondary outcome measures (e.g., global functioning and life interference) at post-treatment of videoconferencing-based CBT were reported, but lacking a control group in a majority of the studies reduces the finding’s validity. Satisfaction, treatment completion rate, and therapist’s fidelity were rarely reported but found to be high in some studies. None of the studies reported negative effects specific to videoconferencing-based CBT. The current evidence for this topic is somewhat limited in terms of quantity and quality. Replication studies in low- and middle-income countries are also lacking. More well-designed trials are needed to provide more conclusive evidence for the videoconferencing modality, which may help scale up psychological interventions for a highly prevalent problem such as youth anxiety in remote or low-income areas.

• Andersen, Per Normann; Orm, Stian; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Øie, Merete Glenne & Skogli, Erik Winther (2023). Adolescence internalizing problems as a mediator between autism diagnosis in childhood and quality of life in emerging adults with and without autism: a 10-year longitudinal study. BMC Psychiatry. 23(1). doi: 10.1186/s12888-023-04635-w. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Individuals with autism tend to have a reduced quality of life across their lifespan. This reduced quality of life may be a result of autism traits, mental distress, and poor person/environment fit. In this longitudinal study, we looked at the role of adolescence internalizing and externalizing problems in mediating the relationship between having an autism diagnosis from childhood and perceived quality of life as emerging adults.Methods A total of 66 participants in a group of emerging adults with autism (mean age 22.2 years), and without autism (mean age 20.9 years) were assessed in three assessment waves (T1 at 12 years, T2 at 14 years, and T3 at 22 years of age). Parents filled out the Child Behavior Checklist at T2 and participants filled out the Perceived Quality of Life Questionnaire at T3. Total and indirect effects were tested in serial mediation analysis.Results The results showed that internalizing problems fully mediated the association between childhood autism diagnosis and the quality of life in emerging adulthood, while externalizing problems did not.Conclusion Our findings suggest that attention to adolescent internalizing problems is important to improve the later quality of life for emerging adults with autism.

• Jensen, Vegar Hattestad; Orm, Stian; Øie, Merete Glenne; Andersen, Per Normann; Hovik, Kjell Tore & Skogli, Erik Winther (2023). Executive functions and ADHD symptoms predict educational functioning in children with ADHD: A two-year longitudinal study. Applied neuropsychology: Child. ISSN 2162-2965. doi: 10.1080/21622965.2023.2292264. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this two-year longitudinal study was to investigate whether deficits in executive functions (EF) predict impaired everyday functioning after two years in children and adolescents with ADHD. A sample of 135 participants with and without ADHD were assessed with neuropsychological tests of EF and parent ratings of everyday functioning with the Child Behavior Checklist at baseline (Mage = 11.6, SD = 2.0), and after two years (Mage = 13.6, SD = 2.1). Results showed that ADHD symptoms and impaired EF at baseline predicted lower educational functioning when controlling for general cognitive ability (i.e. "IQ") at two-year follow-up. Furthermore, the results indicated that increased ADHD symptoms predicted problems both with social functioning and functioning in leisure activities (i.e. sport/hobbies/chores/jobs), whereas higher IQ predicted better functioning in leisure activities. The current study primarily highlights the importance of detecting and treating ADHD symptoms in order to prevent reduced functional outcomes, and that EF tests may contribute to identify children in need of educational interventions targeting EF deficits.

• Skogli, Erik Winther; Orm, Stian; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Andersen, Per Normann & Øie, Merete Glenne (2022). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder persistence from childhood into young adult age: a 10-year longitudinal study. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. 27(6), s. 447–457. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2022.2123735. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction The aim of this study was to estimate ADHD persistence in a European clinical sample of children diagnosed with ADHD and followed prospectively for 10 years into young adulthood. Methods We assessed 85 children with ADHD at baseline (Mage = 11.6, SD = 2.1, 54% male) and re-assessed 59 at 10-year follow-up (Mage = 21.4, SD = 2.3, 54% male). ADHD symptoms at baseline were assessed with a semi-structured clinical interview (Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia/Present and lifetime version) and parent rating scales (ADHD Rating Scale IV, Child Behavior Checklist). ADHD symptoms at 10-year follow-up were assessed with a semi-structured clinical interview (MINI-Plus) and self-report scales (ADHD Self-Report Scale version 1.1 screener, Adult Self Report). Functional impairment at 10-year follow-up was assessed with the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. Results At 10-year follow-up, 39% met ADHD symptom thresholds based on clinical evaluation using MINI-Plus or the ADHD Self-Report Scale version 1.1 screener or the Adult Self Report together with clinicians’ rating of functional impairment. Conclusion ADHD persistence rates in this European clinical sample match previous estimates and indicate that a significant proportion of those diagnosed with ADHD as children still exhibit clinical levels of ADHD symptoms in adulthood.

• Skogli, Erik Winther; Andersen, Per Normann; Orm, Stian; Hovik, Kjell Tore & Øie, Merete Glenne (2022). Executive Functioning in Everyday Life in Youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education. ISSN 1034-912X. doi: 10.1080/1034912X.2022.2095360. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Problems with executive function (EF) are considered a hallmark of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, little is known about the developmental pathway of everyday EF in these two groups, and whether the two groups follow a similar or different developmental course. In this longitudinal study, children and adolescents with ADHD (n = 84, Mage = 11.6, SD = 2.0), ASD (n = 38, Mage = 12.0, SD = 2.3), and typically developing children (TDC; n = 50, Mage = 11.6, SD = 2.0) were clinically diagnosed and assessed with parent-ratings of everyday EF at baseline and at two-year follow-up (97% retention). Results showed that both individuals with ADHD and individuals with ASD displayed elevated levels of everyday EF problems relative to the TDC at baseline (Hedges g = 1.99 to 2.99). Over the two-year period, everyday EF improved in individuals with ADHD relative to the TDC, whereas individuals with ASD displayed no improvement relative to the TDC. At two-year follow-up, individuals with ADHD and individuals with ASD continued to display elevated levels of everyday EF problems relative to the TDC (Hedges g = 1.61 to 3.19).

