John Linnell

• Breen, Catherine M.; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Rivrud, Inger Maren & Lundquist, Jessica D. [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Diel and seasonal cycles of snow hardness predict changes in activity patterns for roe deer but not mountain hares. Canadian Journal of Zoology. ISSN 0008-4301. 104. doi: 10.1139/cjz-2025-0165. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The resistance of the snow surface to penetration, or snow hardness, is an important factor affecting wildlife movement. Snow hardness can change dramatically over the course of the day, but it is unknown how animals respond to temporal changes in snow hardness. Using 260 hourly sinking depth measurements as indices of surface hardness along a latitudinal gradient in Norway, we quantified diel cycles of snow hardness in relation to environmental variables. Time relative to sunrise and sunset, temperature, canopy cover, and snow density were the best predictors of surface hardness ( R 2  = 0.57). We matched diel cycles of the predicted surface hardness index to diel activity in roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus (Linneaus, 1758)) and mountain hares ( Lepus timidus Linneaus, 1758), using data from the large-scale Scandcam camera-trap network in Norway from 2017 to 2023 ( n = 698 cameras). Roe deer increased morning activity when the snow was harder and deeper, and hares did not show diel shifts in relation to the snow hardness index and preferred softer snow at higher snow depths. As snow conditions and wintertime temperatures continue to change, this study highlights the importance of diel activity adaptations to environmental conditions.

• Srivastava, Nimisha; Sattler, Claudia; Fuerst, Christine; Koenig, Hannes J.; Krishnamurthy, Ramesh & Linnell, John D. C. (2026). Network Intensities and Power Disparities Influence Policy and Governance Outcomes in Large Carnivore Conservation. Sustainability. 18(13). doi: 10.3390/su18136563. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Large carnivore conservation (LCC) presents complex social–ecological challenges in environmental governance, yet limited research has examined how institutional design influences conservation outcomes. This study compares community-based conservation (CBC) in India’s tiger conservation with collaborative governance regimes (CGR) in Germany’s wolf conservation. We conducted a policy-network analysis using Net-Map interviews with formal policy actors involved in LCC governance (India: n = 21. Germany: n = 15). Network structures were analyzed across four tie categories—information-sharing, instructions, influence, and advice—while structural and perceived power distributions were compared across governance levels. Results show that information-sharing dominated governance interactions in both countries, whereas advice ties remained weak. India’s CBC exhibited ties concentrated largely within the forest department administration. Despite stronger local stakeholder integration, social justice framing affected direct inclusivity in policy decisions. Germany’s CGR demonstrated fragmented policy centers with most power concentrated at the German federal state levels. Environmental justice framing allows stronger influence by powerful non-state actors but alienates local stakeholders from policy decisions. Discrepancies between structural and perceived power were evident in both systems, highlighting participation–power disconnects within conservation governance. The findings suggest that effective and sustainable LCC governance requires stronger cross level coordination, institutionalized scientific advice mechanisms, and meaningful inclusion of local stakeholders in policy processes for sustainable LCC.

• Srivastava, Nimisha; Linnell, John Durrus; Sattler, Claudia; Kleemann, Janina; Koenig, Hannes J. & Krishnamurthy, Ramesh [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Claws, laws, and coexistence: The paradox of decentralization in carnivore conservation governance in two federal countries. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability. 11. doi: 10.1016/j.crsust.2026.100361. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The success of large carnivore conservation is unfortunately often associated with increased negative interactions between humans and predators. In cases where conflicts are increasing, a pressing need to reform wildlife governance mechanisms is often recommended. However, comprehensive understanding of existing governance practices remains limited. This study addresses this gap with a systematic comparative analysis of multi-level governance effectiveness in carnivore conservation by examining tiger conservation in India and wolf management in Germany. We developed an analytical framework grounded in multi-level governance theory with a review of 42 legal policy documents and 46 expert interviews. The data was collected between years 2022–2025. Our analysis reveals a critical paradox: decentralized systems exhibit different degrees of operational centralization, fundamentally altering outcomes. India's ‘centralized decentralization’ achieves policy coherence through federal oversight but limits an effective bottom-up management, while Germany's ‘fragmented decentralization’ enables inclusiveness but creates policy inconsistencies. Key findings demonstrate that formal stakeholder participation mechanisms do not guarantee effective governance. Both countries show challenges in translating participatory frameworks into meaningful decision-making, creating collaborative gridlock where institutions seem to limit rather than facilitate consensus-building. Results challenge prevailing assumptions about decentralized conservation governance revealing that success depends on governance coherence, i.e., alignment between vertical coordination through polycentric structure and horizontal integration with network governance features. We suggest a hybrid multi-level governance model as empirically motivated, combining central coordination with meaningful local authority. Findings have immediate implications for carnivore conservation globally. This study advances multi-level governance theory and provides evidence-based recommendations for institutional innovations navigating the complex political ecology of human-carnivore coexistence.

• Liang, Yutong; Mattisson, Jenny; Andren, Henrik; Linnell, John Durrus; Nilsen, Erlend B. & Odden, John [Vis alle 37 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Age-specific patterns of reproductive success in wild female Eurasian lynx across Europe. Biology Letters. ISSN 1744-9561. 22(5). doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2025.0748. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Reproductive lifespan and age-specific reproductive performance are key life-history traits, shaping individual fitness and population dynamics. Here, we examine age-specific variation in reproductive success in a wild large carnivore, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), using 38 years of longitudinal data from 173 known-age females across Europe and western Asia. Female lynx exhibited age-related reproductive patterns: (i) breeding probability increased with age before declining at older ages, (ii) litter size remained generally stable at two kittens, although it declined to one kitten in older mothers at northern latitudes, and (iii) offspring survival peaked at intermediate female ages, with variation across individuals, years and latitudes. These patterns likely reflect physiological maturation and increased experience (ages 2 to 8), followed by declines due to reproductive and maternal effect senescence in older females. Temporal and latitudinal variations suggest that environmental conditions shape reproductive patterns in Eurasian lynx, with senescence particularly pronounced in resource-scarce environments. Our findings enhance the understanding of age-related reproductive patterns in carnivores across environmental contexts, contributing to life-history theory and improving evidence-based management by accounting for age structure in population forecasting.

• Carpentier, Cecile Agnes Edith; Heurich, Marco Dietmar; Devineau, Olivier; Gimenez, Olivier & Linnell, John D. C. (2026). Adaptive harvesting of two trophic levels stabilises predator–prey dynamics. Simulations with Eurasian lynx and European roe deer. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. doi: 10.1002/wlb3.01628. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Europe has seen the recovery of many species of wild herbivores, which are now widespread across much of the continent. In addition, large carnivores are also recolonising many European countries. Most ungulates are managed through hunting, but natural predation can also have a significant influence in many areas. Therefore, the management of large herbivores must increasingly account for both hunting pressure and the impact of predation. Recent studies suggest that lynx predation can have a significant impact on roe deer population dynamics, both by targeting reproductive individuals and by exerting consistently high predation pressure across a wide range of prey densities. Here, we develop a two‐species predator–prey matrix population model that integrates lynx and roe deer through functional and numerical responses. We test a set of management rules, applied to both prey and predators, to examine whether joint hunting of both species can prevent prey declines and stabilise the population dynamics. Our simulations show that protecting (i.e. not hunting) either species increases the predator population, which in turn leads to a decline in the prey population. Hunting only the prey worsens their fate due to the addition of hunting and predation. However, simultaneous hunting of predators and prey, adaptively regulated through simple heuristics, does help prevent prey declines. We also show that the initial densities of the predator and prey population have significant impact on the outcome of the simulations. The importance of relative predator and prey population densities highlights the need for adaptive harvesting that monitors and adjusts to current predator and prey population levels.

• Franke, Björn H.; Schipper, Aafke M.; Avgar, Tal; Börger, Luca; Chatterjee, Nilanjan & Müller, Thomas [Vis alle 78 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Local and Landscape‐Level Environmental Conditions Drive Habitat Selection Across Terrestrial Mammal Species. Global Ecology and Biogeography. ISSN 1466-822X. 35(3). doi: 10.1111/geb.70212. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aim Animal movements are a fundamental process affecting communities and ecosystems. Quantifying habitat selection across species and habitats is key for understanding how animals respond to environmental change. Currently, we lack comparative studies that examine how habitat selection varies across species traits and landscapes. We aim to quantify global patterns of habitat selection to help understand the fundamental drivers of movement behaviour. Location: Global. Time Period: Contemporary. Major Taxa Studied: Terrestrial mammals. Methods We estimated selection coefficients for terrain ruggedness, vegetation productivity, human population density and distance to roads of individual terrestrial mammals through step‐selection analysis of 1344 GPS tracks across 48 species. We quantified intra‐ and interspecific variation and tested whether selection coefficients were associated with species traits and habitat availability. Results We observe an overall avoidance of roads and areas of high human population density as well as rugged terrain, with a large proportion of individuals selecting for areas of intermediate NDVI. However, we also found large intraspecific variation in habitat selection and show that this variation is predicted by local and landscape‐level environmental conditions rather than species traits. Individuals in more remote areas exhibited weaker functional responses to human presence than those in more disturbed areas. Avoidance of rugged terrain is also context‐dependent, with stronger avoidance when local ruggedness is high. The only exception to the observed intraspecific variability is consistent species‐level responses to road proximity. Main Conclusions Our findings contribute to the understanding of habitat selection by terrestrial mammals, showing that selection is largely shaped by environmental conditions and that animals exhibit high plasticity in their responses. Our results also provide further evidence for the significant impact of roads on animal movement. These insights can help us to understand the potential effects of environmental change on the behaviour of mammal species around the world.

• Linnell, John D. C. (2026). Competing like cats and dogs: Cougars lose their hard-won prey to wolves. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 123(10). doi: 10.1073/pnas.2537201123. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Liang, Yutong; Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie; Mattisson, Jenny; Belotti, Elisa; Bufka, Luděk & Melovski, Dime [Vis alle 45 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Extra-territorial excursions of Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx ) during the mating season across Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. ISSN 0962-8452. 293(2063). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2025.2235. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Extra-territorial mating excursions (i.e. short-term movements beyond established home ranges to seek mating opportunities) represent an underexplored reproductive strategy in felids. Using telemetry data from 125 Eurasian lynx (172 lynx-years, 1995–2023) across Europe, we investigated sex-specific spatio-temporal patterns and drivers of these excursions during the mating season. Overall, 33% of males and 11% of females undertook excursions, with males having higher rates than females. Male excursions mostly occurred in March, coinciding with the peak of the conception period, while females tended to undertake excursions either before or after this peak. The median Euclidean distance travelled beyond the home range was 6.8 km for males and 2.6 km for females, with corresponding median durations of 119 h and 85 h, respectively. Translocated individuals exhibited higher excursion rates than those in established populations, suggesting mate-searching in novel environments. We found no evidence that human influences affected excursion rates or distances. Our findings highlight a mating tactic that is often overlooked and provide new insight into sex-specific and context-dependent movement strategies in Eurasian lynx. By linking extra-territorial excursions to reproduction patterns, our study informs future research on mate-searching behaviour in felids and offers implications for conservation planning, particularly in isolated or reintroduced populations.

• Jewell, Kyle; Kiffner, Christian; Capelli, Simona; Ciolli, Marco; Martin‐Collado, Daniel & Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Expanding the life framework of values. People and Nature. 8(3), s. 541–550. doi: 10.1002/pan3.70243. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Conceptualising and organising the range of value orientations and worldviews underpinning human–nature relationships is useful for understanding different, and sometimes conflicting, perspectives on how nature should be managed and working towards just and equitable policies. We test the applicability and current scope of the Life Framework of Values ( living from‐, living in‐, living with‐ and living as‐nature ) by aligning it with pre‐existing literature, drawn heavily from the context of wildlife management and conservation, but with wider relevance. Pre‐existing value categorisations align with the Life Framework of Values in accounting for instrumental, relational and intrinsic values of nature. However, the framework does not account for the multiple ways in which people may be considered as living against‐, living separated from‐ and living disconnected from ‐/ living indifferently to‐nature. By first considering these additional worldviews, we then propose the introduction of a complimentary overarching living apart from nature value frame. We identify three pathways by which people may fall within the living apart from nature frame: (1) loving nature so deeply that you choose to separate yourself from it ( living separated from nature ), (2) disregarding nature to the extent that you are willing to destroy it ( living against nature ) and (3) becoming indifferent or disconnected, a state that can emerge from modern urban lifestyles ( living disconnected from‐/living indifferently to‐nature ). Synthesis and applications . Including the living apart from nature frame to the Life Framework of Values allows for a more realistic and complete view of the diversity of human–nature interactions thus helping it contribute to addressing the global biodiversity crisis and transforming societies towards more sustainable pathways. Future research should focus on empirically testing the extent to which people fit discretely and consistently into Life Frames or worldviews as opposed to simultaneously holding diverse positions on different specific issues. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog

• Fagan, William F.; Krishnan, Ananke G.; Fleming, Christen H.; Ferreira, Elizabeth; Chia, Stephanie & Swain, Anshuman [Vis alle 179 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Wild canids and felids differ in their reliance on reused travel routeways. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 122(40). doi: 10.1073/pnas.2401042122. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Diverse factors, including environmental features and cognitive processes, can drive animals’ movements and space use, with far-reaching implications. For example, repeated use of individual-level travel routeways (directionally constrained but imperfectly aligned routes), which results in spatial concentration of activity, can shape encounter-based processes including predation, mate finding, and disease transmission. However, how much variation in routeway usage exists across species remains unknown. By analyzing GPS movement tracks for 1,239 range-resident mammalian carnivores—representing 16 canid and 18 felid species from six continents—we found strong evidence of a clade-level difference in species’ reliance on repeatedly used travel routeways. Across the global dataset, tracked canids had a 15% (±7 CI) greater density of routeways within their home ranges than did felids, rising to 33% (±16 CI) greater in landscapes shared with tracked felids. Moreover, comparisons within species across landscapes revealed broadly similar home range routeway densities despite habitat differences. On average, canids also reused their travel routeways more intensively than did felids, with hunting strategies and spatial contexts also contributing to the intensity of routeway usage. Collectively, our results suggest that key aspects of carnivore routeway-usage have an evolutionary component. Striking interspecific and clade-level differences in carnivores’ reliance on reused travel routeways within home ranges identify important ways in which the movement patterns of real-world predators depart from classical assumptions of predator-prey theory. Because such departures can drive key aspects of human-wildlife interactions and other encounter-based processes, continued investigations of the relationships between movement mechanisms and space use are critical.

• Hewison, Aidan J. Mark; Cagnacci, Francesca; Gaillard, Jean Micheò; Henrich, Maik; Heurich, Marco Dietmar & Kjellander, Petter [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Roe Deer Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758). I Melletti, Mario & Focardi, Stefano (Red.), Deer of the World. Springer Nature. ISSN 9783031177569. s. 709–729. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This comprehensive chapter covers various aspects of the biology and natural history of the Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus), including names, taxonomy, subspecies and distribution, descriptive notes, habitat, movements and home range, activity patterns, feeding ecology, reproduction, growth and survival, behavior, status in the wild and in captivity. The chapter includes a distribution map, several photos of the species, and a list of key literature.