• Orm, Stian; Andersen, Per Normann; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Øie, Merete Glenne & Skogli, Erik Winther (2022). Brief report: Autism spectrum disorder diagnostic persistence in a 10-year longitudinal study. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. ISSN 1750-9467. 97(102007). doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102007. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: The aim was to examine diagnostic persistence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in individuals without intellectual disability from childhood to emerging adulthood. Method: We assessed 38 children with estimated full-scale intelligence quotient (IQ) >70 who were diagnosed with ASD at baseline (Mage=12.0, SD=2.3, 84% male), and re-assessed two (n=37, Mage=14.2, SD=2.4, 84% male) and 10 years (n=23, Mage=21.7, SD=2.4, 78% male) later. Results: At two-year follow-up, all participants still met diagnostic criteria for ASD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders – fourth version (DSM-IV). At 10-year follow-up, 65% met diagnostic criteria for ASD according to DSM-IV, 48% met diagnostic criteria according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders – fifth version (DSM-5), 57% met the ASD cut-off on the Autism Spectrum Quotient 10-item (AQ-10), and 78% met either DSM-IV criteria or cut-off on the AQ-10. Higher IQ in childhood predicted loss of ASD diagnosis according to DSM-IV criteria (Hedges g = 1.30). A higher proportion of girls compared to boys displayed loss of ASD diagnosis according to DSM-IV criteria. Conclusions: These findings suggest that ASD traits among individuals without intellectual disability may wane into emerging adulthood and that loss of ASD diagnosis is associated with higher IQ and being a girl. Diagnostic re-evaluations may be warranted for some individuals diagnosed with ASD as children or adolescents.

• Orm, Stian; Pollak, Yehuda; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Andersen, Per Normann; Øie, Merete Glenne & Skogli, Erik Winther (2022). Decision-making and Risky Behavior in Individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A 10-year Longitudinal Study. Developmental Neuropsychology. ISSN 8756-5641. 47(4), s. 193–209. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2022.2082430. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We assessed 85 children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and 50 typically developing children (TD) (Mage = 11.59, 57.8% boys) with the Hungry Donkey Task (HDT) at baseline and 2-year follow-up, and the Iowa Gambling Task at 10-year follow-up (75% retention). Improvement in the proportion of advantageous choices was observed from two- to 10-year follow-up, but the ADHD group improved less and was outperformed by the TD group at the 10-year follow-up. More advantageous choices on the HDT at baseline predicted less risky behavior at 10-year follow-up. Male sex and more inattentive or externalizing symptoms at baseline predicted more risky behavior.

• Øverland, Elisabeth; Hauge, Åshild Lappegard; Orm, Stian; Pellicano, Elisabeth; Øie, Merete Glenne & Skogli, Erik Winther [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Exploring life with autism: Quality of Life, daily functioning and compensatory strategies from childhood to emerging adulthood: A qualitative study protocol. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 13. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1058601. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: This study aims to investigate self-perceived quality of life, daily functioning, and the use of compensatory strategies in emerging adults with autism. Methods and analysis: Participants will be recruited from the Lillehammer Neurodevelopmental 10-year follow-up study (LINEUP), with the aim of 15 individual in-depth interviews. Subsequently, two focus groups with clinicians will be invited to reflect on the themes found in the individual interviews. All interviews will be recorded and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Ethics and dissemination: The study is approved by the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics in South-East Norway. The findings will be disseminated to academic and clinical audiences through journal articles and conference presentations. To reach the broader autistic and autism communities, the findings will be shared with the Autism Society at national and local meetings, in their membership magazine, and on their social media channel.

• Orm, Stian; Andersen, Per Normann; Teicher, Martin H.; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Øie, Merete Glenne & Skogli, Erik Winther (2022). Childhood executive functions and ADHD symptoms predict psychopathology symptoms in emerging adults with and without ADHD: A 10-year longitudinal study. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. ISSN 2730-7166. 51. doi: 10.1007/s10802-022-00957-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Deficits in executive functions (EFs) are theorized to play an important role in causing functional impairment and associated psychopathology in individuals with ADHD. The objective of this study was to examine the role of EFs and ADHD symptoms as longitudinal predictors of psychopathology symptoms in individuals with ADHD and typically developing individuals. We assessed individuals with and without ADHD (N = 135) with neuropsychological tests of EFs and scales of ADHD symptoms and psychopathology symptoms at baseline (T1; Mage = 11.59, 57.8% boys), 2-year follow-up (T2; Mage = 13.63, 97% retention), and 10-year follow-up (Mage = 21.18, 75% retention). Baseline EFs predicted psychopathology symptoms at the 2- and the 10-year follow-up, explaining 17% and 12% of the variance, respectively. Baseline EFs predicted both internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and the predictive value of EFs on psychopathology symptoms at 10-year follow-up was accounted for by cognitive flexibility. Baseline ADHD symptoms were a significant predictor of all symptom domains at all time points. Thus, childhood EFs, in particular cognitive flexibility, can predict psychopathology symptoms in emerging adulthood beyond the effect of ADHD symptoms. This supports dominating theories of ADHD stating that executive dysfunction contributes to the observed phenotype, including associated psychopathology symptoms, and suggests that EFs are important targets of interventional efforts.

• Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Andersen, Per Normann; Øie, Merete Glenne & Skogli, Erik Winther (2021). Development of Executive Functioning From Childhood to Young Adulthood in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study. Neuropsychology. ISSN 0894-4105. 35(8), s. 809–821. doi: 10.1037/neu0000768. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: This 10-year longitudinal study investigated the developmental trajectories of executive functioning (EF) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), compared to typically developing (TD) individuals from childhood into young adulthood. Method: There were 173 participants at baseline (T1; ASD = 38 (eight with co-occurring ADHD), ADHD = 85, TD = 50; Mage = 11.7 years, SD = 2.1), 168 at 2-year follow-up (T2) and 127 at 10-year follow-up (T3). Participants were assessed with three neuropsychological tests aimed at capturing central components of EF: working memory/Letter-Number Sequencing Test (LNS), inhibition/Color-Word Interference Test, Condition 3 (CWIT3), and flexibility/Trail Making Test, Condition 4 (TMT4). Test results were analyzed using linear mixed models (LMM). Results: At baseline, the TD participants outperformed the ASD and ADHD participants on all three tests. From T1 to T2, the ASD participants had less improvement than the ADHD and TD participants on the LNS test (p = .007 and .025, respectively), while having more improvement on the CWIT3 relative to the TD participants (p = .027). From T2 to T3, the ADHD participants had less improvement on the LNS test than the ASD and TD participants (p = .004 and .021, respectively). Conclusions: The ASD and ADHD groups mainly displayed similar maturation on the neuropsychological measures, and displayed continuous impairment relative to the TD group. The need for support and facilitation of EF in school, workplace, and social arenas might continue into young adulthood among certain individuals with ASD and ADHD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