• Srivastava, Nimisha; Linnell, John Durrus; Krishnamurthy, Ramesh; Koenig, Hannes J. & Fürst, Christine (2025). Beyond kill or no-kill: Institutional analysis of lethal control decision-making in large carnivore management. Ambio. ISSN 0044-7447. doi: 10.1007/s13280-025-02317-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Countries use lethal control as a tool to respond to human–large carnivore conflicts to varying degrees. The aim of this study was to explore the complexities surrounding the often-controversial decision to lethally manage carnivores. We examined the cases of the tiger ( Panthera tigris ) in India and the wolf ( Canis lupus ) in Germany. This study used an Institutional Analysis and Development framework to analyze contrasting sociopolitical processes. Through a review of legislative documents ( n  = 44) and interviews with experts ( n  = 47), the study examined the intricacies and challenges of the decision-making process and its implementation. While both countries were restrictive in their use of lethal control, decisions were primarily shaped by culturally embedded tolerance thresholds, accountability structures of decision-makers and influential societal factors. The findings demonstrate that effective carnivore management requires careful institutional design balancing scientific evidence with democratic participation

• Allen, Benjamin L.; Abraham, Andrew J.; Arlinghaus, Robert; Belant, Jerrold L.; Blumstein, Daniel T. & Bobier, Christopher [Vis alle 40 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Ethical arguments that support intentional animal killing. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 13. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2025.1684894. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Killing animals is a ubiquitous human activity consistent with our predatory and competitive ecological roles within the global food web. However, this reality does not automatically justify the moral permissibility of the various ways and reasons why humans kill animals – additional ethical arguments are required. Multiple ethical theories or frameworks provide guidance on this subject, and here we explore the permissibility of intentional animal killing within (1) consequentialism, (2) natural law or deontology, (3) religious ethics or divine command theory, (4) virtue ethics, (5) care ethics, (6) contractarianism or social contract theory, (7) ethical particularism, and (8) environmental ethics. These frameworks are most often used to argue that intentional animal killing is morally impermissible, bad, incorrect, or wrong, yet here we show that these same ethical frameworks can be used to argue that many forms of intentional animal killing are morally permissible, good, correct, or right. Each of these ethical frameworks support constrained positions where intentional animal killing is morally permissible in a variety of common contexts, and we further address and dispel typical ethical objections to this view. Given the demonstrably widespread and consistent ways that intentional animal killing can be ethically supported across multiple frameworks, we show that it is incorrect to label such killing as categorically unethical. We encourage deeper consideration of the many ethical arguments that support intentional animal killing and the contexts in which they apply.

• Dalpiaz, Naima; Krofel, Miha; Mattisson, Jenny; Vogt, Kristina; Signer, Sven & Oeser, Julian [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Variability in the movement and foraging behaviour of female Eurasian lynx during the denning season across Europe. Oikos. ISSN 0030-1299. 2025(12). doi: 10.1002/oik.11502. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Animal movement and reproductive behaviour are crucial components of ecological and evolutionary processes. After parturition, the behaviour of reproducing females adapts to the needs of their offspring, including thermoregulation, protection and food provisioning. However, little is known about how these adaptations vary across environmental conditions at larger scales in species with large distribution ranges. Here, we explored how female Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx movement and predation patterns change during the denning season. We analysed GPS telemetry data from two different climatic regions in Europe, cold and temperate, and evaluated the effect of explanatory variables on movement metrics and kill‐to‐den distances using generalized additive mixed models. Female lynx moved significantly longer daily distances in the cold region (central and northern Scandinavia) compared to the temperate region (southern Scandinavia and continental Europe) both before and after parturition. Reproducing females in both regions considerably reduced their movement after the start of the denning season. The typical pattern of increasing daily movements and decreasing time spent at the den with time persisted across regions, and the presence of females at the den followed a similar circadian rhythm, regardless of the markedly different daylight period. Only in the cold region females increased the distances of their excursions from the den as time passed. The distances between den and kill sites spanned from 1 to 3 km over the latitudinal range. The kill‐to‐den distances did not increase with time, but in the cold region the larger prey killsites were farther from the den than in the temperate region. Overall, our results show how some behaviours of female lynx during the denning season remain constant over a large latitudinal range, while others vary. This suggests local adaptations to particular environments, and possible increased energetic demands of reproducing females in more extreme environmental conditions.

• Ostermann-Miyashita, Emu-Felicitas; Kirkland, Hannah; Eklund, Ann; Hare, Darragh; Jansman, Hugh A.H. & Kiffner, Christian [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Bridging the gap between science, policy and stakeholders: Towards sustainable wolf–livestock coexistence in human-dominated landscapes. People and Nature. doi: 10.1002/pan3.10786. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  1. While the return of wolves (Canis lupus) to many European countries is a conservation milestone, the negative impacts are unevenly distributed across society, placing high pressure on livestock grazing systems. 2. For this perspective, scientists from diverse disciplines and geographical backgrounds reflect on the state of livestock–wolf interactions in Europe and formulate recommendations for enabling wolf–livestock coexistence. 3. We argue that co-designing, co-implementing and co-disseminating research with key stakeholders, such as livestock farmers, is a productive approach to developing and implementing locally appropriate coexistence strategies. 4. Decision-making should be informed by scientific evidence. We recommend that ecological data on wolves and livestock are collected and shared across borders. Evidence from the social sciences is important for understanding the human dimension of wolf–livestock interactions. 5. We suggest bridging the gaps within multidisciplinary wolf–livestock research to strengthen interdisciplinary insights, comprehensively evaluate management approaches and guide governance and policy decisions that properly account for inherent complexities. 6. Policy implications: As wolf populations and their impacts continue to grow in Europe, policymakers at all levels must make decisions that adequately safeguard wolf populations while simultaneously protecting livestock and livelihoods. This requires access to reliable scientific evidence.

• Premier, Joseph; Bastianelli, Matteo Luca; Oeser, Julian; Anders, Ole; Andren, Henrik & Aronsson, Malin [Vis alle 43 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Survival of Eurasian lynx in the human-dominated landscape of Europe. Conservation Biology. ISSN 0888-8892. 39(3). doi: 10.1111/cobi.14439. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Survival and cause-specific mortality rates are vital for evidence-based population forecasting and conservation, particularly for large carnivores, whose populations are often vulnerable to human-caused mortalities. It is therefore important to know the relationship between anthropogenic and natural mortality causes to evaluate whether they are additive or compensatory. Further, the relation between survival and environmental covariates could reveal whether specific landscape characteristics influence demographic performance. We used telemetry data on 681 Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), a model apex predator with large spatial requirements, that were tracked across their European distribution. Through time-to-event analyses, we sought to determine the variables associated with differences in their survival. Illegal killing was the main cause of mortality (33.8%), and mortality rates were similar in protected and hunted populations (8.6% and 7.0% per year, respectively). Survival varied greatly across populations (70–95% per year). Across all study sites, higher hunting and anthropogenic mortality rates were partially compensated by lower rates of other mortality causes but not by natural mortality alone. Variation in survival depended on sex (female survival was 1.5 times greater than male survival) and seasonality (highest risk during hunting season and winter), and lower survival rates were correlated with higher human modification of landscapes at both coarse (home range composition) and fine (habitat use within home range) scales. Some variation in survival was driven by unobserved factors, which, given the high rates of human-caused mortalities, including illegal killing, are of foremost concern. Due to the low natural mortality rates in protected and hunted populations, we conclude that anthropogenic causes of mortality are likely close to additive, such that maintaining or increasing refuge habitat with little human disturbance is critical to lynx conservation. cause-specific mortality, compensatory mortality, Eurasian lynx, large carnivore, Lynx lynx, survival

• Stokes, Allan William; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Zimova, Marketa [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Mountain Hares Are Adapted to Historical Climates—Coat Colour Mismatch is Greatest in Areas With the Largest Reduction in Snow Cover Duration Over the Last 60 Years. Global Change Biology. ISSN 1354-1013. 31(8). doi: 10.1111/gcb.70365. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Climate change has reduced the duration of seasonal snow cover in many areas, leading to seasonal coat colour-changing species being colour mismatched against their environment for increasingly long periods. This mismatch in camouflage can lead to increased predation, potentially resulting in population-level effects. Here we investigate how mountain hare (Lepus timidus) camouflage is influenced by climate change-induced reductions in snow cover over a 60-year period. We quantified the degree of camouflage mismatch using multiannual (2011–2018) camera trap data from 678 camera traps spread across an environmental gradient in Norway spanning from 58° N to 69° N, and from coastal to inland areas. We coupled this camouflage data with a 60-year snow cover time series on a national scale, creating two 30-year averages of snow cover duration (1959–1988 and 1989–2018). We investigated how climate change-induced reductions in snow cover correlate with coat colour camouflage and resulting mismatch. Specifically, we analysed how mountain hare coat colour mismatch varied between camera trap locations with varying reductions in the number of snow days between the two 30-year averages. We also investigated how 2011–2018 mountain hare moult phenology compared to 1959–1966 and 2011–2018 average snow cover, respectively. Coat colour mismatch was highest in areas with the greatest reductions in the number of snow days. Additionally, 2011–2018 moult phenology better matched 1959–1966 than 2011–2018 snow patterns. Collectively, our results indicate that mountain hares are not adjusting their moult phenology fast enough to track the pace at which snow cover is declining.

• Ouvrier, Alice; Culos, Manon; Guillerme, Sylvie; Doré, Antoine; Figari, Helene & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). What does coexistence mean? Insight from place-based trajectories of pastoralists and bears encounters in the Pyrenees. People and Nature. doi: 10.1002/pan3.70000. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  1. The recovery of large carnivores in Europe raises issues related to sharing landscape with humans. Beyond technical solutions, it is widely recognized that social factors also contribute to shaping coexistence. In this context, scholars increasingly stress the need to adopt place-based approaches by analysing how humans and wildlife interact and co-adapt in specific landscapes. In the burgeoning field of ‘more-than- human’ geography, both humans and non-humans are considered as co-constitutive of places. According to this tradition, animals should not simply be seen as objects under human control but approached as powerful actors in multi-species landscapes. 2. By tracking how brown bear recovery in the French Pyrenees has shaped different places of encounters with pastoralists (i.e. farmers and shepherds in extensive sheep farming in mountain pastures during summer), this paper discusses what coexistence means when viewed through the lens of more-than- human geography. We use an in-depth, retrospective and multi-sources approach to describe the inter-relationships of bears and pastoralists on three mountain pastures since the return of bears at the end of the 1990s. Semi structured interviews, participant observation, administrative and institutional data about bear depredation and genetics, as well as pastoral practices form the basis of an integrated narrative analysis. 3. Our study reveals how the return of a large carnivore has produced three different, singular, context-specific coexistence ‘patches’. Each of these three pastures represent a distinct landscape dynamically shaped over time by bears, pastoralists and the rest of biotic and abiotic environment. 4. Specifically, we demonstrate how various factors—the individual behaviour of bears, their movement and reproduction capacity, the number of depredations, the pastoralists' histories, their collective organization, the choices they made, the pastures' features, the available resources and surrounding vegetation—cumulatively intertwine in complex, place-specific entanglements. 5. Policy implications. Our results suggest that coexistence should not be conceptualized as global, top down and standardized. Instead it is shaped by patches in which humans and non-humans interact in specific ways. Therefore, fostering coexistence means acknowledging the full diversity of situations in which people and wildlife write their own place-based, more-than- human histories.

• Speed, James David Mervyn; Sobocinski, Anna; Kolstad, Anders Lorentzen; Linnell, John Durrus; Solberg, Erling Johan & Mattisson, Jenny [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). The trophic distribution of biomass in ecosystems with co-occurring wildlife and livestock. Scientific Reports. 15(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-85469-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Trophic interactions regulate populations, but anthropogenic processes influence primary productivity and consumption by both herbivore and carnivore species. Trophic ecology studies often focus on natural systems such as protected areas, even though livestock globally comprise the majority of terrestrial vertebrate biomass. Here we explore spatial and temporal patterns in the distribution of biomass between plants, and large herbivores and carnivores (> 10 kg) in Norwegian rangelands, including both wildlife and livestock. We find high spatial variation in the relationship between plant and herbivore biomass, with both positive and negative divergence in observed biomass from expectations based on primary productivity. Meanwhile, despite recent partial recoveries in carnivore densities across Norway, carnivore biomass is still lower than expected based on herbivore biomass, even if livestock are excluded from the estimation. Our study highlights how temporal trends in both herbivores and carnivores reflect policy development. The role of livestock husbandry and wildlife management is thus key in determining realised biomass distributions in anthropogenically influenced ecosystems. Carnivore, Herbivore, Management, Net primary productivity, Predation

• Elves-Powell, Joshua; Axmacher, Jan C.; Linnell, John Durrus & Durant, Sarah M. (2025). Unsustainable and illegal wildlife trade during periods of extreme hardship threatens biodiversity in North Korea. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 308. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111102. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Despite pressing conservation and humanitarian concerns regarding the sustainability of natural resource exploitation in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea), reliable information is extremely limited as North Korea is one of the most secretive countries in the world. We used local ecological knowledge (LEK)-based interviews with North Korean defectors (refugees) to provide the first baseline data on the harvesting, consumptive use and trade of wildlife in North Korea during periods of severe economic hardship, and the potential impact on terrestrial biodiversity. As well as using wildlife as a domestic resource, the North Korean state, which is not a Party to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), generates revenue through trade in wildlife products, which is reported to include threatened species and species protected under North Korean law. Our findings show that following the collapse of the North Korean economy in the 1990s, a burgeoning black market in wildlife products has emerged, for both local consumption and cross-border trade to China. This was reported to involve an extremely wide range of species, including almost all native mammal species >500 g. We warn that unsustainable and illegal wildlife trade is likely a major driver of defaunation in North Korea, threatening the conservation objectives of its neighbours, and that some cross-border trade may breach China’s CITES and UN Security Council Resolution commitments. Our research demonstrates how severe human deprivation can negatively impact wildlife populations by providing incentives for the unsustainable harvesting of natural resources. Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) Wild meat Poverty Food security Informal economy People’s Republic of China (China)

• Kiffner, Christian; Linnell, John Durrus; Capelli, Simona; Ciolli, Marco; Iglesias, Ana & Jewell, Kyle [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Comparative stakeholder perceptions of wildlife management in five European multi-use landscapes. Journal of Environmental Management (JEM). ISSN 0301-4797. 389. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126186. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Human-wildlife coexistence in shared landscapes requires effectively navigating different stakeholder interests. Despite progress in this field, most studies focus on a limited number of “problematic” wildlife species. This narrow scope overlooks the species-specific nature of human-wildlife interactions. To identify general patterns in stakeholder perceptions of diverse wildlife species, we implemented a modified 3i (interest, influence, impact) method to assess how individuals within seven stakeholder groups (crop farmers, livestock farmers, foresters, hunters, tourism operators, protected area managers, and staff of environmental non-governmental organizations) rated their interest in, their influence on, and how they are impacted by twelve wildlife species categories: moose, red deer, wild reindeer, chamois, roe deer, brown bear, wild boar, grey wolf, European ground squirrel, cormorant, eagles, and vultures (some of them were site-specific). The study design consisted of two steps: 1) assessing expert perceptions of the 3i for each stakeholder-species combination in each of the five study areas in Bulgaria, Germany, Italy, Norway, and Spain, and 2) assessing stakeholder (251 individuals) perceptions of the 3i. We found substantial variation in stakeholder perceptions across groups, sites, and species categories. Within-group heterogeneity and individual respondents belonging to multiple stakeholder categories further challenged simplistic assumptions of distinct and well-defined stakeholder perspectives. Expert perceptions often underestimated stakeholder interest in wildlife species categories and occasionally diverged from stakeholder-perceptions of influence and impact. Notably, perceived impacts of brown bears, wolves, and eagles often exceeded the perceived influence on these species categories, underscoring a sense of powerlessness in managing interactions in some sites. Our study provides a comparative framework for understanding major patterns in key conservation conflicts in Europe, and emphasizes the importance of addressing contextualized stakeholder diversity and heterogeneity for more effective co-management of human-wildlife coexistence. These findings offer actionable pathways for improving conservation outcomes and participatory wildlife management across Europe. Conservation conflict, Human-wildlife coexistence, Human-wildlife conflict, Human-wildlife interactions, Participatory methods, Protected areas

• Boyce, Mark S.; Carpentier, Cecile Agnes Edith & Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Coexisting with large carnivores based on the Volterra principle. Conservation Biology. ISSN 0888-8892. 39(4). doi: 10.1111/cobi.14448. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Coexistence with large carnivores represents one of the world’s highest profile conservation challenges. Ecologists have identified ecological benefits derived from large carnivores (and large herbivores), yet livestock depredation, perceived competition for shared game, risks to pets and humans, and social conflicts often lead to demands for reduction of predator numbers from a range of stakeholder groups. Nearly 100 years ago, Vito Volterra predicted that increased mortality on both prey and predators results in increased abundance of prey and decreased abundance of predators. This principle appears to be robust and often consistent with the objectives of wildlife management. Although seldom recognized, and rarely tested in the field, the Volterra principle is a fundamental outcome of ecological theory with important implications for conservation.

• Bernardi, Cecilia Di; Chapron, Guillaume; Kaczensky, Petra; Álvares, Francisco; Andrén, Henrik & Balys, Vaidas [Vis alle 37 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Continuing recovery of wolves in Europe. PLOS Sustainability and Transformation. 4(2). doi: 10.1371/journal.pstr.0000158. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The recovery of wolves (Canis lupus) across Europe is a notable conservation success in a region with extensive human alteration of landscapes and high human population densities. We provide a comprehensive update on wolf populations in Europe, estimated at over 21,500 individuals by 2022, representing a 58% increase over the past decade. Despite the challenges of high human densities and significant land use for agriculture, industry, and urbanization, wolves have demonstrated remarkable adaptability and increasing population trends in most European countries. Improved monitoring techniques, although varying in quality and scope, have played a crucial role in tracking this recovery. Annually, wolves kill approximately 56,000 domestic animals in the EU, a risk unevenly distributed and differently handled across regions. Damage compensation costs 17 million EUR every year to European countries. Positive economic impacts from wolf presence, such as those related to reducing traffic accidents with wild ungulates or supporting wildlife tourism, remain under studied. Wolf recovery in Europe is supported by diverse policy and legal instruments such as LIFE programs, stakeholder platforms, as well as the EU Habitats Directive and the Bern Convention. Coexisting with newly established wolf populations in Europe entails managing impacts on human activities, including livestock depredation, competition for game, and fear of attacks on humans, amidst varying social and political views on wolf recovery. Sustainable coexistence continues to operate in evolving and complex social, economic, and political landscapes, often characterized by intense debates regarding wolf policies.

• Mayhew, Darwin Steuart-Menzies; Hearn, Andrew J.; Devineau, Olivier; Linnell, John Durrus & Macdonald, David W. (2024). Loss of Sunda clouded leopards and forest integrity drive potential impacts of mesopredator release on vulnerable avifauna. Heliyon. 10(12). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32801. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Amongst the unintended consequences of anthropogenic landscape conversion is declining apex predator abundance linked to loss of forest integrity, which can potentially re-order trophic networks. One such re-ordering, known as mesopredator release, occurs when medium-sized predators, also called mesopredators, rapidly increase in abundance following the decline in apex predator abundance, consequently reducing the abundance of mesopredator prey, notably including terrestrial avifauna. We examine the cascading impacts of declining Sunda clouded leopard abundance, itself consequent upon a reduction in forest integrity, on the mesopredator community of Sabah, Malaysia, to determine whether the phenomenon of mesopredator release is manifest and specifically whether it impacts the terrestrial avifauna community of pheasants and pittas. To explore this trophic interaction, we used a piecewise structural equation model to compare changes in the relative abundance of organisms. Our results suggest that loss of forest integrity may have broad impacts on the community and trigger mesopredator release, the two acting additively in their impact on already vulnerable species of terrestrial avifauna: a result not previously documented in tropical systems and rarely detected even on a global scale. The limiting effect that the Sunda clouded leopard has on the Sunda leopard cat could illuminate the mechanism whereby mesopredator release impacts this system. Both Bulwer’s pheasant and pittas appear to be significantly impacted by the increase in Sunda leopard cats, while the great argus pheasant shows similar compelling, although not statistically significant, declines as Sunda leopard cats increase. The inverse relationship between Sunda clouded leopards and Sunda leopard cats suggests that if a mesopredator release exists it could have downstream consequences for some terrestrial avifauna. These results suggest the under-studied interface between mammalian carnivores and avifauna, or more broadly species interactions in general, could offer important conservation tool for holistic ecosystem conservation efforts. Forest integrity Mesopredator release Bird Structural equation model Trophic cascade Oil palm plantations

• Iannino, Elena; Linnell, John Durrus; Devineau, Olivier; Odden, John; Mattisson, Jenny & Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt (2024). Assessing the potential of camera traps for estimating activity pattern compared to collar-mounted activity sensors: a case study on Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in south-eastern Norway. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. doi: 10.1002/wlb3.01263. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The diel activity patterns of animals convey information about physiology, ecological niches and animal behaviour relevant for both applied conservation and more theoretical research. However, these patterns are challenging to study in the field. The current gold-standard approach to quantify movements and activity patterns of medium to large wildlife species is to use global positioning systems (GPS) collars equipped with activity sensors (e.g. accelerometers). A more recent approach consists of inferring activity patterns from the time-stamped pictures of wildlife obtained from camera traps now routinely used in wildlife monitoring projects. However, few studies have attempted to validate estimates of activity patterns obtained from camera traps against those obtained from activity sensors. In this study, we compared the diel activity pattern of the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx inferred from detections by a network of over 300 camera traps active between 2010 and 2020, to activity patterns obtained from 18 GPS-collared lynx (8 females, 10 males) equipped with 2-axis accelerometer sensors, in the same area of southern Norway. Our results suggest that camera traps can be used to estimate diel activity curves that are comparable to those obtained from accelerometers. In our study, 75 detections were sufficient to approximate the diel activity pattern obtained from accelerometer. Subsampling indicated that a low number of detections results in a coarser approximation of the diel activity pattern. Accelerometer, activity pattern, camera trap, lynx lynx, methodology

• Martinez, Rocio Cano; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Devineau, Olivier [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Bottom-up rather than top-down mechanisms determine mesocarnivore interactions in Norway. Ecology and Evolution. 14(3). doi: 10.1002/ece3.11064. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Interactions among coexisting mesocarnivores can be influenced by different fac-tors such as the presence of large carnivores, land-use, environmental productivity,or human disturbance. Disentangling the relative importance of bottom-up and top-down processes can be challenging, but it is important for biodiversity conservationand wildlife management. The aim of this study was to assess how the interactionsamong mesocarnivores (red fox Vulpes vulpes, badger Meles meles, and pine martenMartes martes) were affected by large carnivores (Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx and wolf Canislupus), land cover variables (proportion of agricultural land and primary productivity),and human disturbance, as well as how these top-down and bottom-up mechanismswere influenced by season. We analyzed 3 years (2018–2020) of camera trapping ob-servations from Norway and used structural equation models to assess hypothesizednetworks of causal relationships. Our results showed that land cover variables weremore strongly associated with mesocarnivore detection rates than large carnivores inNorway. This might be caused by a combination of low density of large carnivores inan unproductive ecosystem with strong seasonality. Additionally, detection rates of allmesocarnivores showed positive associations among each other, which were strongerin winter. The prevalence of positive interactions among predators might indicate atendency to use the same areas and resources combined with weak interference com-petition. Alternatively, it might indicate some kind of facilitative relationship amongspecies. Human disturbance had contrasting effects for different species, benefitingthe larger mesocarnivores (red fox and badger) probably through food subsidization,but negatively affecting apex predators (wolf and lynx) and smaller mesocarnivores(pine marten). In a human-dominated world, this highlights the importance of includinganthropogenic influences in the study of species interactions.

• Elves‑Powell, Joshua; Dolan, Jai; Durant, Sarah M.; Lee, Hang; Linnell, John Durrus & Turvey, Samuel T. [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Integrating local ecological knowledge and remote sensing reveals patterns and drivers of forest cover change: North Korea as a case study. Regional Environmental Change. ISSN 1436-3798. 24(3). doi: 10.1007/s10113-024-02254-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Satellite-based remote sensing approaches provide a cost-efficient means to collect information on the world’s forests and to repeatedly survey large, or inaccessible, forest areas. However, it may not always be possible to ground truth–associated findings using direct ecological field surveys conducted by trained forest scientists. Local ecological knowledge (LEK) is an alternative form of data which could be used to complement, interpret and verify information from satellite data. Using a case study on the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea), we evaluate the potential for integrating remote sensing and LEK data, gathered with non-specialist former residents, to understand patterns and drivers of forest cover change. LEK reports often concurred with, or provided key information to enable interpretation of, satellite data. This revealed that between 1986 and 2021, North Korea experienced high, but uneven, rates of deforestation. There was a pronounced northwards deforestation shift in the mid-1990s, coinciding with a period of extreme hardship and famine (the “Arduous March”), and associated with clearance of trees in more forested northern provinces as an economic and fuel resource, and conversion of forest to agricultural cropland. Loss of forest cover in North Korea has continued and recently accelerated, to a rate of > 200 km2 per annum between 2019 and 2021. This increases the vulnerability of North Korean socio-ecological systems to future environmental change and is an obstacle to the recovery of threatened species across the Korean Peninsula. We recommend that LEK- and remote sensing–based approaches are considered within a suite of complementary techniques to analyse forest changes where ecological field surveys cannot be conducted. Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) · Northeast Asia · Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) · Deforestation · Cropland expansion · Mixed methods research

• Clua, Eric E.G.; Meyer, Carl G.; Freeman, Mark; Baksay, Sandra; Bidenbach, Hadrien & Haguenauer, Anne [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). First Evidence of Individual Sharks Involved in Multiple Predatory Bites on People. Conservation Letters. 17(6). doi: 10.1111/conl.13067. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  It is widely accepted that populations of terrestrial predators sometimes contain “problem individuals” that repeatedly attack humans, yet this phenomenon has never been demonstrated in sharks. Here, we present photographic and genetic evidence of individuals in populations of tiger Galeocerdo cuvier and oceanic whitetip Carcharhinus longimanus sharks that (1) demonstrated atypical behavior compared to the rest of the population, (2) engaged in repeated agonistic behavior directed toward humans, and (3) bit, or attempted to bite humans in probable foraging attempts. These case studies provide some of the first evidence for the existence of “problem individuals” among sharks. The percentage of fatalities due to the same shark individual are not known, so we recommend systematic swabbing of shark bite victims wounds to better understand the importance of this phenomenon and the possibility of identifying these animals. Environmentally conscientious management options for problem individuals range from prohibiti

• Oliveira, Teresa; Mattisson, Jenny; Vogt, Kristina; Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John & Oeser, Julian [Vis alle 37 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Ecological and intrinsic drivers of foraging parameters of Eurasian lynx at a continental scale. Journal of Animal Ecology. ISSN 0021-8790. 94, s. 154–167. doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.14228. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  1. The estimation of foraging parameters is fundamental for understanding predator ecology. Predation and feeding can vary with multiple factors, such as prey availability, presence of kleptoparasites and human disturbance. However, our knowledge is mostly limited to local scales, which prevents studying effects of environmental factors across larger ecological gradients. 2. Here, we compared inter-kill intervals and handling times of Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) across a large latitudinal gradient, from subarctic to the Mediterranean ecosystems, using a standardised dataset of predicted adult ungulate kills from 107 GPS-collared lynx from nine distinct populations in Europe. We analysed variations in these two foraging parameters in relation to proxies reflecting prey availability, scavengers' presence and human disturbance, to improve our understanding of lynx predation at a continental scale. 3. We found that inter-kill intervals and handling times varied between populations, social status and in different se

• Carpentier, Cecile Agnes Edith; Heurich, Marco Dietmar; Gimenez, Olivier; Devineau, Olivier & Linnell, John Durrus (2024). Cumulative mortality effects on roe deer population dynamics in the boreal forest: Searching for pathways of population persistence. Global Ecology and Conservation. 56. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03318. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Ungulate populations can exhibit various growth patterns, which are influenced by factors such as predation and resource availability. Favourable environments can lead to irruptive growth, resulting in resource depletion. However, additional pressures from predation, and hunting can potentially impact population development leading to declines or even local extinctions. This study uses simulation models to explore the potential impact of multiple mortality sources on roe deer populations. We develop an age-structured, two-sex demographic matrix model for roe deer, which we parameterise with empirical demographic estimates obtained from published studies in Norway. We develop scenarios to assess the influence of mortality sources such as hunting, predation by lynx and red foxes, and environmental stochasticity on roe deer population dynamics. When simulating favourable environments without predation, roe deer populations tended to erupt due to the species’ rapid reproductive capacity. However, additional sources of mortality, such as predation or harvest, lead to severe population declines, and even to quasiextinction, especially when occurring in combination. Environmental stochasticity such as periodic severe winters with heavy snowfall reduces the growth rate and population densities even further. On the other hand, accounting for some form of spatial heterogeneity through immigration and refuges stabilised populations, with a reduced risk of quasi-extinction. Our results provide meaningful insights into the properties of this system allow implications for the management and identify areas where further exploration is needed. Additive mortality Matrix model Population dynamics Predator-prey Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) Wildlife management

• Trouwborst, Arie; Linnell, John Durrus & Sandström, Camilla (2023). Law and human-wildlife conflict. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 9782831722344. s. 152–155. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Roy, Sugoto; Stevens, James; Dickman, Amy; Pooley, Simon; Hoare, Richard & Hedges, Simon [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Lethal control tools. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 9782831722344. s. 166–173. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Athreya, Vidya; Dhee, anon; Linnell, John Durrus; Nijawan, Sahil & Young, Juliette (2023). Traditional ecological knowledge. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 9782831722344. s. 94–97. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Dickman, Amy; Gonzalez-Maya, Jose; Athreya, Vidya; Linnell, John Durrus; Hedges, Simon & Roe, Dilys [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Economic incentives. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 9782831722344. s. 196–200. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Angoh, Jennifer; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2023). Forestry and environmental conditions as determinants of pine marten Martes martes occurrence in Norway. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. doi: 10.1002/wlb3.01113. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The European pine marten Martes martes is often associated with late seral stage coniferous forest stands. Earlier research has indicated that this species may be nega tively influenced by clearcutting practices. However, the effects of current clearcutting methods on pine marten occurrence in conjunction with changing environmental conditions are not well known. In this study, we combined four complete years of nationwide data collected during a long-term camera trap (CT) monitoring program in Norway. We employed a multi-scale occupancy model to investigate the relationship of pine marten occurrence to clearcuts (regenerating stands ≤ 10 years old) and forests ≥ 120 years old. We also examined pine marten detection in relation to habitat features (i.e. dominant microsite characteristics) and to varying snow depths and temperatures. We found no relationship between pine marten occurrence and the proportions of old forest and clearcuts at the landscape scale. At the habitat-patch scale, pine marten occurrence was positively associated with the presence of old forest patches and terrain ruggedness, but not with clearcuts ≤ 100 m from sites. At CT sites near clearcuts, the detection probability was negatively correlated with snow depth. In contrast, pine marten occurrence was positively associated with snow depth at CT sites > 100 m from clearcuts. Furthermore, the detection probability increased with temperature and the presence of boulders at CT sites. Boulders may provide impor tant access points for foraging, and cover for resting and predator avoidance. While previous studies indicate that pine martens prefer older forest and avoid clearcuts, the current level and scale of clearcutting in Norway does not appear to influence its occurrence at the landscape scale.