• Orm, Stian; Øie, Merete Glenne; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Andersen, Per Normann & Skogli, Erik Winther (2021). Declining Trajectories of Co-occurring Psychopathology Symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 12, s. 1–14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724759. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: Our objective was to examine developmental trajectories of co-occurring psychopathology symptoms from childhood to young adulthood in individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and typically developing (TD) individuals. Method: We assessed co-occurring psychopathology symptoms in 61 individuals with ADHD, 26 with ASD, and 40 TD individuals at baseline (T1; Mage = 11.72, 64% boys), 2-year follow up (T2; Mage = 13.77), and 10-year follow up (T3; Mage = 21.35). We analyzed trajectories of internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, and total problems with linear mixed models. Results: From T1 to T3, the ADHD group displayed a small decline in internalizing behaviors (d = −0.49) and large declines in externalizing behaviors (d = −0.78) and total problems (d = −0.71). The ASD group displayed large declines in internalizing behaviors (d = −0.79), externalizing behaviors (d = −0.80), and total problems (d = −0.89). From T1 to T2, the decline in externalizing behaviors and total problems were significantly smaller in the ADHD group compared with the ASD group. The ADHD and the ASD group displayed more co-occurring symptoms compared with the TD group at T3. Conclusion: Individuals with ADHD and ASD, respectively, displayed declines in co-occurring symptoms from childhood to young adulthood. Individuals with ASD displayed an earlier decline compared with individuals with ADHD. Compared with TD individuals, individuals with ADHD and ASD, respectively, continued to display elevated levels of co-occurring symptoms in young adulthood.

• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Solberg, Øivind; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene; Høye, Sevald & Andersen, Per Normann (2021). Syrian refugee youth resettled in Norway: mechanisms of resilience influencing health-related quality of life and mental distress. Frontiers in Public Health. 9. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.711451. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: The importance of resilience factors in the positive adaptation of refugee youth is widely recognised. However, their actual mechanism of impact remains under-researched. The aim of this study was therefore to explore protective and promotive resilience mechanisms to inform future interventions and policy. Promotive resilience is seen as a direct main effect and protective resilience as a moderating effect. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of Syrian youth recently resettled in Norway, aged 13–24 years. Regression and moderation analyses were used to explore different interactions, including moderated mediation using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. Result: A direct main effect of promotive resilience was found for health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and general mental distress, but not for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). No moderating effects of protective resilience were found. Post-migration stressors mediated the effects of potentially traumatic events (PTE) from war and flight, and this indirect effect was present at all levels of resilience. Conclusion: Despite high risk exposure and mental distress, resilience was also high. Broad resilience interventions targeting multiple factors would likely benefit the group, but these should include both individual assets and building supportive environments. Additionally, reducing current stress and providing treatment for those in need could enable recovery and increase the efficacy of resilience factors already present.

• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Solberg, Øivind & Andersen, Per Normann (2021). Health-related quality of life in refugee youth and the mediating role of mental distress and post-migration stressors. Quality of Life Research. ISSN 0962-9343. doi: 10.1007/s11136-021-02811-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose The aim of this study is to explore how potentially traumatic events (PTEs) from war and flight influence health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in young refugees after recent resettlement. In a model based on earlier theory, we tested if post-migration stressors and mental distress mediated the effect of PTEs on HRQoL, individually and in serial. We also explored how different types of post-migration stressors influenced different dimensions of HRQoL. Methods This study used a cross-sectional design where 160 Syrian youth recently resettled in Norway completed questionnaires at school between May and December 2018. Correlations between types of post-migration stressors and dimensions of HRQoL were explored and a serial multiple mediator model was tested. Models were adjusted for age and gender, using two types of mental distress; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and general mental distress. Results Higher levels of PTEs reduced experienced HRQoL, but this direct effect was mediated by post-migration stressors alone and in serial with mental distress. Despite high levels of mental distress, this did not affect HRQoL independently, only in serial mediation with increased post-migration stressors. Economic concerns and discrimination were types of post-migration stressors affecting several dimensions of HRQoL. Conclusion Quality of life in refugee is affected by past events from war, stressors in current resettlement and elevated mental distress through complex interrelations. The study reiterates the importance of considering structural and everyday post-migration stressors in policy and intervention to improve the health and wellbeing of refugee youth.

• Skogli, Erik Winther; Andersen, Per Normann & Isaksen, Jørn (2020). An Exploratory Study of Executive Function Development in Children with Autism, after Receiving Early Intensive Behavioral Training. Developmental Neurorehabilitation. ISSN 1751-8423. doi: 10.1080/17518423.2020.1756499. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gustafsson, Erni; Alawi, Nabil & Andersen, Per Normann (2020). Companion animals and religion: A survey of attitudes among Omani students. Society & Animals. ISSN 1063-1119. 22(2), s. 132–152. doi: 10.1163/15685306-BJA10005. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann & Finbråten, Hanne Søberg (2020). Unsatisfactory psychometric properties of the Norwegian Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Teacher form - a Rasch Measurement Theory Validation. Nevropsykologi : Medlemsblad for Norsk Nevropsykologisk Forening. ISSN 1500-8347. s. 12–21. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Solberg, Øivind; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene; Høye, Sevald & Andersen, Per Normann (2020). Health-related quality of life in young Syrian refugees recently resettled in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 48(7). doi: 10.1177/1403494820929833. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aims: Millions have fled from the civil unrest in Syria, and half of these are children and youth. Although they are a population with an elevated risk of health problems due to adverse pre-migratory and post-migratory experiences, few studies have explored their health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This is considered a fundamental construct in public health and might provide complementary descriptions of their health and well-being after resettling in a new country. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 160 Syrian youth aged 13–24 years. Using KIDSCREEN-27, the results for five dimensions of HRQoL was compared to population norm data. Demographic factors and war-related adverse events were used to predict HRQoL in hierarchical regression. Results: For most participants, the overall HRQoL was good, but it was lower in the dimensions for friends, physical well-being and psychological well-being compared to population norms. Scores in the dimensions for autonomy/parental relation and the school environment were high and were the main contributors to a positive HRQoL. Age and number of reported stressful events (SE) had the greatest impact on HRQoL, but the final regression model only accounted for 21% of the total variance. Conclusions: HRQoL is a relevant and non-invasive measure for refugee youth. Contributors to lower scores in physical and psychological well-being should be explored further and indicate the potential for future interventions focussing on general psychological well-being and networks, regardless of the SE that have been experienced. These interventions could potentially be based in schools or in families in order to benefit from these being seemingly safe environments for the majority of the group.

• Øie, Merete Glenne; Andersen, Per Normann; Hovik, Kjell Tore; Skogli, Erik Winther & Rund, Bjørn Rishovd (2020). Similar impairments shown on a neuropsychological test battery in adolescents with high-functioning autism and early onset schizophrenia: A two-year follow-up study. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. 25(3), s. 163–178. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2020.1713736. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Cognitive impairments are common in both Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia, but it is unclear whether the pattern of difficulties is similar or different in the two disorders. This cross-sectional and longitudinal study compared the neuropsychological functioning in adolescents with ASD with adolescents with Early Onset Schizophrenia (EOS). Methods: At baseline and at two-year follow-up, participants were assessed with a brief neuropsychological test battery measuring executive functions, visual and verbal learning, delayed recall and recognition and psychomotor speed. Results: We found similar levels of neuropsychological impairment across groups and over time in the adolescents with ASD or EOS. Adolescents in both groups did not improve significantly on verbal learning, verbal delayed recall, visual learning, visual delayed recall or visual delayed recognition, and both groups performed poorer on verbal recognition. Both groups improved on measures of psychomotor processing and executive functions. Conclusion: The findings suggest that it may be difficult to differentiate adolescents with EOS and ASD based on neuropsychological task performance. An implication of the results is that adolescents with either disorder may benefit from a similar approach to the treatment of cognitive impairment in the disorders.

• Gustafsson, Erni; Alawi, Nabil & Andersen, Per Normann (2020). Attitudes toward animal rights in palestine: A quantitative study. Society & Animals. ISSN 1063-1119. 28(2), s. 133–150. doi: 10.1163/15685306-00001671. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study investigates and compares attitudes of 205 Palestinian and Norwegian university students toward companion animals (pets) using the Pet Attitude Scale. In order to provide some background for the Palestinian attitudes toward nonhuman animals, we discuss canonical Islamic texts on their treatment, as well as the present situation for animal protection in the Middle East. The findings from the survey suggest differences between Palestinian and Norwegian students; however, both groups showed predominately positive attitudes.

• Gustafson, Erni; Alawi, Nabil & Andersen, Per Normann (2019). Attitudes toward Women in Palestine: A Quantitative Survey. Journal of International Women's Studies. 20(2), s. 208–224. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The survey’s aim is to address whether or not the practice of placing Norwegian Social Work students over six consecutive years in the Balata Refugee Camp in Nablus, Palestine, has had any impact on the attitudes toward women among the population in the camp. To achieve this, two groups, one experimental and one control, of a total 261 respondents, have been exposed to the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS) that is translated from English to Arabic for this purpose. Another research was to see if there are statistical differences between male and female respondents, and if there is an association between education level, socio-economic status, age, religious affiliation, and total AWS scores. The findings suggest that the students have had no impact on attitudes toward women within the camp population. However, a significant positive correlation exists between positive and egalitarian attitudes toward women and level of education.

• Andersen, Per Normann; Klausen, Marita Eggen & Skogli, Erik Winther (2019). Art of Learning - An Art-Based Intervention Aimed at Improving Children’s Executive Functions. Frontiers in Psychology. 10(July). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01769. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Executive functions (EFs) can be conceptualized as a mean of behavioral self-regulation, and difficulties with EFs may adversely affect school success, social function, and cognitive and psychological development. Research about EFs and how they are affected by various educational and psychosocial factors is sparse. EFs are of great importance to understand how children can handle the challenges that they meet at various stages of development. There has been an increased focus on programs aimed at improving EFs, either as a primary outcome, or as a supplemental result of a specific activity. In this randomized controlled study, 66 children (31 girls, mean age 7:1 years) were given an arts and culture rich intervention (Art of Learning) aimed at improving EFs. EFs were assessed with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning-teacher version (BRIEF-teacher form) before, immediately after, and 6 months after intervention. Outcome in the intervention group was compared to children from two schools serving as controls (n = 37, 18 girls, mean age 7:3 years). In addition, teachers from intervention schools were also interviewed both individually and in focus groups. The results reveal that both groups improved their EFs, as measured with BRIEF, over time on the global executive composite (GEC) score, the metacognition index, and on behavioral regulation index (BRI). However, the intervention group displayed a significantly greater improvement than the control group on GEC and BRI. The teacher interviews reveal positive effects for the children when it comes to several aspects: collaboration, conflict management, inclusion, vocabulary, and confidence. These factors are regarded as important for EFs development and academic outcome. The results support the notion of best training transfer effects for tasks addressing global executive functioning and specifically behavioral regulation skills (BRI).

• Gustafsson, Erni; Andersen, Per Normann & Alawi, Nabil (2019). University students’ attitudes toward the physically disabled in Palestine and Norway: a multidimensional, comparative and quantitative study. An-Najah University Journal for research - B (Humanities). ISSN 1727-8449. 33(11), s. 1881–1897. doi: 10.35552/0247-033-011-006. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gustafsson, Erni; Alawi, Nabil & Andersen, Per Normann (2019). Attitudes towards women in Palestine: A quantitative survey. Journal of International Women's Studies. 20(2), s. 208–224. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Opheim, Elin; Andersen, Per Normann; Jakobsen, Marianne; Aasen, Bjørn & Kvaal, Kari (2019). Poor quality in systematic reviews on PTSD and EMDR – an examination of search methodology and reporting. Frontiers in Psychology. 10(JULY). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01558. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Different user groups regard systematic reviews as reliable and valuable sources for answering research questions. For systematic reviews to fulfill their purpose, methodological quality in all stages are of importance. The studies identified in a systematic search form the basis of the review, thus the search process methodology is important for both performing and reporting the search. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the quality of non-Cochrane systematic reviews by analyzing how they perform and report the search. The focus of this article is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), a trauma-focused therapy commonly used for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods and results: We examined the method chapters of 20 systematic reviews on the subject, and rated their searches and reporting using relevant elements from the Cochrane Handbook and PRISMA. We found inadequacies in the methods employed for searching and reporting the search strategy, which could have been avoided by greater adherence to guiding documents for performing systematic reviews. Conclusions: Our findings raise important questions for future debate on the risk of omitting studies, thus impairing the conclusions in a systematic review. For clinical purposes, researchers should investigate if, and how, the search strategy in a systematic review affects the body of knowledge and the results.

• Andersen, Per Normann; Hovik, Kjell Tore; Skogli, Erik Winther & Øie, Merete Glenne (2017). Severity of Autism Symptoms and Degree of Attentional Difficulties Predicts Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Children with High-Functioning Autism; A Two-Year Follow-up Study. Frontiers in Psychology. 8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02004. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Children with autism often struggle with emotional and behavioral problems (EBP). This study investigated whether level of autism symptoms, attention problems or verbal IQ at baseline can predict EBP 2 years later in children with High-Functioning Autism (HFA). Thirty-four participants with HFA and 45 typically developing children (TD) (ages 9–16) were assessed with parent ratings of EBP, autism symptoms, attention problems, and a test of verbal IQ. The amount of autism symptoms and degree of attention problems at baseline significantly predicted EBP at follow-up, whereas verbal IQ did not. The findings from this study emphasize the importance of assessing and understanding the consequences of autism symptoms and attention problems when treating EBP in children with HFA. Furthermore, interventions aimed at improving ASD symptoms may positively affect the prevalence of EBP in children with HFA.