• Tallian, Aimee Grace; Mattisson, Jenny; Samelius, Gustaf; Odden, John; Mishra, Charudutt & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Wild versus domestic prey: Variation in the kill-site behavior of two large felids. Global Ecology and Conservation. 47. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02650. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Livestock depredation is an important source of conflict for many terrestrial large carnivore species. Understanding the foraging behavior of large carnivores on domestic prey is therefore important for both mitigating conflict and conserving threatened carnivore populations. Handling time is an important, albeit often overlooked, component of predatory behavior, as it directly influences access to food biomass, which can affect predator foraging efficiency and subsequent kill rates. We used long-term data on snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in Mongolia (Asia) and Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Norway (Europe) to examine how large carnivore foraging patterns varied between domestic and wild prey, and how the different landscape characteristics affected those patterns. Our results suggest handling time was generally shorter for domestic compared to wild prey. For snow leopards, rugged terrain was linked to increased handling time for larger prey. For lynx, handling time increased with terrain ruggedness for domestic, but not wild, prey, and was greater in closed compared to open habitats. There were also other differences in snow leopard and lynx foraging behavior, e.g., snow leopards also stayed longer at, and remained closer to, their kill sites than lynx. Shorter handling time suggests that felids may have utilized domestic prey less effectively than wild prey, i.e., they spent less time consuming their prey. This could a) result in an energetic or fitness cost related to decreased felid foraging efficiency caused by the risk of anthropogenic disturbance, or b) exacerbate conflict if reduced handling time associated with easy prey results in increased livestock depredation. Eurasian lynx Handling time Landscape Livestock Predation Snow leopard

• Allen, Benjamin L.; Bobier, Christopher; Dawson, Stuart; Fleming, Peter J.S.; Hampton, Jordan & Jachowski, David [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Why humans kill animals and why we cannot avoid it. Science of the Total Environment. ISSN 0048-9697. 896. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165283. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Killing animals has been a ubiquitous human behaviour throughout history, yet it is becoming increasingly controversial and criticised in some parts of contemporary human society. Here we review 10 primary reasons why humans kill animals, discuss the necessity (or not) of these forms of killing, and describe the global ecological context for human killing of animals. Humans historically and currently kill animals either directly or indirectly for the following reasons: (1) wild harvest or food acquisition, (2) human health and safety, (3) agriculture and aquaculture, (4) urbanisation and industrialisation, (5) invasive, overabundant or nuisance wildlife control, (6) threatened species conservation, (7) recreation, sport or entertainment, (8) mercy or compassion, (9) cultural and religious practice, and (10) research,education and testing. While the necessity of some forms of animal killing is debatable and further depends on individual values, we emphasise that several of these forms of animal killing are a necessary component of our inescapable involvement in a single, functioning, finite, global food web. We conclude that humans (and all other animals) cannot live in a way that does not require animal killing either directly or indirectly, but humans can modify some of these killing behaviours in ways that improve the welfare of animals while they are alive, or to reduce animal suffering whenever they must be killed. We encourage a constructive dialogue that (1) accepts and permits human participation in one enormous global food web dependent on animal killing and (2) focuses on animal welfare and environmental sustainability. Doing so will improve the lives of both wild and domestic animals to a greater extent than efforts to avoid, prohibit or vilify human animal-killing behaviour. Animal ethics Conservation biology Culling Factory farming

• Stokes, Allan William; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Pedersen, Simen (2023). Altitude, latitude and climate zone as determinants of mountain hare (Lepus timidus) coat colour change. Ecology and Evolution. 13(10). doi: 10.1002/ece3.10548. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Local adaptation to annually changing environments has evolved in numerous spe-cies. Seasonal coat colour change is an adaptation that has evolved in multiple mam-mal and bird species occupying areas that experience seasonal snow cover. It has a critical impact on fitness as predation risk may increase when an individual is mis-matched against its habitat's background colour. In this paper, we investigate the cor-relation between landscape covariates and moult timing in a native winter-adapted herbivore, the mountain hare (Lepus timidus), throughout Norway. Data was collected between 2011 and 2019 at 678 camera trap locations deployed across an environ-mental gradient. Based on this data, we created a Bayesian multinomial logistic re-gression model that quantified the correlations between landscape covariates and coat colour phenology and analysed among season and year moult timing variation. Our results demonstrate that mountain hare moult timing is strongly correlated with altitude and latitude with hares that live at higher latitudes and altitudes keeping their winter white coats for longer than their conspecifics that inhabit lower latitudes and altitudes. Moult timing was also weakly correlated with climate zone with hares that live in coastal climates keeping their winter white coats for longer than hares that live in continental climates. We found evidence of some among year moult timing varia-tion in spring, but not in autumn. We conclude that mountain hare moult timing has adapted to local environmental conditions throughout Norway

• Carter, Neil H. & Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Building a resilient coexistence with wildlife in a more crowded world. PNAS Nexus. 2(3), s. 1–8. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad030. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There is an urgent need to sustainably coexist with wildlife. However, realizing this goal is hampered by scant understanding of the processes that facilitate and maintain coexistence. Here, we synthesize human–wildlife interactions into eight archetypal outcomes, from eradication to sustained co-benefits, which collectively serve as a heuristic for forms of coexistence across a wide range of species and systems worldwide. We utilize resilience theory to elucidate how and why human–wildlife systems shift between these archetypes, yielding insights on research and policy priorities. We underscore the importance of governance structures that actively enhance the resilience of coexistence

• Tucker, Marlee A.; Schipper, Aafke M.; Adams, Tempe S.F.; Attias, Nina; Avgar, Tal & Babic, Natarscha L. [Vis alle 82 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns. Science. ISSN 0036-8075. 380(6649), s. 1059–1064. doi: 10.1126/science.abo6499. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  COVID-19 lockdowns in early 2020 reduced human mobility, providing an opportunity to disentangle its effects on animals from those of landscape modifications. Using GPS data, we compared movements and road avoidance of 2300 terrestrial mammals (43 species) during the lockdowns to the same period in 2019. Individual responses were variable with no change in average movements or road avoidance behavior, likely due to variable lockdown conditions. However, under strict lockdowns 10-day 95th percentile displacements increased by 73%, suggesting increased landscape permeability. Animals' 1-hour 95th percentile displacements declined by 12% and animals were 36% closer to roads in areas of high human footprint, indicating reduced avoidance during lockdowns. Overall, lockdowns rapidly altered some spatial behaviors, highlighting variable but substantial impacts of human mobility on wildlife worldwide.

• Groeve, Johannes De; Weghe, Nico Van de; Ranc, Nathan; Morellet, Nicolas; Bonnot, Nadège C. & Gehr, Benedikt [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Back and forth: day–night alternation between cover types reveals complementary use of habitats in a large herbivore. Landscape Ecology. ISSN 0921-2973. 38, s. 1033–1049. doi: 10.1007/s10980-023-01594-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Context The Complementary Habitat Hypothesis posits that animals access resources for diferent needs by moving between complementary habitats that can be seen as ‘resource composites’. These movements can occur over a range of temporal scales, from diurnal to seasonal, in response to multiple drivers such as access to food, weather constraints, risk avoidance and human disturbance. Within this framework, we hypothesised that large herbivores cope with human-altered landscapes through the alternate use of complementary habitats at both daily and seasonal scales. Objectives We tested the Complementary Habitat Hypothesis in European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) by classifying 3900 habitat-annotated movement trajectories of 154 GPS-monitored individuals across contrasting landscapes. Methods We considered day-night alternation between open food-rich and closed refuge habitats as a measure of complementary habitat use. We frst identifed day–night alternation using the Individual Movement - Sequence Analysis Method, then we modelled the proportion of day–night alternation over the year in relation to population and individual characteristics. Results We found that day-night alternation is a widespread behaviour in roe deer, even across markedly diferent landscapes. Day–night alternation followed seasonal trends in all populations, partly linked to vegetation phenology. Within populations, seasonal patterns of open/closed habitat alternation difered between male and female adults, but not in juveniles. Conclusion Our results support the Complementary Habitat Hypothesis by showing that roe deer adjust their access to the varied resources available in complex landscapes by including diferent habitats within their home range, and sequentially alternating between them in response to seasonal changes and individual life history. Animal trajectories · Habitat use · IM-SAM · Resource composites · Roe deer · Sequential analysis methods · Spatio-temporal patterns · Vegetation green up

• Oeser, Julian; Heurich, Marco Dietmar; Kramer‑Schadt, Stephanie; Andrén, Henrik; Bagrade, Guna & Belotti, Elisa [Vis alle 37 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Prerequisites for coexistence: human pressure and refuge habitat availability shape continental‑scale habitat use patterns of a large carnivore. Landscape Ecology. ISSN 0921-2973. 38, s. 1713–1728. doi: 10.1007/s10980-023-01645-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Context Adjustments in habitat use by large carnivores can be a key factor facilitating their coexistence with people in shared landscapes. Landscape composition might be a key factor determining how large carnivores can adapt to occurring alongside humans, yet broad-scale analyses investigating adjustments of habitat use across large gradients of human pressure and landscape composition are lacking. Objectives Here, we investigate adjustments in habitat use by Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in response to varying availability of refuge habitats (i.e., forests and rugged terrain) and human landscape modification.Methods Using a large tracking dataset including 434 individuals from seven populations, we assess functional responses in lynx habitat use across two spatial scales, testing for variation by sex, daytime, and season. Results We found that lynx use refuge habitats more intensively with increasing landscape modification across spatial scales, selecting forests most strongly in otherwise open landscapes and rugged terrain in mountainous regions. Moreover, higher forest availability enabled lynx to place their home ranges in more human-modified landscapes. Human pressure and refuge habitat availability also shaped temporal patterns of lynx habitat use, with lynx increasing refuge habitat use and reducing their use of human-modified areas during periods of high exposure (daytime) or high vulnerability (postnatal period) to human pressure. Conclusions Our findings suggest a remarkable adaptive capacity of lynx towards human pressure and underline the importance of refuge habitats across scales for enabling coexistence between large carnivores and people. More broadly, we highlight that the composition of landscapes determines how large carnivores can adapt to human pressure and thus play an important role shaping large carnivore habitat use and distributions. Animal tracking · Adjustment · Eurasian lynx · Functional response · Habitat availability · Lynx lynx

• Dawson, Stuart; Dawson, Courtenay; Kennedy, Malcolm S.; Kreplins, Tracey L.; Linnell, John Durrus & Fleming, Patricia A. (2023). Knowledge and values drive acceptability of lethal control of kangaroos among the Australian public. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 289. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110416. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife management actions are increasingly contingent on acceptance by the broader public. Consequently, understanding factors that influence acceptability of different management options is important. In Australia, kangaroos (native large herbivores, Macropus spp., Osphranter spp.) are managed using lethal control for a range of context-specific reasons. We surveyed 1293 members of the Australian public to test whether acceptability of lethal control of kangaroos depends on the reason for the control, values towards wildlife (assessed using the Wildlife Values Orientation questionnaire), and knowledge about kangaroos. We also tested whether acceptability could be shifted by providing relevant information. Lethal control of kangaroos for biocentric reasons (i. e., agricultural protection, biodiversity conservation, animal welfare) was more acceptable than lethal control of kangaroos for anthropocentric reasons (i.e., human consumption, human safety). Acceptability was greater among survey respondents high on the domination orientation (i.e., valuing wildlife for human benefits), and lower among those high on the mutualism orientation (i.e., valuing wildlife for its own intrinsic value). Acceptability was also positively associated with knowledge of kangaroo ecology and management. Provision of information did not impact acceptability of lethal control for any reason except for human use, which, while not significant, showed promise that acceptability of lethal control for this reason could be influential to the public. Additionally, while the acceptability of lethal control varied widely among the Australian population, there was little evidence of polarisation, suggesting that large sectors of the public may be amenable to different perspectives.Wildlife management actions are increasingly contingent on acceptance by the broader public. Consequently, understanding factors that influence acceptability of different management options is important. In Australia, kangaroos (native large herbivores, Macropus spp., Osphranter spp.) are managed using lethal control for a range of context-specific reasons. We surveyed 1293 members of the Australian public to test whether acceptability of lethal control of kangaroos depends on the reason for the control, values towards wildlife (assessed using the Wildlife Values Orientation questionnaire), and knowledge about kangaroos. We also tested whether acceptability could be shifted by providing relevant information. Lethal control of kangaroos for biocentric reasons (i. e., agricultural protection, biodiversity conservation, animal welfare) was more acceptable than lethal control of kangaroos for anthropocentric reasons (i.e., human consumption, human safety). Acceptability was greater among survey respondents high on the domination orientation (i.e., valuing wildlife for human benefits), and lower among those high on the mutualism orientation (i.e., valuing wildlife for its own intrinsic value). Acceptability was also positively associated with knowledge of kangaroo ecology and management. Provision of information did not impact acceptability of lethal control for any reason except for human use, which, while not significant, showed promise that acceptability of lethal control for this reason could be influential to the public. Additionally, while the acceptability of lethal control varied widely among the Australian population, there was little evidence of polarisation, suggesting that large sectors of the public may be amenable to different perspectives. Wildlife values orientation Population control Wildlife management Mutualism Domination Acceptability Macropod Harvest

• Pooley, Simon; Hill, Catherine & Linnell, John Durrus (2023). How histories shape interactions. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 9782831722344. s. 68–73. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Linnell, John Durrus; Thondlana, Gladman & Hedges, Simon (2023). Assessing the impacts of conflict. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 9782831722344. s. 37–40. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Hill, Catherine; Athreya, Vidya; Glikman, Jenny A.; Linnell, John Durrus & Pooley, Simon (2023). Culture and wildlife. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 9782831722344. s. 62–67. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Hill, Catherine; Athreya, Vidya; Linnell, John Durrus; McQuinn, Brian; Redpath, Steven & Young, Juliette [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). The role of the conservationist. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 9782831722344. s. 25–27. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Oeser, Julian; Heurich, Marco Dietmar; Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie A.; Mattisson, Jenny; Krofel, Miha & Krojerová-Prokešová, Jarmila [Vis alle 40 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Integrating animal tracking datasets at a continental scale for mapping Eurasian lynx habitat. Diversity and Distributions: A Journal of Conservation Biogeography. ISSN 1366-9516. 29(12), s. 1546–1560. doi: 10.1111/ddi.13784. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aim: The increasing availability of animal tracking datasets collected across many sites provides new opportunities to move beyond local assessments to enable detailed and consistent habitat mapping at biogeographical scales. However, integrating wildlife datasets across large areas and study sites is challenging, as species' varying responses to different environmental contexts must be reconciled. Here, we compare approaches for large-area habitat mapping and assess available habitat for a recolonizing large carnivore, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). Location: Europe. Methods: We use a continental-scale animal tracking database (450 individuals from 14 study sites) to systematically assess modelling approaches, comparing (1) global strategies that pool all data for training versus building local, site-specific models and combining them, (2) different approaches for incorporating regional variation in habitat selection and (3) different modelling algorithms, testing nonlinear mixed effects models as well as machine-learning algorithms. Results: Testing models on training sites and simulating model transfers, global and local modelling strategies achieved overall similar predictive performance. Model performance was the highest using flexible machine-learning algorithms and when incorporating variation in habitat selection as a function of environmental variation. Our best-performing model used a weighted combination of local, site-specific habitat models. Our habitat maps identified large areas of suitable, but currently unoccupied lynx habitat, with many of the most suitable unoccupied areas located in regions that could foster connectivity between currently isolated populations. Main Conclusions: We demonstrate that global and local modelling strategies can achieve robust habitat models at the continental scale and that considering regional variation in habitat selection improves broad-scale habitat mapping. More generally, we highlight the promise of large wildlife tracking databases for large-area habitat mapping. Our maps provide the first high-resolution, yet continental assessment of lynx habitat across Europe, providing a consistent basis for conservation planning for restoring the species within its former range. animal tracking, Eurasian lynx, habitat suitability, large carnivore, large-area mapping, Lynx lynx

• Bubnicki, Jakub W.; Norton, Ben; Baskauf, Steven J.; Bruce, Tom; Cagnacci, Francesca & Casaer, Jim [Vis alle 36 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Camtrap DP: an open standard for the FAIR exchange and archiving of camera trap data. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation. 10(3), s. 283–295. doi: 10.1002/rse2.374. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Camera trapping has revolutionized wildlife ecology and conservation by providing automated data acquisition, leading to the accumulation of massive amounts of camera trap data worldwide. Although management and processing of camera trap-derived Big Data are becoming increasingly solvable with the help of scalable cyber-infrastructures, harmonization and exchange of the data remain limited, hindering its full potential. There is currently no widely accepted standard for exchanging camera trap data. The only existing proposal, “Camera Trap Metadata Standard” (CTMS), has several technical shortcomings and limited adoption. We present a new data exchange format, the Camera Trap Data Package (Camtrap DP), designed to allow users to easily exchange, harmonize and archive camera trap data at local to global scales. Camtrap DP structures camera trap data in a simple yet flexible data model consisting of three tables (Deployments, Media and Observations) that supports a wide range of camera deployment designs, classification techniques (e.g., human and AI, media-based and event-based) and analytical use cases, from compiling species occurrence data through distribution, occupancy and activity modeling to density estimation. The format further achieves interoperability by building upon existing standards, Frictionless Data Package in particular, which is supported by a suite of open software tools to read and validate data. Camtrap DP is the consensus of a long, in-depth, consultation and outreach process with standard and software developers, the main existing camera trap data management platforms, major players in the field of camera trapping and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Under the umbrella of the Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG), Camtrap DP has been developed openly, collaboratively and with version control from the start. We encourage camera trapping users and developers to join the discussion and contribute to the further development and adoption of this standard. Biodiversity data, camera traps, data exchange, data sharing, information standards

• Hoare, Richard; Linnell, John Durrus & Athreya, Vidya (2023). Animal capture and translocation. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 9782831722344. s. 160–165. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Mattisson, Jenny; Linnell, John Durrus; Anders, Ole; Belotti, Elisa; Breitenmoser-Würsten, Christine & Bufka, Ludek [Vis alle 25 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Timing and synchrony of birth in Eurasian lynx across Europe. Ecology and Evolution. 12(8). doi: 10.1002/ece3.9147. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) occurs across the Eurasian continent, covering three of the four main climate regions of the world. Thus, their distribution includes a large variation in climatic conditions, making it an ideal species to explore reproductive phenology. Here, we used data on multiple reproductive events from 169 lynx females across Europe. Mean birth date was May 28 (April 23 to July 1), but was ~10 days later in northern Europe than in central and southern Europe. Birth dates were relatively synchronized across Europe, but more so in the north than in the south. Timing of birth was delayed by colder May temperatures. Severe and cold weather may affect neonatal survival via hypothermia and avoiding inclement weather early in the season may select against early births, especially at northern latitudes. Overall, only about half of the kittens born survived until onset of winter but whether kittens were born relatively late or early did not affect kitten survival. Lynx are strict seasonal breeders but still show a degree of flexibility to adapt the timing of birth to surrounding environmental conditions. We argue that lynx give birth later when exposed to colder spring temperatures and have more synchronized births when the window of favorable conditions for raising kittens is shorter. This suggests that lynx are well adapted to different environmental conditions, from dry and warm climates to alpine, boreal, and arctic climates. This variation in reproductive timing will be favorable in times of climate change, as organisms with high plasticity are more likely to adjust to new environmental conditions.