• Skogli, Erik Winther; Andersen, Per Normann; Hovik, Kjell Tore & Øie, Merete Glenne (2017). Development of Hot and Cold Executive Function in Boys and Girls With ADHD: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 21(4), s. 305–315. doi: 10.1177/1087054714524984. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: To investigate the development of executive function with pronounced emotional salience (hot EF) and less pronounced emotional salience (cold EF) in boys and girls with ADHD relative to typically developing (TD) children. Method: Seventy-five children with ADHD and 47 TD children were assessed with hot and cold EF tests at baseline and after 2 years. Results: Despite considerable maturation, the ADHD group remained impaired on all cold EF tests relative to TD children after 2 years. There was no effect of gender on cold EF test results. Females with ADHD outperformed TD counterparts on hot EF at baseline. Females with ADHD showed deteriorating hot EF performance, while TD counterparts showed improved hot EF performance across time. Conclusion: Enduring cold EF impairments after 2 years may reflect stable phenotypic traits in children with ADHD. Results indicate divergent developmental trajectories of hot EF in girls with ADHD relative to TD counterparts.

• Hovik, Kjell Tore; Egeland, Jens; Isguith,, Peter K.; Gioia, G; Skogli, Erik Winther & Andersen, Per Normann [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Distinct Patterns of Everyday Executive Function Problems Distinguish Children With Tourette Syndrome From Children With ADHD or Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 21(10), s. 811–823. doi: 10.1177/1087054714550336. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: The aim is to investigate the everyday executive function (EF) in children with Tourette syndrome (TS), Inattentive or Combined presentations of ADHD (ADHD-I/ADHD-C), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and typically developing children (TDC). Method: Nineteen TS, 33 ADHD-C, 43 ADHD-I, 34 ASD, and 50 TDC participated (8-17 years). Parents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Results: TS, ADHD-C, ADHD-I, or ASD were rated with significantly more regulation problems on all scales compared with TDC. Considerable overlap of symptoms between clinical groups made differentiation difficult on individual scales. Scale configurations showed children with TS to have more problems with emotional control (EC) than cognitive flexibility in relation to children with ASD, more problems with EC than inhibitory control in relation to ADHD-C, and more problems with EC than planning/organizing in relation to ADHD-I. Conclusion: Paired BRIEF scales dissociated EF problems in children with TS from children with ADHD-C, ADHD-I, or ASD. Clinical relevance is discussed.

• Pedersen, Siv Kristin Aas; Andersen, Per Normann; Lugo, Ricardo; Andreassen, Marita & Sütterlin, Stefan (2017). Effects of music on agitation in dementia: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology. 8(MAY). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00742. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Øie, Merete Glenne; Hovik, Kjell Tore; Andersen, Per Normann; Czajkowski, Nikolai Olavi & Skogli, Erik Winther (2016). Gender differences in the relationship between changes in ADHD symptoms, executive function, and self- and parent-report depression symptoms in boys and girls with ADHD: A two-year follow-up study. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 22(5), s. 446–459. doi: 10.1177/1087054716664407. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann; Skogli, Erik Winther; Hovik, Kjell Tore & Øie, Merete Glenne (2016). Utvikling av eksekutive funksjoner over to år hos barn og unge med høytfungerende autisme eller ADHD. Nevropsykologi : Medlemsblad for Norsk Nevropsykologisk Forening. ISSN 1500-8347. 18(2), s. 4–13. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Executive functions (EF) underlie complex cognitive processes such as reasoning, problem solving and planning, which in turn influence both school and social functioning. EF deficits, school and social problems are common in children with High-Functioning Autism (HFA) and in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This article summarizes the results from several articles from our research group at Innlandet Hospital Trust examining the change in EF over a two-year period in youth between 9-17 years of age with HFA or ADHD. In addition, we provide a percentagewise distribution of performance levels by the clinical groups for inhibition, cognitive flexibility and working memory (WM). The findings are relevant to our understanding of how the level of cognitive functioning can represent a strength or a liability for the individual child in the developmental process. Consistent with previous research, both clinical groups had significant EF deficits compared to typically developing children (TDC) at both baseline and follow-up. At follow-up, however, whereas 75% of the children with HFA continued to show WM deficits compared to age norm, only 34% of the children with ADHD had a similar level of WM deficit. The children with HFA had more extensive EF difficulties both at baseline and at follow-up compared with the children with ADHD or TDC. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

• Hovik, Kjell Tore; Plessen, Kerstin J.; Skogli, Erik Winther; Andersen, Per Normann & Øie, Merete Glenne (2016). Dissociable response inhibiton in children with Tourettes Syndrome compared with children with ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder). Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 20(10), s. 825–835. doi: 10.1177/1087054713512371. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann; Skogli, Erik Winther; Hovik, Kjell Tore; Geurts, Hilde; Egeland, Jens & Øie, Merete Glenne (2015). Working memory arrest in children with high-functioning autism compared to children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Results from a 2-year longitudinal study. Autism. ISSN 1362-3613. 19(4), s. 443–450. doi: 10.1177/1362361314524844. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this study was to analyse the development of verbal working memory in children with high-functioning autism compared to children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typically developing children. A total of 34 children with high-functioning autism, 72 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and 45 typically developing children (age 9–16 years) were included at baseline and followed up approximately 25 months later. The children were given a letter/number sequencing task to assess verbal working memory. The performance of children with high-functioning autism on verbal working memory did not improve after 2 years, while improvement was observed in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typically developing children. The results indicate a different developmental trajectory for verbal working memory in children with high-functioning autism compared to children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typically developing children. More research is needed to construct a developmental framework more suitable for children with autism spectrum disorder.

• Hovik, Kjell Tore; Plessen, Kerstin J.; Cavanna, Andrea E; Skogli, Erik Winther; Andersen, Per Normann & Øie, Merete Glenne (2015). Cognition, Emotion and Behavior in Children with Tourette's Syndrome and Children with ADHD-Combined Subtype - A two-year follow-up study. PLOS ONE. 10(12). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144874. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective This two-year follow-up study investigates the course of and association among measures of cognitive control, focused attention, decision-making and symptom severity (anxiety, depression and behavior) in children and adolescents with Tourette’s Syndrome (TS) or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Combined subtype (ADHD-C). Method 19 children with TS, 33 with ADHD-C, and 50 typically developing children (TDC) were examined with a battery of psychometric measures and rating forms at baseline and twoyears later. Results All three groups improved likewise in measures of cognitive control over time, whereas only the TDC improved in focused attention. The group of children with TS with comorbidities performed more similar to the children with ADHD-C in cognitive control at T1 and T2, whereas the children with TS without comorbidities performed more similar to the TDC in cognitive control at T1 and T2. In the decision-making task, the children with TS (with or without comorbidities) preferred a safer strategy in selecting advantageous choices than the children with ADHD-C and the TDC at T2. Children with TS and children with ADHD-C showed higher symptoms of anxiety and depression and more problems with emotional control compared with TDC at both time points. Finally, children with ADHD-C self-reported more depression symptoms than those with TS at both assessments. For the TS group, safer decision-making was related to better emotional control, and this relationship was stronger for the TS subgroup without comorbidities. Conclusion This study emphasizes the importance of addressing symptoms of anxiety and depression in children with TS or ADHD-C, identifying the effect of comorbidities in children with TS, and that children with TS or ADHD-C likely differ in their sensitivity to reinforcement contingencies.