• Cusack, Jeremy J.; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Israelsen, Markus Fjellstad; Andrén, Henrik; Grainger, Matthew & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Quantifying the checks and balances of collaborative governance systems for adaptive carnivore management. Journal of Applied Ecology. ISSN 0021-8901. 59(4), s. 1038–1049. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.14113. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  1. Recovering or threatened carnivore populations are often harvested to minimise their impact on human activities, such as livestock farming or game hunting. Increasingly, harvest quota decisions involve a set of scientific, administrative and political institutions operating at national and sub- national levels whose interactions and collective decision- making aim to increase the legitimacy of management and ensure population targets are met. In practice, however, as-sessments of how quota decisions change between these different actors and what consequences these changes have on population trends are rare.2. We combine a state-space population modelling approach with an analysis of quota decisions taken at both regional and national levels between 2007 and 2018 to build a set of decision- making models that together predict annual har-vest quota values for Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Norway.3. We reveal a tendency for administrative decision- makers to compensate for consistent quota increases by political actors, particularly when the lynx popula-tion size estimate is above the regional target. Using population forecasts based on the ensemble of decision- making models, we show that such buffering of po-litical biases ensures lynx population size remains close to regional and national targets in the long term.4. Our results go beyond the usual qualitative assessment of collaborative gov-ernance systems for carnivore management, revealing a system of checks and balances that, in the case of lynx in Norway, ensures both multi-stakeholder participation and sustainable harvest quotas. Nevertheless, we highlight impor-tant inter- regional differences in decision- making and population forecasts, the socio- ecological drivers of which need to be better understood to prevent fu-ture population declines.5. Synthesis and applications. Our work analyses the sequence of decisions lead-ing to yearly quotas for lynx harvest in Norway, highlighting the collaborative and structural processes that together shape harvest sustainability. In doing so, we provide a predictive framework to evaluate participatory decision- making processes in wildlife management, paving the way for scientists and decision- makers to collaborate more widely in identifying where decision biases might lie and how institutional arrangements can be optimised to minimise them. We emphasise, however, that this is only possible if wildlife management decisions are documented and transparentcollaborative, decision-making, harvest, lynx, Norway, population forecast, quota, stakeholder

• Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter & Linnell, John Durrus (2022). The Coexistence Potential of Different Wildlife Conservation Frameworks in a Historical Perspective. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.711480. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife management in contemporary Europe means balancing multiple demands in shared landscapes. Perhaps the greatest question facing today’s policy makers and wildlife professionals is how to develop frameworks for co-existence between wildlife and the plethora of other land use interests. As a profession, the roots of wildlife management and conservation can be traced back to the 1600’s, but most of relevant paradigms that have shaped the management of wildlife over time have emerged after the mid-1800’s and particularly since the 1960’s. Here we examine the historical development of the main traits and concepts of a number of management and conservation paradigms that have all contributed to the multifaceted field of contemporary wildlife management and conservation. We outline a chronology of concepts and ideologies with their underlying key ideas, values and operational indicators and make an assessment of the potential of each paradigm as a coexistence framework for dealing with wildlife. We tie this to a discussion of ethics and argue that the lack of unity in approaches is deeply embedded in the disagreements between rule-based (deontological) versus results-based (consequentialist) ethics. We suggest that some of the conflicts between ideologies, value sets and paradigms can be resolved as an issue of scale and zonation in shared landscapes. We also argue that approaches built on anthropocentrism, value pluralism and environmental pragmatism are most likely to succeed in omplex socio-political landscapes. However, we caution against moral relativism and the belief that all types of cultural values are equally valid as a basis for contemporary management. Wildlife management, conservation, paradigms, concepts, Values, Ethics

• Durant, Sarah M.; Marino, Agnese; Linnell, John Durrus; Oriol-Cotterill, Alayne; Dloniak, Stephanie & Dolrenry, Stephanie [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Fostering Coexistence Between People and Large Carnivores in Africa: Using a Theory of Change to Identify Pathways to Impact and Their Underlying Assumptions. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.698631. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Coexistence with large carnivores poses challenges to human well-being, livelihoods, development, resource management, and policy. Even where people and carnivores have historically coexisted, traditional patterns of behavior toward large carnivores may be disrupted by wider processes of economic, social, political, and climate change. Conservation interventions have typically focused on changing behaviors of those living alongside large carnivores to promote sustainable practices. While these interventions remain important, their success is inextricably linked to broader socio-political contexts, including natural resource governance and equitable distribution of conservation-linked costs and benefits. In this context we propose a Theory of Change to identify logical pathways of action through which coexistence with large carnivores can be enhanced. We focus on Africa’s dryland landscapes, known for their diverse guild of large carnivores that remain relatively widespread across the continent. We review the literature to understand coexistence and its challenges; explain our Theory of Change, including expected outcomes and pathways to impact; and discuss how our model could be implemented and operationalized. Our analysis draws on the experience of coauthors, who are scientists and practitioners, and on literature from conservation, political ecology, and anthropology to explore the challenges, local realities, and place-based conditions under which expected outcomes succeed or fail. Three pathways to impact were identified: (a) putting in place good governance harmonized across geographic scales; (b) addressing coexistence at the landscape level; and (c) reducing costsand increasing benefits of sharing a landscape with large carnivores. Coordinated conservation across the extensive, and potentially transboundary, landscapes needed by large carnivores requires harmonization of top-down approaches with bottom-up community-based conservation. We propose adaptive co-management approaches combined with processes for active community engagement and informed consent as useful dynamic mechanisms for navigating through this contested space, while enabling adaptation to climate change. Success depends on strengthening underlying enabling conditions, including governance, capacity, local empowerment, effective monitoring, and sustainable financial support. Implementing the Theory of Change requires ongoing monitoring and evaluation to inform adaptation and build confidence in the model. Overall, the model provides a flexible and practical framework that can be adapted to dynamic local socio-ecological contexts. large carnivore conservation, African semi-arid, community-based conservation, human wildlife conflict, community-based natural resource management, adaptive co-management, rangeland management, climate change adaptation

• Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Bischof, Richard; Mattisson, Jenny; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2022). Smartphone app reveals that lynx avoid human recreationists on local scale, but not home range scale. Scientific Reports. 12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08468-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  utdoor recreation is increasing and afects habitat use and selection by wildlife. These efects are challenging to study, especially for elusive species with large spatial requirements, as it is hard to obtain reliable proxies of recreational intensity over extensive areas. Commonly used proxies, such as the density of, or distance to, hiking paths, ignore outdoor recreation occurring on other linear feature types. Here we utilized crowdsourced data from the Strava training app to obtain a large-scale proxy for pedestrian outdoor recreation intensity in southeast Norway. We used the proxy and GPS-tracking data from collared Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) to investigate how recreation afects habitat selection at the home range scale and local scale by lynx during summer. We ftted resource selection functions at the two scales using conditional logistic regression. Our analysis revealed that lynx avoided areas of recreational activity at the local scale, but not at home range scale. Nonetheless, lynx frequently used areas associated with recreation, and to a greater degree at night than during the day. Our results suggest that local-scale avoidance of recreation and temporal adjustments of habitat use by lynx mitigate the need for a home range-scale response towards recreation. Scale-dependent responses and temporal adjustments in habitat use may facilitate coexistence between humans and large carnivores.

• Rosen, Tatjana; Arazmurat, Amanov; Barashkova, Anna; Dieterich, Til; Hojamuradov, Hojamurad & Hudaikuliev, Nurmuhammet [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Protecting the cats of the cold winter deserts in Turkmenistan and western Kazakhstan, Proceedings from the International Cold Winter Desert Conference. Central Asian Desert Initiative 2-3 December 2021, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISSN 9789251369586. s. 79–92. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Central Asian grassland, semi-desert and desert ecosystems are incredibly rich in biodiversity because of their location at the interface between different biogeographic areas and different ecological regions. These habitats are still largely continuous and interconnected and are home to wildlife assemblages that rival those of better-known regions like East Africa, with large herds of highly mobile large herbivores, rich communities of rodent herbivores, and many large, medium and small predators including mammals and birds. However, the cold deserts represent a globally unique ecosystem with rather distinctive community assemblages often consisting of both tropical and temperate species. For example, on a broad scale the wild cat community contains up to seven species: namely the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana), caracal (Caracal caracal), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), Pallas cat (Otocolobus manul), Asiatic wild cat (Felis lybica ornata),Jungle cat (Felis chaus), and sand cat (Felis margarita) (Kitchener et a. 2017). Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) was present in the ecoregion but has been extinct for >50 years (persisting today only in Islamic Republic of Iran). Unfortunately, Central Asia is currently an understudied region from the point of view of ecology and biodiversity. This is especially true in the past three decades since the post-Soviet transition. At present there is very little in the way of up-to-date information available on the status and distribution of species that can be used to inform conservation measures, such as better planning of anthropogenic development on the one hand and establishing an effective network of protected areas on the other. This task is becoming increasingly urgent as the whole region is coming under intense anthropogenic pressure from multiple sources (recreational pressures, poaching, mining, hydrocarbon extraction, renewable energy development, border security fencing, water extraction, farming and livestock grazing pressure) in addition to the ever-present specter of climate change. The objective of this communication is to summarise what is known about the status of these iconic wild cat species in Turkmenistan and southwestern Kazakhstan, presenting for the first time the results of camera-trapping and field surveys conducted during the last decade. Based on these preliminary results we present some initial recommendations for conservation actions.

• Broekman, Maarten J. E.; Hilbers, Jelle P.; Huijbregts, Mark A. J.; Mueller, Thomas; Ali, Abdullah H. & Andrén, Henrik [Vis alle 88 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Evaluating expert-based habitat suitability information of terrestrial mammals with GPS-tracking data. Global Ecology and Biogeography. ISSN 1466-822X. 31(8), s. 1526–1541. doi: 10.1111/geb.13523. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aim: Macroecological studies that require habitat suitability data for many species often derive this information from expert opinion. However, expert- based informa-tion is inherently subjective and thus prone to errors. The increasing availability of GPS tracking data offers opportunities to evaluate and supplement expert- based in-formation with detailed empirical evidence. Here, we compared expert- based habitat suitability information from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with habitat suitability information derived from GPS-tracking data of 1,498 individu-als from 49 mammal species.Location: Worldwide.Time period: 1998–2021.Major taxa studied: Forty- nine terrestrial mammal species.Methods: Using GPS data, we estimated two measures of habitat suitability for each individual animal: proportional habitat use (proportion of GPS locations within a habi-tat type), and selection ratio (habitat use relative to its availability). For each individual we then evaluated whether the GPS- based habitat suitability measures were in agree-ment with the IUCN data. To that end, we calculated the probability that the ranking of empirical habitat suitability measures was in agreement with IUCN's classification into suitable, marginal and unsuitable habitat types.Results: IUCN habitat suitability data were in accordance with the GPS data (> 95% probability of agreement) for 33 out of 49 species based on proportional habitat use estimates and for 25 out of 49 species based on selection ratios. In addition, 37 and 34 species had a > 50% probability of agreement based on proportional habitat use and selection ratios, respectively.Main conclusions: We show how GPS-tracking data can be used to evaluate IUCN habitat suitability data. Our findings indicate that for the majority of species in-cluded in this study, it is appropriate to use IUCN habitat suitability data in macro-ecological studies. Furthermore, we show that GPS-tracking data can be used to identify and prioritize species and habitat types for re-evaluation of IUCN habitat suitability data expert opinion, GPS, habitat suitability, habitat type, habitat use, IUCN, mammals, movement, selection ratio, telemetry

• Oliveira, Teresa; Sanchez, David Carricondo; Mattisson, Jenny; Vogt, Kristina; Corradini, Andrea & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Predicting kill sites of an apex predator from GPS data in different multi-prey systems. Ecological Applications. ISSN 1051-0761. doi: 10.1002/eap.2778. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Kill rates are a central parameter to assess the impact of predation on preyspecies. An accurate estimation of kill rates requires a correct identificationof kill sites, often achieved by field-checking GPS location clusters (GLCs).However, there are potential sources of error included in kill-site identifica-tion, such as failing to detect GLCs that are kill sites, and misclassifying thegenerated GLCs (e.g., kill for nonkill) that were not field checked. Here, weaddress these two sources of error using a large GPS dataset of collared Eur-asian lynx (Lynx lynx), an apex predator of conservation concern in Europe, inthree multiprey systems, with different combinations of wild, semidomestic,and domestic prey. We first used a subsampling approach to investigate howdifferent GPS-fix schedules affected the detection of GLC-indicated kill sites.Then, we evaluated the potential of the random forest algorithm to classifyGLCs as nonkills, small prey kills, and ungulate kills. We show that thenumber of fixes can be reduced from seven to three fixes per night withoutmissing more than 5% of the ungulate kills, in a system composed of wild prey.Reducing the number of fixes per 24 h decreased the probability of detectingGLCs connected with kill sites, particularly those of semidomestic or domesticprey, and small prey. Random forest successfully predicted between 73%–90%of ungulate kills, but failed to classify most small prey in all systems, withsensitivity (true positive rate) lower than 65%. Additionally, removingdomestic prey improved the algorithm’s overall accuracy. We provide a setof recommendations for studies focusing on kill-site detection that can beconsidered for other large carnivore species in addition to the Eurasian lynx.We recommend caution when working in systems including domestic prey,as the odds of underestimating kill rates are higher.domestic prey, Eurasian lynx, GPS location clusters (GLCs), GPS-fix schedule, kill sites,multiprey system, random forest

• Cretois, Benjamin; Simmonds, Emily Grace; Linnell, John D. C.; Moorter, Bram van; Rolandsen, Christer M. & Solberg, Erling J. [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Identifying and correcting spatial bias in opportunistic citizen science data for wild ungulates in Norway. Ecology and Evolution. 11(21), s. 15191–15204. doi: 10.1002/ece3.8200. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Many publications make use of opportunistic data, such as citizen science observation data, to infer large-scale properties of species’ distributions. However, the few publications that use opportunistic citizen science data to study animal ecology at a habitat level do so without accounting for spatial biases in opportunistic records or using methods that are difficult to generalize. In this study, we explore the biases that exist in opportunistic observations and suggest an approach to correct for them. We first examined the extent of the biases in opportunistic citizen science observations of three wild ungulate species in Norway by comparing them to data from GPS telemetry. We then quantified the extent of the biases by specifying a model of the biases. From the bias model, we sampled available locations within the species’ home range. Along with opportunistic observations, we used the corrected availability locations to estimate a resource selection function (RSF). We tested this method with simulations and empirical datasets for the three species. We compared the results of our correction method to RSFs obtained using opportunistic observations without correction and to RSFs using GPS-telemetry data. Finally, we compared habitat suitability maps obtained using each of these models. Opportunistic observations are more affected by human access and visibility than locations derived from GPS telemetry. This has consequences for drawing inferences about species’ ecology. Models naïvely using opportunistic observations in habitat-use studies can result in spurious inferences. However, sampling availability locations based on the spatial biases in opportunistic data improves the estimation of the species’ RSFs and predicted habitat suitability maps in some cases. This study highlights the challenges and opportunities of using opportunistic observations in habitat-use studies. While our method is not foolproof it is a first step toward unlocking the potential of opportunistic citizen science data for habitat-use studies. citizen science, habitat selection, opportunistic data, preferential sampling, spatial bias, ungulates