• Andersen, Per Normann; Skogli, Erik Winther; Hovik, Kjell Tore; Egeland, Jens & Øie, Merete Glenne (2015). Associations among symptoms of autism, symptoms of depression and executive functions in children with High-Functioning Autism; a two year follow-up study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. ISSN 0162-3257. 45(8), s. 2497–2507. doi: 10.1007/s10803-015-2415-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Øie, Merete Glenne; Skogli, Erik Winther; Andersen, Per Normann; Hovik, Kjell Tore & Hugdahl, Kenneth (2014). Differences in cognitive control in children and adolescents with combined and inattentive subtypes of ADHD. Child Neuropsychology: A Journal of Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence. ISSN 0929-7049. 20(1), s. 38–48. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2012.741224. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skogli, Erik Winther; Teicher, Martin H; Andersen, Per Normann; Hovik, Kjell Tore & Øie, Merete Glenne (2013). ADHD in girls and boys - gender differences in co-existing symptoms and executive function measures. BMC Psychiatry. 13. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-298. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Andersen, Per Normann (2024). LINEUP – Hvordan går det med barn og unge som diagnostiseres med ADHD og autisme. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skogli, Erik Winther; Orm, Stian; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Andersen, Per Normann & Øie, Merete Glenne (2024). Diagnostisk stabilitet hos barn og unge med ADHD etter 10 år. Stå På ! (medlemsblad for ADHD-foreningen). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Skogli, Gunhild Kathrine Winther; Holthe, Mira Elise Glaser; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene & Andersen, Per Normann (2024). Important resilience factors when growing up with ADHD. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Title: Important resilience factors when growing up with ADHD Background: Growing up with ADHD is associated with significant challenges and a variety of negative outcomes such as bullying, stigmatization, depression, lower academic performance and reduced quality of life. Despite this, developmental outcomes vary greatly, and many adapt well and flourish despite symptoms, or function well in one or more domains even if they struggle in other. Factors which buffer against negative effects of risk or promote positive outcomes are often referred to as resilience factors and have traditionally been less explored that risk factors related to ADHD. Better understanding of important resilience factors could increase our repertoire of relevant treatment and interventions leading to more positive developmental outcomes for children growing up with ADHD. Objectives: To explore emerging adults' descriptions of important resilience factors when growing up with ADHD. Methods: Individual interviews with ten emerging adults (21-24 years) who participated in a 10-year follow-up study, analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The main theme was that “life gets better”. Resilience factors contributing to this positive development were personal strategies to regulate ADHD, valuable relationships, societal and self-acceptance, being able to see positive attributes of ADHD, receiving tailored and non-stigmatizing support, and participating in meaningful activities. Conclusion: Growing up with ADHD was associated with both challenges and positives, but the main resilience theme was that life gets better as they grow older. A variety of resilience factors contributed to this, but relational and environmental factors seemed particularly important, opposing a common treatment focus on individual coping skills. Acceptance, both from society and self-acceptance, were related to all resilience factors in various ways - indicating that better knowledge of ADHD in society at large, but especially amongst employers, teachers or doctors - might foster better understanding and acceptance of children and adolescents with ADHD.

• Hartz, Ingeborg; Cohen, Jacqueline Mallory; Skurtveit, Svetlana Ondrasova; Andersen, Per Normann; Handal, Marte & Odsbu, Ingvild (2024). Psychotropic Drug Use Among 0–17 Year Old Norwegians During 2014–2021: A Nationwide Register Study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hartz, Ingeborg; Cohen, Jacqueline Mallory; Skurtveit, Svetlana Ondrasova; Andersen, Per Normann; Handal, Marte & Odsbu, Ingvild (2024). Psychotropic Drug Use Among 0–17 Year Old Norwegians During 2014–2021: A Nationwide Register Study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. ISSN 1053-8569. 33. doi: 10.1002/pds.5891. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Øie, Merete Glenne; Orm, Stian; Hovik, Kjell Tore; Andersen, Per Normann & Skogli, Erik Winther (2023). Development of everyday executive function in Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Øverland, Elisabeth; Pellicano, Elizabeth; Skogli, Erik Winther; Hauge, Åshild Lappegard; Orm, Stian & Øie, Merete Glenne [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Growing up with autism: Perspectives from autistic emerging adults on Quality of Life. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Orm, Stian; Øie, Merete Glenne; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Fjermestad, Krister Westlye; Andersen, Per Normann & Skogli, Erik Winther (2023). Executive Functioning and Anxiety/Depressive Symptoms as Mediators Between ADHD and Quality of Life: A 10-year Longitudinal Study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with impaired executive functioning and anxiety/depressive symptoms, which may contribute to reduced quality of life. We tested the hypotheses that (1) a childhood diagnosis of ADHD is related to reduced quality of life in emerging adulthood and that (2) this relationship is mediated by impaired executive functioning and anxiety/depressive symptoms. Participants and Methods: We assessed 85 children and adolescents with ADHD and 50 typically developing peers at baseline (Mean age = 11.6 years, 58% males), two-year follow-up, and 10-year follow-up with neuropsychological tests of executive functioning, the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), the Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ), and the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale, second edition (RCMAS-2), as well as the Perceived Quality of Life scale (PQoL) at the 10-year follow-up. Four neuropsychological tests of executive functioning, the Letter-Number Sequencing test (working memory), the Color-Word Interference test condition 3 (response inhibition), the Color-Word Interference test condition 4 (shifting), and the trail making test condition 4 (cognitive flexibility) were combined into a neuropsychological executive functioning composite score based on high factor loadings (≥ .73). the parent-reported BRIEF indexes, the behavioral regulation index, and the metacognition index were used as measures of everyday executive functioning. We conducted independent samples t-tests to compare the groups and simple and parallel mediation analyses with full information maximum likelihood estimation to examine whether the different executive functioning measures and anxiety/depressive symptoms at two-year follow-up mediated the relationship between baseline ADHD and self-reported quality of life at 10-year follow-up. Results: Baseline ADHD was associated with more difficulties with executive functioning on a composite measure of neuropsychological tests (p < .001, Hedges g = .79) and parent-reported everyday metacognitive (p < .001, Hedges g = 2.37) and behavioral regulation executive functioning (p < .001, Hedges g = 1.55), as well as self-reported anxiety (p < .001, Hedges g = 1.05) and depressive symptoms (p < .001, Hedges g = 1.00) at two-year follow-up. Baseline ADHD was associated with lower self-reported quality of life (p = .001, Hedges g = -.67) at 10-year follow-up. The mediation analysis showed that everyday metacognitive executive functioning (p = .011, β = -.497) and an anxiety/depressive symptoms composite (p < .001, β = -.404) parallelly mediated the relationship between ADHD and quality of life. Conclusions: Impaired everyday executive functioning and anxiety/depressive symptoms may represent two distinct pathways to reduced quality of life in emerging adults with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD. These findings stress the importance of targeting both cognitive and emotional aspects in interventions for children and adolescents with ADHD to improve later quality of life.

• Andersen, Per Normann (2023). Livskvalitet og daglig fungering hos unge voksne med ADHD og autisme. Resultater fra en 10 års oppfølgingsstudie. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skogli, Erik Winther; Orm, Stian; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Andersen, Per Normann & Øie, Merete Glenne (2023). ADHD persistence from childhood into young adult age. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann; Orm, Stian; Øie, Merete Glenne & Skogli, Erik Winther (2022). Livskvalitet hos unge voksne med autisme - betydningen av internaliserende vansker? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Orm, Stian; Øie, Merete Glenne; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Andersen, Per Normann & Skogli, Erik Winther (2022). Utvikling av psykisk helse fra barndom til ung voksen alder hos personer med ASD eller ADHD. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann (2022). Hva bør lærere vite om hjernens utvikling? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann (2022). Art of Learning – an art-based intervention aimed at improving children’s executive functions. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann (2022). Art of Learning – an art-based intervention aimed at improving children’s executive functions. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Andersen, Per Normann; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene; Høye, Sevald & Fjeld-Solberg, Øivind (2022). Resilience in Syrian refugee youth. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Andersen, Per Normann; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene; Høye, Sevald & Fjeld-Solberg, Øivind (2022). Barn og unge med fluktbakgrunn - betydningen av resiliensfaktorer for psykiske helse og livskvalitet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Vu, Bich Phuong; Dang, Hoanh Minh & Andersen, Per Normann (2022). Technology-based cognitive behavioural treatments for youth anxiety disorders: A systematic review. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Johnsen, Svein Åge Kjøs; Konijnenberg, Carolien; Andreassen, Marita; Andersen, Per Normann; Håkansson, UIrika & Flagstad, Ingeborg Olsdatter (2022). Mobilfrie soner - er det en god idé? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann (2022). Lege og psykolog: Trass kan utvikle seg til atferdsproblemer. [Journal]. VG. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Orm, Stian; Øie, Merete Glenne; Fossum, Ingrid Nesdal; Andersen, Per Normann & Skogli, Erik Winther (2022). Depressive Symptoms in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann; Skogli, Erik Winther; Hovik, Kjell Tore & Øie, Merete Glenne (2021). Utvikling av eksekutive funskjoner hos barn med ADHD eller Autisme. STÅ PÅ!. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skogli, Erik Winther; Andersen, Per Normann; Hovik, Kjell Tore & Øie, Merete Glenne (2021). Underdiagnostisering av jenter med ADHD. STÅ PÅ!. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann (2021). Et Bedre Skole-Norge Selvregulering med Professor Per Normann Andersen. [Internet]. Podcast - https://play.acast.com/s/et-bedre-skole-norge/selv. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Øverenget, Einar & Andersen, Per Normann (2021). Hvor unormal må man være for ikke å være normal lenger? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann; Øie, Merete Glenne; Skogli, Erik Winther; Hovik, Kjell Tore & Rund, Bjørn Rishovd (2019). Similar impairments on a brief neuropsychological test battery in adolescents with high-functioning autism & early onset schizophrenia: a two-year follow-up study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skogli, Erik Winther; Andersen, Per Normann & Øie, Merete Glenne (2019). Lillehammer neurodevelopmental follow-up study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Andersen, Per Normann; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene; Høye, Sevald & Solberg, Øivind (2019). Health Related Quality of Life in resettled refugee youth. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Andersen, Per Normann; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene; Høye, Sevald & Solberg, Øivind (2019). God start i Norge, helse og trivsel hos unge flyktninger. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Opheim, Elin; Andersen, Per Normann; Jakobsen, Marianne; Aasen, Bjørn & Kvaal, Kari (2019). Poor quality in systematic reviews on PTSD and EMDR: Examination of search methodology and reporting. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Andersen, Per Normann; Solberg, Øivind; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene & Høye, Sevald (2019). Health-Related Quality of Life in resettled refugee youth. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dangmann, Cecilie Ruud; Andersen, Per Normann; Solberg, Øivind; Steffenak, Anne Kjersti Myhrene & Høye, Sevald (2019). Health-Related Quality of Life in resettled refugee youth. European Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1101-1262. 29. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.055. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann; Hovik, Kjell Tore; Skogli, Erik Winther & Øie, Merete Glenne (2018). Severity of Autism Symptoms and degree of Attentional Difficulties Predicts Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Children with High-Functioning Autism; A two-year follow up study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann (2018). Alle i Arbeid episode 4. [TV]. TV2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  TV 2 og TV 2 Sumo har fra tirsdag 28. august kl 20.00 premiere på dokumentarserien «Alle i arbeid». Vi følger 12 unge mennesker med ulike nevrobiologiske diagnoser som Aspergers og Tourettes-syndrom. Alle har det samme brennende ønske: De vil bidra i samfunnet og få en jobb hvor de kan bruke evnene sine. Gjennom seks episoder følger vi deltagerne på deres reise mot arbeidslivet - en reise med både opp- og nedturer. En gruppe eksperter er hjelpere på veien for å gi råd, finne deltagernes sterke sider og hjelpe til å finne ut hvilket yrke som kan passe for hver av dem.

• Andersen, Per Normann (2018). Alle i arbeid episode 5. [TV]. TV2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  TV 2 og TV 2 Sumo har fra tirsdag 28. august kl 20.00 premiere på dokumentarserien «Alle i arbeid». Vi følger 12 unge mennesker med ulike nevrobiologiske diagnoser som Aspergers og Tourettes-syndrom. Alle har det samme brennende ønske: De vil bidra i samfunnet og få en jobb hvor de kan bruke evnene sine. Gjennom seks episoder følger vi deltagerne på deres reise mot arbeidslivet - en reise med både opp- og nedturer. En gruppe eksperter er hjelpere på veien for å gi råd, finne deltagernes sterke sider og hjelpe til å finne ut hvilket yrke som kan passe for hver av dem.