• Darul, Romane; Gavashelishvili, Alexander; Saveljev, Alexander P.; Seryodkin, Ivan V.; Linnell, John Durrus & Okarma, Henryk [Vis alle 31 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Coat Polymorphism in Eurasian Lynx: Adaptation to Environment or Phylogeographic Legacy? Journal of mammalian evolution. ISSN 1064-7554. 29. doi: 10.1007/s10914-021-09580-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We studied the relationship between the variability and contemporary distribution of pelage phenotypes in one of most widely distributed felid species and an array of environmental and demographic conditions. We collected 672 photographic georeferenced records of the Eurasian lynx throughout Eurasia. We assigned each lynx coat to one of fve phenotypes. Then we ftted the coat patterns to diferent environmental and anthropogenic variables, as well as the efective geographic distances from inferred glacial refugia. A majority of lynx were either of the large spotted (41.5%) or unspotted (uniform, 36.2%) phenotype. The remaining patterns (rosettes, small spots and pseudo-rosettes) were represented in 11.0%, 7.4%, and 3.9% of samples, respectively. Although various environmental variables greatly afected lynx distribution and habitat suitability, it was the efect of least-cost distances from locations of the inferred refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum that explained the distribution of lynx coat patterns the best. Whereas the occurrence of lynx phenotypes with large spots was explained by the proximity to refugia located in the Caucasus/Middle East, the uniform phenotype was associated with refugia in the Far East and Central Asia. Despite the widely accepted hypothesis of adaptive functionality of coat patterns in mammals and exceptionally high phenotypic polymorphism in Eurasian lynx, we did not fnd well-defned signs of habitat matching in the coat pattern of this species. Instead, we showed how the global patterns of morphological variability in this large mammal and its environmental adaptations may have been shaped by past climatic change. Camouflage · Genetic drift · Mammal coloration · Last glacial maximum · Pelage polymorphism · Habitat suitability

• Nair, Ramya; Dhee, anon; Patil, Omkar; Surve, Nikit; Andheria, Anish & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Sharing Spaces and Entanglements With Big Cats: The Warli and Their Waghoba in Maharashtra, India. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2, s. 1–14. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.683356. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Long histories of sharing space and resources have built complex, robust, and enduring relationships between humans and wildlife in many communities across the world. In order to understand what makes it possible for humans and wildlife to share space, we have to look beyond the ecological and socio-economic study of damages caused by human-wildlife conflict and explore the cultural and societal context within which co-existence is embedded. We conducted an exploratory study on the institution of Waghoba, a big cat deity worshiped by the Indigenous Warli community in Maharashtra, India. Through our research, we found that the worship of Waghoba is highly prevalent, with 150 shrines dedicated to this deity across our study site. We also learnt that the Warlis believe in a reciprocal relationship, where Waghoba will protect them from the negative impacts of sharing spaces with big cats if the people worship the deity and conduct the required rituals, especially the annual festival of Waghbaras. We propose that such relationships facilitate the sharing spaces between humans and leopards that live in the landscape. The study also revealed the ways in which the range of institutions and stakeholders in the landscape shape the institution of Waghoba and thereby contribute to the human-leopard relationship in the landscape. This is relevant for present-day wildlife conservation because such traditional institutions are likely to act as tolerance-building mechanisms embedded within the local cosmology. Further, it is vital that the dominant stakeholders outside of the Warli community (such as the Forest Department, conservation biologists, and other non-Warli residents who interact with leopards) are informed about and sensitive to these cultural representations because it is not just the biological animal that the Warlis predominantly deal with.

• Esmaeili, Saeideh; Jesmer, Brett R.; Albeke, Shannon E.; Aikens, Ellen O.; Schoenecker, Kathryn A. & King, Sarah R. B. [Vis alle 50 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Body size and digestive system shape resource selection by ungulates: A cross-taxa test of the forage maturation hypothesis. Ecology Letters. ISSN 1461-023X. 24(10), s. 2178–2191. doi: 10.1111/ele.13848. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The forage maturation hypothesis (FMH) states that energy intake for ungulates is maximised when forage biomass is at intermediate levels. Nevertheless, metabolic allometry and different digestive systems suggest that resource selection should vary across ungulate species. By combining GPS relocations with remotely sensed data on forage characteristics and surface water, we quantified the effect of body size and digestive system in determining movements of 30 populations of hindgut fermenters (equids) and ruminants across biomes. Selection for intermediate forage biomass was negatively related to body size, regardless of digestive system. Selection for proximity to surface water was stronger for equids relative to ruminants, regardless of body size. To be more generalisable, we suggest that the FMH explicitly incorporate contingencies in body size and digestive system, with small-bodied ruminants selecting more strongly for potential energy intake, and hindgut fermenters selecting more strongly for surface water.

• Kaczensky, Petra; Salemgareyev, Albert; Linnell, John Durrus; Zuther, Steffen; Walzer, Chris & Huber, Nikolaus [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Post-release Movement Behaviour and Survival of Kulan Reintroduced to the Steppes and Deserts of Central Kazakhstan. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.703358. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Asiatic wild ass, or kulan (Equus hemionus kulan) were once a key species of the Eurasian steppes and deserts. In Kazakhstan they went extinct by the 1930s. Early reintroductions have reestablished the species in two protected areas, but the species has reclaimed <1% of their former range and remained absent from central Kazakhstan. To initiate restoration in this vast region, we captured and transported a first group of nine wild kulan to a large pre-release enclosure in the Torgai region in 2017, and two more in 2019. We used direct observations and post-release movement data of four kulan equipped with GPS-Iridium collars to document their adaptation process in a vast novel habitat without conspecifics. For comparison with movements in the source populations, we additionally equipped two kulan in Altyn Emel National Park and six in Barsa Kelmes State Nature Reserve. The nine transported kulan formed a cohesive group with very high movement correlation in the enclosure. After release, the group initially stayed tightly together but started to break up by mid-May and all kulan travelled independently by mid-August. With 48,680–136,953 km2, the 95% Autocorrelated Kernel Density Estimation ranges of the reintroduced kulan were huge and about 10–100 times larger than those in the source populations. The reintroduced mares never reconnected, there was no evidence of successful reproduction, and two of the four collared mares were killed by poachers and one died of natural causes. At least one stallion survived in the wild, but the fate of the other uncollared animals remains unclear. We speculate that the fission-fusion dynamics and low movement correlation of kulan societies and the need for migratory movements harbours the risk that animals released into a novel environment loose contact with each other. This risk is likely enhanced in steppe habitats where movement constraining factors are absent. Further kulan reintroductions to the steppes and deserts of central Kazakhstan should aim to release larger groups and build up the free-ranging population quickly to reach a critical mass, increasing the chance of kulan encountering conspecifics to successfully breed and increase their chances of survival.

• Cretois, Benjamin; Linnell, John Durrus; Moorter, Bram Van; Kaczensky, Petra; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland & Parada, Jorge Sicacha [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Coexistence of large mammals and humans is possible in Europe’s anthropogenic landscapes. iScience. 24(9), s. 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103083. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A critical question in the conservation of large mammals in the Anthropocene is to know the extent to which they can tolerate human disturbance. Surprisingly, little quantitative data is available about large-scale effects of human activity and land use on their broad scale distribution in Europe. In this study, we quantify the relative importance of human land use and protected areas as opposed to biophysical constraints on large mammal distribution. We analyze data on large mammal distribution to quantify the relative effect of anthropogenic variables on species' distribution as opposed to biophysical constraints. We finally assess the effect of anthropogenic variables on the size of the species' niche by simulating a scenario where we assumed no anthropogenic pressure on the landscape. Results show that large mammal distribution is primarily constrained by biophysical constraints rather than anthropogenic variables. This finding offers grounds for cautious optimism concerning wildlife conservation in the Anthropocene.

• Hofmeester, Tim R.; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Cromsigt, Joris P.G.M.; Kindberg, Jonas; Andren, Henrik & Linnell, John D. C. [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Effects of camera-trap placement and number on detection of members of a mammalian assemblage. Ecosphere. 12(7). doi: 10.1002/ecs2.3662. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A central goal in camera-trapping (CT) studies is to maximize detection probability and precision of occupancy estimates while minimizing the number of CTs to reduce equipment and labor costs. Few studies, however, have examined the effect of CT number on detection probability. Moreover, historically, most studies focused on a specific species and the design could be tailored toward maximizing detection of this target species. Increasingly, however, such studies use data for all captured, non-target, species (by-catch data) for animal community-level analyses. It remains unclear if, and how, the targeting of CTs toward one species affects the detection of non-target species. We paired CTs from a permanent camera-trapping grid (with 38 CTs) targeted at monitoring Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Innlandet County, Norway, with additional randomly placed CTs at two spatial scales (38 CTs within the same habitat patch and 38 CTs within the same 50-km2 grid cell as the lynx-targeted CTs) for three months. We combined multi-scale occupancy models that enable the separation of large-scale occupancy, CT-scale site use, and detection probability with single-scale occupancy models. This allowed us to study the effects of targeted placement and CT number on the detection probability of the target species (lynx) and seven non-target mammal species (four carnivores, three herbivores, and one rodent). We found that all species, except moose (Alces alces), had the highest detection probability at lynx-targeted CTs. Moose had equal detection probabilities at all three placement types. Adding extra CTs generally increased detection probabilities. Consequently, for all species, combining a lynx-targeted CT with one or more randomly placed CTs, increased the accuracy and precision of occupancy estimates for 50-km2 grid cells compared to single CT estimates. The placement of single CTs underestimated grid-cell occupancy compared to known minimum occupancy and were similar to site-use probability estimates of multi-scale models. It is, however, uncertain to which spatial extent these site-use probabilities refer. We therefore recommend the use of multiple (targeted) CTs to estimate occupancy in large grid cells and to interpret occupancy estimates from single CTs as site use of an, as of yet undefined, area surrounding the CT.

• Hofmeester, Tim R.; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2021). Camera trap records of leucistic Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) in central Norway. Ecology and Evolution. 11(19), s. 1–6. doi: 10.1002/ece3.8052. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Coat coloration plays an important role in communication, camouflage, and sexual selection in animals. Genetic mutations can lead to anomalous colorations such as melanism and leucism, where animals appear, respectively, darker or lighter than normal. Reporting abnormal coloration in wild animals is an important first step to understand the distribution, prevalence, and potential fitness consequences of these rare events. Here, we report several records of suspected leucism in the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) in a population in central Norway. Several camera traps recorded at least two leucistic individuals between 2017 and 2020. It took considerable effort, almost 400,000 camera trap nights over a period of 10 years all over Norway, to obtain a total of eleven records of leucistic badgers, indicating the rarity of this phenotype. It is unclear what has caused the presence of multiple leucistic badgers in a single population, but recent colonization and lack of predators might have played a role. Due to our observations, future studies can now be developed to study the underlying mechanisms and potential consequences of leucism in this badger population. The increasing use of networks of camera traps in wildlife research will provide new opportunities to record rare coloration in wild animals. albinism, anomalous color, Coat coloration, Mustelidae

• Powell, Joshua; Axmacher, Jan C.; Linnell, John Durrus & Durant, Sarah M. (2021). Diverse Locations and a Long History: Historical Context for Urban Leopards (Panthera pardus) in the Early Anthropocene From Seoul, Korea. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.765911. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  While the urban landscapes of the early Anthropocene may appear hostile to large carnivores, humans and leopards (Panthera pardus) are known to co-inhabit major urban centres like Mumbai (India), Nairobi (Kenya) and Johannesburg (South Africa). We provide evidence that the presence of leopards in urban landscapes is not, however, a new phenomenon and has occurred repeatedly over the early history of the Anthropocene. Using records of Amur leopards (P. p. orientalis) in Seoul, Korea, at the end of the 19th century, a capital city and major urban centre with a high human population density, we explore socio-cultural, political and ecological factors that may have facilitated human-leopard co-occurrence in an urban landscape and the factors that eventually led to the leopards’ extirpation. We suggest that, in the absence of unsustainable levels of persecution by humans, leopards are able to persist in urban landscapes which contain small patches of dense vegetation and have sufficient alternative food supplies. In light of the continued expansion of urban landscapes in the 21st century and increasing conservation focus on the presence of large carnivore populations there, this paper provides historical context to human co-existence with leopards in urban landscapes during the Anthropocene–and what we can learn from it for the future.

• Law, Elizabeth; Linnell, John Durrus; Moorter, Bram Van & Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland (2021). Heuristics for the sustainable harvest of wildlife in stochastic social-ecological systems. PLOS ONE. 16(11), s. 1–21. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260159. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Sustainable wildlife harvest is challenging due to the complexity of uncertain social-ecological systems, and diverse stakeholder perspectives of sustainability. In these systems, semi-complex stochastic simulation models can provide heuristics that bridge the gap between highly simplified theoretical models and highly context-specific case-studies. Such heuristics allow for more nuanced recommendations in low-knowledge contexts, and an improved understanding of model sensitivity and transferability to novel contexts. We develop semi-complex Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE) models capturing dynamics and variability in ecological processes, monitoring, decision-making, and harvest implementation, under a diverse range of contexts. Results reveal the fundamental challenges of achieving sustainability in wildlife harvest. Environmental contexts were important in determining optimal harvest parameters, but overall, evaluation contexts more strongly influenced perceived outcomes, optimal harvest parameters and optimal harvest strategies. Importantly, simple composite metrics popular in the theoretical literature (e.g. focusing on maximizing yield and population persistence only) often diverged from more holistic composite metrics that include a wider range of population and harvest objectives, and better reflect the trade-offs in real world applied contexts. While adaptive harvest strategies were most frequently preferred, particularly for more complex environmental contexts (e.g. high uncertainty or variability), our simulations map out cases where these heuristics may not hold. Despite not always being the optimal solution, overall adaptive harvest strategies resulted in the least value forgone, and are likely to give the best outcomes under future climatic variability and uncertainty. This demonstrates the potential value of heuristics for guiding applied management.

• Linnell, John Durrus; Mattisson, Jenny & Odden, John (2021). Extreme home range sizes among Eurasian lynx at the northern edge of their biogeographic range. Ecology and Evolution. s. 1–9. doi: 10.1002/ece3.7436. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) have a wide distribution across Eurasia. The northern edge of this distribution is in Norway, where they reach up to 72 degrees north. We con-ducted a study of lynx space use in this region from 2007 to 2013 using GPS teleme-try. The home range sizes averaged 2,606 (± 438 SE) km2 for males (n= 9 ranges) and 1,456 (± 179 SE) km2 for females (n= 24 ranges). These are the largest home ranges reported for any large felid, and indeed are only matched by polar bears, arctic living wolves, and grizzly bears among all the Carnivora. The habitat occupied was almost entirely treeless alpine tundra, with home ranges only containing from 20% to 25% of forest. These data have clear implications for the spatial planning of lynx manage-ment in the far north as the current management zones are located in unsuitable habitats and are not large enough to encompass individual lynx movements.carnivore, habitat, home range, ranging behavior, scandinavia

• Gervasi, Vincenzo; Linnell, John Durrus; Berce, Tomaz; Boitani, Luigi; Cerne, Rok & Ciucci, Paolo [Vis alle 24 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Ecological correlates of large carnivore depredation on sheep in Europe. Global Ecology and Conservation. 30. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01798. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Sharing space with large carnivores on a human-dominated continent like Europe results in multiple conflictful interactions with human interests, of which depredation on livestock is the most widespread. We conducted an analysis of the impact by all four European large carnivores on sheep farming in 10 European countries, during the period 2010–2015. We ran a hierarchical Simultaneous Autoregressive model, to assess the influence of several ecological factors on the reported depredation levels. About 35,000 (SD = 4110) sheep kills were compensated in the ten countries as caused by large carnivores annually, representing 0.5% of the total sheep stock. Of them, 45% were recognized as killed by wolves, 24% by wolverines, 19% by lynx and 12% by bears. We found a positive relationship between wolf distribution and the number of compensated sheep, but not for the other three species. Depredation levels were lower in the areas where large carnivore presence has been continuous compared to areas where they disappeared and returned in the last 50 years. Our study shows that a few large carnivores can produce high damage, when the contribution of environmental, social, and economic systems predisposes for it, whereas large populations can produce a limited impact when the same components of the system reduce the probability that depredations occur. Time of coexistence plays in favour of a progressive reduction in the associated costs, provided that the responsible agencies focus their attention both on compensation and co-adaptation.

• Linnell, John Durrus; Cretois, Benjamin; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Solberg, Erling Johan & Veiberg, Vebjørn [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). The challenges and opportunities of coexisting with wild ungulates in the human-dominated landscapes of Europe's Anthropocene. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 244:108500, s. 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108500. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The cumulative impact of human activities has driven many species into severe declines across the globe. However, the recent focus on conservation optimism has begun to highlight case studies that go against this trend. Reforestation, agricultural abandonment, reintroduction and legislative change have led to a situation where large mammals have recovered and are now widespread across the European continent. This study summarizes the knowledge about wild ungulate distribution in Europe and review the diversity of ways in which they interact with humans. Drawn from a wide range of sources, we built distribution maps of European wild ungulates. Results show that 90% of Europe is home to at least 1 species of wild native ungulate, with roe deer and wild boar occupying 74% and 64% of Europe respectively. In contrast, wild native mountain ungulates only occupy 5% of Europe, and are often associated with protected areas. The wide distribution of most European ungulates combined with the extensive human activity within Europe result in a wide range of interactions between ungulates and humans. These interactions can be classified as services or disservices depending on the value orientation and economic position of the various stakeholders perceiving this relationship. Overall, our survey highlights the success of wildlife management policies in Europe and the potential for continental scale conservation of large mammals in human-dominated landscapes. However, maintaining the success of wild ungulate conservation requires actions from national and European institutions to improve coordinated management across jurisdictional borders and sectorial coordination for the whole landscape.

• Gliga, Diana S.; Petrova, Natalia; Linnell, John Durrus; Salemgareyev, Albert R.; Zuther, Steffen & Walzer, Chris [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Dynamics of gastro-inestinal strongyle parasites in a group of translocated, wild-captured asiatic wild asses in Kazakhstan. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 7. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.598371. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Asiatic wild ass (Kulan, Equus hemionus) population range and numbers became severely reduced and a reintroduction project is currently aiming to re-establish a population in the Central Steppe of Kazakhstan. Pre-emptive deworming is often recommended for equid translocations but eliminating parasites prior to translocation could cause disruptions in a balanced host-parasite relationship, adding an additional stressor to an already stressful intervention involving capture, transport, and adaptation to a new environment. Following a disease risk assessment, we decided against pre-emptive deworming and focused on monitoring the first group of nine translocated kulan in a large acclimatization enclosure prior to release. Over the 5-month acclimatization period, we regularly collected fecal samples and analyzed the shedding intensity of gastro-intestinal parasite eggs, obtained time budgets through behavioral observations, and visually assessed body condition. We identified strongyles (Strongylinae and Cyathostominae) and pinworms (Oxyuris equi) in fecal samples. All individuals shed strongyle eggs and two of the nine individuals had higher shedding intensities, but rarely reached levels for which deworming is recommended. All kulan appeared healthy throughout the observation period, aggressive interactions were very rare, and time budgets were very similar and dominated by feeding. Our results suggest that in translocation projects where the risk of introducing new parasites is minimal, pre-emptive treatment in wild equids can be replaced with non-invasivemonitoring during the acclimatization period.We acknowledge that the small number of kulan, the large size of the enclosure, and the low temperatures during the animals stay in the acclimatization enclosure may all have reduced infestation pressure. Asiatic wild ass, Equus hemionus kulan, gastro-intestinal parasites, reintroduction, fecal egg count, strongyles

• Athreya, Vidya; Isvaran, Kavita; Odden, Morten; Linnell, John Durrus; Kshettry, Aritra & Krishnaswamy, Jagdish [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). The impact of leopards (Panthera pardus) on livestock losses and human injuries in a human-use landscape in Maharashtra, India. PeerJ. 8. doi: 10.7717/peerj.8405. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There are many ways in which large carnivores and humans interact in shared spaces. In this study we provide insights into human-leopard relationships in an entirely modified, human-dominated landscape inhabited by dense populations of humans (266 perkm2), their livestock (162 per km2) and relatively high densities of large predators (10 per 100 km2). No human deaths were recorded, and livestock losses to leopards numbered only 0.45 per km2 per year (averaged over three years) despite the almost Complete dependency of leopards on domestic animals as prey. Predation was not the major cause of livestock mortality as diseases and natural causes caused higher losses (80% of self-reported losses). We also found that ineffective night time livestock protection and the presence of domestic dogs increased the probability of a farmer facing leopard attacks on livestock. Resident farmers faced much lower livestock losses to leopard predation in contrast to the migratory shepherds who reported much higher losses, but rarely availed of the government compensation schemes. We recommend that local wildlife managers continue to shift from reactive measures such as leopard captures after livestock attacks to proactive measures such as focusing on effective livestock protection and informing the affected communities about safety measures to be taken where leopards occur in rural landscapes. The natural causes of livestock deaths due do diseases may be better prevented by involving animal husbandry department for timely vaccinations and treatment.

• Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter; Linnell, John Durrus & Gomez-Baggethun, Erik (2020). Can cultural ecosystem services contribute to satisfying basic human needs? A case study from the Lofoten archipelago, northern Norway. Applied Geography. ISSN 0143-6228. 120. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102229. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There is gradual recognition that cultural ecosystem services are critical building blocks for human well-being. Cultural and provisioning services are often intertwined, difficult to separate, and play salient roles in maintaining local identities. However, multiple studies assume links between cultural ecosystem services and human well-being, without quantifying relationships. We surveyed a representative sample of the population in the Lofoten archipelago in northern Norway, a region faced with great policy challenges around resource harvesting options. Our objective was to examine how public interest in management issues and attachment to place influences the appreciation of cultural ecosystem services benefits and if these benefits can act as satisfiers of wellbeing. Findings suggest that cultural ecosystem services provide a salient contribution to quality of life in this region, and help satisfy the needs of affection, understanding, creation, subsistence, identity, freedom, participation, protection and leisure. Cultural ecosystem services also constitute salient environmental attributes which contribute to the basic needs of being, having, doing and interacting. The importance of ecosystem services benefits for well-being increases with increasing attachment to the Lofoten environment. We argue that not only the ecosystem services benefits, but the values that emanate from the relationship between people and land should be given greater attention in land use policy. Cultural ecosystem services Satisfiers Basic human needs Lofoten Well-being Resource policy

• Clua, Eric E.G.; Linnell, John Durrus; Planes, Serge & Meyer, Carl G. (2020). Selective removal of problem individuals as an environmentally responsible approach for managing shark bites on humans. Ocean and Coastal Management. ISSN 0964-5691. 194. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105266. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Selective removal of problem individuals following shark bite incidents would be consistent with current management practices for terrestrial predators, and would be more effective and more environmentally responsible than current mass-culling programs. In parallel, and in addition to traditional forensics analysis, we recommend the routine collection of shark DNA from wounds or devices following shark bite incidents in order to genetically identify the individual responsible. This approach would require creating an extensive database of shark identities in high-risk areas against which to compare DNA forensically recovered from shark bite in-cidents. At a local and regional scale, we propose utilizing existing shark tagging programs and artificial shark aggregation sites to collect DNA, behavioural and morphological data for the database, and to facilitate removal of problem individuals. In several places around the world, selective removal of problem individuals would not be significantly more expensive and definitely less environmentally-destructive than traditional approaches and would also help reconcile people and sharks by underlining individuality in shark behaviour. Human fatalities Fatal attack Culling campaigns Problem individuals DNA fingerprinting Shark food provisioning Feeding aggregation Carnivore risk management

• Jahren, Torfinn; Odden, Morten; Linnell, John Durrus & Panzacchi, Manuela (2020). The impact of human land use and landscape productivity on population dynamics of red fox in southeastern Norway. Mammal Research. ISSN 2199-2401. 65(3). doi: 10.1007/s13364-020-00494-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In the boreal forest, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a key species due to its many strong food web linkages and its exploitation of niches that form in the wake of human activities. Recent altitudinal range expansion and a perceived population increase have become topics of concern inScandinavia, primarily due to the potential impacts of red foxes on both prey and competitor species. However, despite it being a common species, there is still surprisingly little knowledge about the temporal and spatial charac-teristics of its population dynamics. In this study, we synthesized 12 years of snow-track transect data covering a 27,000-km2 study area to identify factors associated with red fox distribution and population dynamics. Using Bayesian hierarchical regres-sion models, we evaluated the relationships of landscape productivity and climate gradients as well as anthropogenic subsidies withanindex ofred fox populationsizeand growthrates.We found thatlandscapes with highhuman settlementdensity and large amounts of gut piles from moose (Alces alces) hunting were associated with higher red fox abundances. Population dynamics were characterized by direct density-dependent growth, and the structure of density dependence was best explained by the amount of agricultural land in the landscape. Population equilibrium levels increased, and populations were more stable, in areas with a higher presence of agricultural lands, whereas density-dependent population growth was more prominent in areas of low agricultural presence. We conclude that human land use is a dominant driver of red fox population dynamics in the boreal forest. We encourage further research focusing on contrasting effects of anthropogenic subsidization on predator population carrying capacities and temporal stability, and potential impacts on prey dynamics.

• Mattisson, Jenny; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus; Painer, Johanna; Persson, Jens & Andrén, Henrik (2020). Parturition dates in wild Eurasian lynx: evidence of a second oestrus? Mammalian Biology. ISSN 1616-5047. doi: 10.1007/s42991-020-00037-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Understanding reproductive physiology of a species is important to assess their potential to respond to environmental variation and perturbation of their social system during the mating or pre-mating seasons. We report 175 parturition dates from wild Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Scandinavia. Most lynx birth dates were highly synchronised around a mean of 30th May (SD = 9 days) with 173 of the 175 births ranging from May 2nd to June 30th. We detected two very late births on July 29th and August 15th in the absence of any indication that the females had given birth and lost a litter earlier in the year. We propose that these represent evidence of a second oestrus which is highly unusual in lynx because of their unique reproductive physiology. The rarity of these late season births has implications for lynx demography and social organisation. Lynx lynx · Reproduction · Parturition date · Conservation

• Calkoen, Suzanne T.S. van Beeck; Mühlbauer, Lisa; Andrén, Henrik; Apollonio, Marco; Balčiauskas, Linas & Belotti, Elisa [Vis alle 29 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Ungulate management in European national parks: Why a more Integrated European policy is needed. Journal of Environmental Management (JEM). ISSN 0301-4797. 260. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110068. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  1. Primary objectives of national parks usually include both, the protection of natural processes and species conservation. When these objectives conflict, as occurs because of the cascading effects of large mammals (i.e., ungulates and large carnivores) on lower trophic levels, park managers have to decide upon the appropriate management while considering various local circumstances. 2. To analyse if ungulate management strategies are in accordance with the objectives defined for protected areas, we assessed the current status of ungulate management across European national parks using the naturalness concept and identified the variables that influence the management. 3. We collected data on ungulate management from 209 European national parks in 29 countries by means of a large-scale questionnaire survey. Ungulate management in the parks was compared by creating two naturalness scores. The first score reflects ungulate and large carnivore species compositions, and the second evaluates human intervention on ungulate populations. We then tested whether the two naturalness score categories are influenced by the management objectives, park size, years since establishment, percentage of government-owned land, and human impact on the environment (human influence index) using two generalized additive mixed models. 4. In 67.9% of the national parks, wildlife is regulated by culling (40.2%) or hunting (10.5%) or both (17.2%). Artificial feeding occurred in 81.3% of the national parks and only 28.5% of the national parks had a nonintervention zone covering at least 75% of the area. Furthermore, ungulate management differed greatly among the different countries, likely because of differences in hunting traditions and cultural and political backgrounds. Ungulate management was also influenced by park size, human impact on the landscape, and national park objectives, but after removing these variables from the full model the reduced models only showed a small change in the deviance explained. In areas with higher anthropogenic pressure, wildlife diversity tended to be lower and a higher number of domesticated species tended to be present. Human intervention (culling and artificial feeding) was lower in smaller national parks and when park objectives followed those set by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 5. Our study shows that many European national parks do not fulfil the aims of protected area management as set by IUCN guidelines. In contrast to the USA and Canada, Europe currently has no common ungulate management policy within national parks. This lack of a common policy together with differences in species composition, hunting traditions, and cultural or political context has led to differences in ungulate management among European countries. To fulfil the aims and objectives of national parks and to develop ungulate management strategies further, we highlight the importance of creating a more integrated European ungulate management policy to meet the aims of national parks.

• Salvatori, Valeria; Donfrancesco, Valerio; Trouwborst, Arie; Boitani, Luigi; Linnell, John Durrus & Álvares, Francisco [Vis alle 37 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). European agreements for nature conservation need to explicitly address wolf-dog hybridisation. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 248. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108525. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Hybridisation between wolves and dogs is increasingly reported in Europe. Nonetheless, no systematic survey has ever been attempted at the continental scale. We made the first assessment of wolf-dog hybridisation (WDH) occurrence in Europe and analysed how the phenomenon is addressed by international legislation and managed at the country level. We found that WDH is reported in all nine extant European wolf populations, and in 21 out of 28 countries for which we received information. The two main international legal instruments (i.e., the Habitats Directive and the Bern Convention) do not explicitly mention the threat posed by hybridisation but do provide guidance promoting control of free-ranging wolf-dog hybrids. However, we recorded poor compliance with such recommendations in most European countries, and a lack of coordination in addressing WDH among countries sharing the same wolf population. Alarmingly, we revealed a lack of well-designed and implemented country-wide genetic surveys to detect and monitor hybridisation, both relevant pre-requisites to effectively implement WDH management. By recommending criteria for an operative definition of “hybrid”, we also suggest improvements to enhance WDH-related policy at the EU scale. Wolf-dog hybrids Wolf Environmental legislation Habitats Directive Bern Convention

• Lute, Michelle L.; Carter, Neil H.; López-Bao, José V. & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Conservation professionals' views on governing for coexistence with large carnivores. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 248, s. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108668. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Decision-making about large carnivores is complex and controversial, and processes vary from deliberation and expert analysis to ballot boxes and courtrooms. Decision-makers range from neighboring landowners to the United Nations. Efficacy, longevity and legitimacy of policies may often depend as much on process as the policy itself. Overcoming controversy requires greater understanding of preferences for decision-makers and processes as well as deeper beliefs about human-carnivore interactions. Although academic debates are rich with recommendations for governance, practitioners' perceptions regarding decision-making processes have been rarely examined. Doing so can facilitate constructive discourses on managing and conserving carnivores across highly-variable social-ecological landscapes. To gain insight into different viewpoints on governance regarding large carnivore conservation, we asked a global community of conservation professionals (n = 505) about their preferences for governance alternatives for carnivore conservation through an online survey. Respondents agreed that government biologists should make decisions while legislators and commissions received low agreement and less consensus. Findings also indicated a general rejection of turning decision processes completely over to the general public, to courts, or to politicians who are perceived as lacking both technical knowledge and local insights. We found evidence for consensus on best management processes using a combination of science, local knowledge and participatory decision-making. According to our sample, sustainable coexistence strategies may require significant shifts in processes that remove mistrusted political influences vis-à-vis ballot boxes, courtrooms, commissions and legislative chambers. Our sample believed governance structures that combine technical expertise with local perspectives in a co-management framework may best withstand tests of time and controversy.