• Andersen, Per Normann (2018). Alle i arbeid episode 6. [TV]. TV2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  TV 2 og TV 2 Sumo har fra tirsdag 28. august kl 20.00 premiere på dokumentarserien «Alle i arbeid». Vi følger 12 unge mennesker med ulike nevrobiologiske diagnoser som Aspergers og Tourettes-syndrom. Alle har det samme brennende ønske: De vil bidra i samfunnet og få en jobb hvor de kan bruke evnene sine. Gjennom seks episoder følger vi deltagerne på deres reise mot arbeidslivet - en reise med både opp- og nedturer. En gruppe eksperter er hjelpere på veien for å gi råd, finne deltagernes sterke sider og hjelpe til å finne ut hvilket yrke som kan passe for hver av dem.

• Andersen, Per Normann (2018). Opponent og medlem i bedømmelsekomiteen for ph.d-graden til Erling Joramo Brevik med avhandlingen: «Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder – Beyond the core symptoms of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual». Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann (2016). ADHD, Asperger syndrom og Tourettes syndrom – mellom myter og virkelighet, praktiske implikasjoner i skole og barnehage. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann (2016). Development of executive functions over a two-year period in youth with High-Functioning Autism or ADHD. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann (2016). The Growing Mind; Executive functions and mental health in a developmental perspective. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann (2016). Intervju om radikalisering. [Radio]. NRK P1 Hedmark og Oppland. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann (2016). Kognitiv utvikling hos barn og unge med høyt-fungerende autisme. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann (2015). Neurocognitive functions, symptoms of depression and autism symptoms in children with High-Functioning Autism. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann (2015). The growing mind – executive functions and mental health in a developmental perspective. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hovik, Kjell Tore; Egeland, Jens; Isquith, Peter; Gioia, Gerard; Skogli, Erik Winther & Andersen, Per Normann [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Distinct Patterns of Executive Dysregulation Distinguish Children with Tourette’s from Children with ADHD or Autism Spectrum Disorders. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann; Hovik, Kjell Tore; Skogli, Erik Winther & Øie, Merete Glenne (2014). Emosjonell og kognitiv utvikling hos barn og unge med høyt-fungerende autisme. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Øverland, Elisabeth; Andersen, Per Normann; Skogli, Erik Winther & Hauge, Åshild Lappegard (2026). Exploring Life with Autism: Quality of Life and Daily Functioning from Childhood to Emerging Adulthood. Universitet i Innlandet / University of Inland Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This PhD project has aimed to explore what contributes to and shapes Quality of Life in autistic individuals during emerging adulthood, in a nuanced, contextually grounded narrative, by bringing together lived experiences of autistic young adults with the perspectives of clinicians. The study has had a cross-sectional design, with a retrospective view on changes over time from childhood to emerging adulthood. To shed light on these topics, a sample of young adults (N=14) who received an autism diagnosis in childhood have participated in in-depth interviews. Clinicians working in the specialist health service (N=20) have shared their reflections on their encounters with autistic people and their families, through focus group interviews. The findings show that the autistic participants emphasised close relationships and being engaged in meaningful activities as important for a good quality of life. At the same time, they described challenges such as sensory overload, bullying and communication difficulties with teachers and healthcare personnel, that negatively affected their quality of life. Despite these challenges, participants reported living meaningful lives. Several described developing strategies to manage the challenges of daily life, particularly in balancing the energy they spent on social activities. They experienced greater open-mindedness from their surroundings as they got older, and this had a positive impact on their quality of life. Regarding social relationships and identity formation, several described trying hard to fit in with their peers during adolescence but gradually learning to embrace and accept their differences as they transitioned into emerging adulthood. Many participants emphasised other aspects of their identity in addition to being autistic or having autism, suggesting intersectionality. The clinicians acknowledged their own role in being able to support autistic people and pointed out that challenges do arise in communication. The clinicians saw a clear need for follow-up of autistic patients and their close support persons over time. They emphasised the importance of prioritising quality of life and autonomy in treatment and highlighted that the need for follow-up changes across different phases of life. They further described parents as significant resource persons who also have an important role when their children become adults. The findings indicate that quality of life for autistic individuals depends on social support that is grounded in their individual strengths, needs, and interests, is adapted to their current life stage, and helps them maintain close relationships.

• Kleiven, Jo; Sandholt, Linda & Andersen, Per Normann (2022). Norsk versjon av «Yellow Red» : et testprogram på Android nettbrett for eksekutive funksjoner hos barn. Høgskolen i Innlandet. ISSN 9788283803617. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Yellow Red‐testen tar sikte på å måle noen sider ved barns eksekutive funksjoner. Den er utformet som fire dataspill for bruk på Android‐nettbrett. Selv om spillene opprinnelig var laget for bruk på ett enkelt barn, kan den administreres i mindre grupper. De fleste barn lar seg engasjere i spillene, og gjennomfører som planlagt. Resultatene fra en pilotundersøkelse virker i all hovedsak tillitvekkende. Svarfordelingene samsvarer f.eks. både med rimelige forventninger om normalfordeling, og med vanlige endringer og modning hos barn. Testen er rettighetsbelagt. Den er tilgjengelig som en nedlastbar app, men krever passord for å la seg bruke. På kort sikt er det derfor neppe hensiktsmessig å søke etter forbedringer av testprosedyren. Kanskje bør man heller se nærmere på de nåværende reglene for skåring av responsene. Forsøk med alternative kodingsalgoritmer kan muligens trekke ut annen relevant og interessant informasjon.

• Kleiven, Jo; Andersen, Per Normann & Håkansson, UIrika (2022). The «Yellow-Red test» : A closer look at data from a longitudinal pilot project with Norwegian children. Universitetet i Innlandet. ISSN 9788283803631. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The intention of this report has been to identify interesting questions for further work on the Yellow/Red test battery. Rather simple analyses have been carried out, partly due to the limited size of the sample (N=148). The test scores consistently improve over time, as does the percentage of correct responses. Also, items within the same game elicit rather different responses, and item differences remain rather constant across replications. However, the original summed scales may have room for some improvement in both reliability and validity. Consequently, alternate coding paradigms are suggested. They are neither proven nor disproven, however, by our initial recoding attempts. With larger samples, the recoding ideas may be put to a better test.

• Andersen, Per Normann (2015). Neurocognitive functions, symptoms of depression and autism symptoms in children with High-Functioning Autism. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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