• Teurlings, Ivonne; Melis, Claudia; Skarpe, Christina & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Lack of Cascading Effects of Eurasian Lynx Predation on Roe Deer to Soil and Plant Nutrients. Diversity. 12(9). doi: 10.3390/D12090352. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study examines the extent to which above-ground trophic processes such as large carnivore predation on wild ungulates can cause cascading effects through the provision of carrion resources to below-ground ecosystem processes in the boreal forest of southeastern Norway. We measured the levels of 10 parameters in soil samples and 7 parameters in vegetation (wavy hair-grass, Avenella flexuosa, and bilberry, Vaccinium myrtillus) at 0, 0.5 and 2 m distance from 18 roe deer (Capreolus caprelous) carcasses killed by Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). We then compared these values to two control sites 20 m away from each carcass. Sampling was conducted 20–29 months after death. Neither soil nor vegetation samples showed a clear gradient in parameters (CN, NH4+, NO3−, P, PO4−, Ca, K, Mg and Na) from the center of a carcass towards the periphery. Similarly, there was no difference in the effect on soil and vegetation between winter- and summer-killed carcasses. Our results contrast with that of other studies that simulate the effect of predation with whole carcasses and which often exclude scavengers through fencing. The lack of detectable effects after about two years is likely due to the small size of roe deer carcasses and the fact that most tissues are consumed by the predator and scavengers before decomposition. View Full-Text Capreolus capreolus; carrion; decomposition; Lynx lynx; nitrogen; nutrient recycling; trophic cascade

• Teurlings, Ivonne; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Melis, Claudia (2020). Caching behavior of large prey by Eurasian Lynx: Quantifying the anti-scavenging benefits. Diversity. 12(9). doi: 10.3390/D12090350. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Large solitary felids often kill large prey items that can provide multiple meals. However, being able to utilize these multiple meals requires that they can cache the meat in a manner that delays its discovery by vertebrate and invertebrate scavengers. Covering the kill with vegetation and snow is a commonly observed strategy among felids. This study investigates the utility of this strategy using observational data from Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx)-killed roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) carcasses, and a set of two experiments focused on vertebrate and invertebrate scavengers, respectively. Lynx-killed roe deer that were covered by snow or vegetation were less likely to have been visited by scavengers. Experimentally-deployed video-monitored roe deer carcasses had significantly longer time prior to discovery by avian scavengers when covered with vegetation. Carcass parts placed in cages that excluded vertebrate scavengers had delayed invertebrate activity when covered with vegetation. All three datasets indicated that covering a kill was a successful caching/anti-scavenger strategy. These results can help explain why lynx functional responses reach plateaus at relatively low kill rates. The success of this anti-scavenging behavior therefore has clear effects on the dynamics of a predator–prey system.

• Cretois, Benjamin; Linnell, John Durrus; Grainger, Matthew; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland & Rød, Jan Ketil (2020). Hunters as citizen scientists: Contributions to biodiversity monitoring in Europe. Global Ecology and Conservation. 23. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01077. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Monitoring biodiversity characteristics at large scales and with adequate resolution requires considerable effort and resources. Overall, there is clearly a huge scope for European hunters, a special and often overlooked group of citizen scientist, to contribute even more to biodiversity monitoring, especially because of their presence across the entire European landscape. Using the Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) framework we reviewed the published and grey literature and contacted experts to provide a comprehensive overview of hunters’ contributions to biodiversity monitoring. We examined the methods used to collect data in hunter-based monitoring, the geographic and taxonomic extent of such contributions and the scientific output stemming from hunter-based monitoring data. Our study suggests that hunter-based monitoring is widely distributed across Europe and across taxa as 32 out of the 36 European countries included in our analysis involve hunters in the monitoring of at least one species group with ungulates and small game species groups which have the widest hunter-based monitoring coverage. We found that it is possible to infer characteristics on Genetic composition, Species population, Species traits and Community composition with data that are being routinely collected by hunters in at least some countries. The main types of data provided are hunting bags data, biological samples including carcasses of shot animals and non-invasive samplings and Observations for counts and indices. Hunters collect data on biodiversity in its key dimensions. Collaborations between hunters and scientists are fruitful and should be considered a standard partnership for biodiversity conservation. To overcome the challenges in the use of hunters’ data, more rigorous protocols for sampling data should be implemented and improvements made in data integration methods.

• Aikens, Ellen O.; Mysterud, Atle; Merkle, Jerod A.; Cagnacci, Francesca; Rivrud, Inger Maren & Hebblewhite, Mark [Vis alle 36 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Wave-like patterns of plant phenology determine ungulate movement tactics. Current Biology. ISSN 0960-9822. 30(17), s. 3444–3449. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.032. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Animals exhibit a diversity of movement tactics [1]. Tracking resources that change across space and time is predicted to be a fundamental driver of animal movement [2]. For example, some migratory ungulates (i.e., hooved mammals) closely track the progression of highly nutritious plant green-up, a phenomenon called ‘‘green-wave surfing’’ [3–5]. Yet general principles describing how the dynamic nature of resources determine movement tactics are lacking [6]. We tested an emerging theory that predicts surfing and the existence of migratory behavior will be favored in environments where green-up is fleeting and moves sequentially across large landscapes (i.e., wave-like green-up) [7]. Landscapes exhibiting wave-like patterns of greenup facilitated surfing and explained the existence of migratory behavior across 61 populations of four ungulate species on two continents (n = 1,696 individuals). At the species level, foraging benefits were equivalent between tactics, suggesting that each movement tactic is fine-tuned to local patterns of plant phenology. For decades, ecologists have sought to understand how animals move to select habitat, commonly defining habitat as a set of static patches [8, 9]. Our findings indicate that animal movement tactics emerge as a function of the flux of resources across space and time, underscoring the need to redefine habitat to include its dynamic attributes. As global habitats continue to be modified by anthropogenic disturbance and climate change [10], our synthesis provides a generalizable framework to understand how animal movement will be influenced by altered patterns of resource phenology.

• Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Bowler, Diana Elizabeth & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Exploratory and confirmatory research in the open science era. Journal of Applied Ecology. ISSN 0021-8901. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13571. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  1. Applied ecological research is increasingly inspired by the open science movement. However, new challenges about how we define our science when biodiversity data are being shared and re-used are not solved. Among these challenges is the risk associated with blurring the distinction between research that mainly seeks to explore patterns with no a-priori articulated hypotheses (exploratory research), and research that explicitly tests a-priori formulated hypotheses (confirmatory research).2. A rapid screening of a random selection of the peer-reviewed literature suggests that neither experimental protocols nor hypothesis-testing sensu stricto are com-mon in applied ecological research. In addition, most experiments are carried out on small spatial scales, which contrast with current global policy needs and research trends towards addressing large spatial and temporal scales. This latter trend makes it unfeasible for policy to rely mainly on insights gained from experimental research.3. To solve fundamental local, regional and global societal challenges, we need both exploratory and confirmatory research. However, the fundamental roles that con-firmatory research testing a-priori hypothesis play in establishing causal relation-ships need to be revaluated in applied ecological research.4. A clearer distinction between exploratory and confirmatory research is currently needed, and could be facilitated by allocating journal sections to different types of research; by embracing new tools offered by the open science era, such as pre- registration of hypothesis; by establishing new systems where post-hoc hypoth-eses emerging through exploration can also be registered for later testing; and by more broad adoption of causal inference methods that foster more structured test-ing of hypotheses about causal mechanisms from observational biodiversity data.5. Synthesis and applications. To gain the full benefits of the open science era, re-searchers, funding bodies and journal editors should explicitly consider approaches and incentives that encourage openness about methods and approaches, as well as value the plurality of scientific approaches needed to address questions in applied ecology and conservation science. causal inference, confirmatory research, exploratory research, large-scale assessment, open science, reproducible research, science philosophy

• Hartel, Tibor; Scheele, Ben C.; Vanak, Abi Tamim; Rozylowicz, Laurențiu; Linnell, John Durrus & Ritchie, Euan G. (2019). Mainstreaming human and large carnivore coexistence through institutional collaboration. Conservation Biology. ISSN 0888-8892. doi: 10.1111/cobi.13334. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Achieving coexistence between large carnivores and humans in human-dominated landscapes (HDLs) is a key challenge for societies globally. This challenge cannot be adequately met with the current sectoral approaches to HDL governance and an academic community largely dominated by disciplinary sectors. Academia (universities and other research institutions and organizations) should take a more active role in embracing societal challenges around conservation of large carnivores in HDLs by facilitating crosssectoral cooperation to mainstream coexistence of humans and large carnivores. Drawing on lessons from populated regions of Europe, Asia, and South America with substantial densities of large carnivores, we suggest academia should better embrace the principles and methods of sustainability sciences and create institutional spaces for the implementation of transdisciplinary curricula and projects; reflect on research approaches (i.e., disciplinary, interdisciplinary, or transdisciplinary) they apply and how their outcomes could aid leveraging institutional transformations for mainstreaming; and engage with various institutions and stakeholder groups to create novel institutional structures that can respond to multiple challenges of HDL management and human–large carnivore coexistence. Success in mainstreaming this coexistence in HDL will rest on the ability to think and act cooperatively. Such a conservation achievement, if realized, stands to have far-reaching benefits for people and biodiversity. apex predator, environmental policy, human–wildlife conflict, leverage points, sustainability science, transdisciplinary, wildlife management

• Hayward, Matt W.; Scanlon, Robert J.; Callen, Alexandra; Howell, Lachlan; Klop-Toker, Kaya L. & Blanco, Yamil Di [Vis alle 37 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Reintroducing rewilding to restoration – Rejecting the search for novelty. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 233, s. 255–259. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.03.011. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Rewilding is emerging as a major issue in conservation. However, there are currently a dozen definitions of rewilding that include Pleistocene rewilding, island rewilding, trophic rewilding, functional rewilding and passive rewilding, and these remain fuzzy, lack clarity and, hence, hinder scientific discourse. Based on current definitions, it is unclear how the interventions described under the rewilding umbrella differ from those framed within the long-standing term ‘restoration’. Even projects held up as iconic rewilding endeavours invariably began as restoration projects (e.g., Oostvaaderplassen; Pleistocene Park; the return of wolves to Yellowstone, etc.). Similarly, rewilding organisations (e.g., Rewilding Europe) typically began with a restoration focus. Scientific discourse requires precise language. The fuzziness of existing definitions of rewilding and lack of distinction from restoration practices means that scientific messages cannot be transferred accurately to a policy or practice framework. We suggest that the utility of ‘rewilding’ as a term is obsolete, and hence recommend scientists and practitioners use ‘restoration’ instead.

• Carter, Neil H.; Bruskotter, Jeremy T.; Vucetich, John A.; Crabtree, Robert; Jaicks, Hannah & Karns, Gabriel [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Towards human-wildlife coexistence through the integration of human and Natural systems. The case of grey wolves in the Rocky Mountains, USA. I Frank, Beatrice; Glikman, Jenny A. & Marchini, Silvio (Red.), Human-Wildlife interactions. Turning conflict into coexistence. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781108416061. s. 384–413. doi: 10.1017/9781108235730.021. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jackson, Craig Ryan (2019). Bringing back large carnivores to rewild landscapes. I Pettorelli, Nathalie; Durant, Sarah M. & Toit, Johan T. du (Red.), Rewilding. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781108472678. s. 248–279. doi: 10.1017/9781108560962.013. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bowler, Diana Elizabeth; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Bischof, Richard; OHara, Robert Brian; Yu, Thin Thin & Oo, Tun [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Integrating data from different survey types for population monitoring of an endangered species: the case of the Eld’s deer. Scientific Reports. 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44075-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Despite its value for conservation decision-making, we lack information on population abundances for most species. Because establishing large-scale monitoring schemes is rarely feasible, statistical methods that combine multiple data sources are promising approaches to maximize use of available information. We built a Bayesian hierarchical model that combined different survey data of the endangered Eld’s deer in Shwesettaw Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) in Myanmar and tested our approach in simulation experiments. We combined spatially-restricted line-transect abundance data with more spatially-extensive camera-trap occupancy data to enable estimation of the total deer abundance. The integrated model comprised an ecological model (common to both survey types, based on the equivalence between cloglog-transformed occurrence probability and log-transformed expected abundance) and separate observation models for each survey type. We estimated that the population size of Eld’s deer in SWS is c. 1519 (1061–2114), suggesting it is the world’s largest wild population. The simulations indicated that the potential benefits of combining data include increased precision and better sampling of the spatial variation in the environment, compared to separate analysis of each survey. Our analytical approach, which integrates the strengths of different survey methods, has widespread application for estimating species’ abundances, especially in information-poor regions of the world.

• Hayward, M.W.; Edwards, S.; Fancourt, B.A.; Linnell, John Durrus & Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland (2019). Top-down control of ecosystems and the case for rewilding: does it all add up? I Pettorelli, Nathalie; Durant, Sarah M. & Toit, Johan T. du (Red.), Rewilding. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781108472678. s. 325–354. doi: 10.1017/9781108560962. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter (2019). Institutions for achieving human–wildlife coexistence: The case of large herbivores and large carnivores in Europe. I Frank, Beatrice; Glikman, Jenny A. & Marchini, Silvio (Red.), Human-Wildlife interactions. Turning conflict into coexistence. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781108416061. s. 288–310. doi: 10.1017/9781108235730.017. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Trajçe, Aleksandër; Ivanov, Gjorge; Keçi, Erjola; Majic, Aleksandra; Melovski, Dime & Mersini, Kujtim [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). All carnivores are not equal in the rural people's view. Should we develop conservation plans for functional guilds or individual species in the face of conflicts? Global Ecology and Conservation. 19. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00677. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We tested differences in attitudes towards bears, wolves and lynx among the rural public in Albania and Macedonia through information collected from a questionnaire survey (n ¼ 759).Wolves were the species with the least positive attitudes among the rural public and had the lowest support for conservation compared with bears and lynx. In addition, conflict perception of wolves was higher than for bears and lynx. We argue that, based on species specific differences in public attitudes, conservation initiatives and management plans for large carnivores should deal with wolves separately from bears and lynx, as lower public support for wolves might jeopardise the conservation of the two other large carnivores. Bears and lynx can be potentially treated together in conservation initiatives based on the similar levels of public support for conservation, however, from a conflictmanagement point of view, all three species need to be addressed separately. © 2019 The Authors.

• Andrén, Henrik; Hobbs, N. Thompson; Aronsson, Malin; Brøseth, Henrik; Chapron, Guillaume & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Harvest models of small populations of a large carnivore using Bayesian forecasting. Ecological Applications. ISSN 1051-0761. doi: 10.1002/eap.2063. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Harvesting large carnivores can be a management tool for meeting politically set goals for their desired abundance. However, harvesting carnivores creates its own set of conflicts in both society and among conservation professionals, where one consequence is a need to demonstrate that management is sustainable, evidence‐based and guided by science. Furthermore, because large carnivores often also have high degrees of legal protection, harvest quotas have to be carefully justified and constantly adjusted to avoid damaging their conservation status. We developed a Bayesian state‐space model to support adaptive management of Eurasian lynx harvesting in Scandinavia. The model uses data from the annual monitoring of lynx abundance and results from long‐term field research on lynx biology, which has provided detailed estimates of key demographic parameters. We used the model to predict the probability that the forecasted population size will be below or above the management objectives when subjected to different harvest quotas. The model presented here informs decision makers about the policy risks of alternative harvest levels. Earlier versions of the model have been available for wildlife managers in both Sweden and Norway to guide lynx harvest quotas and the model predictions showed good agreement with observations. We combined monitoring data with data on vital rates and were able to estimate unobserved additional mortality rates, which are most probably due to poaching. In both countries, the past quota setting strategy suggests that there has been a de facto threshold strategy with increasing proportion, which means that there is no harvest below a certain population size, but above this threshold there is an increasing proportion of the population harvested as the population size increases. The annual assessment of the monitoring results, the use of forecasting models, and a threshold harvest approach to quota setting will all reduce the risk of lynx population sizes moving outside the desired goals. The approach we illustrate could be adapted to other populations of mammals worldwide. adaptive management, Bayesian state-Space model, carnivore, Eurasian Lynx, forecating, hunting, harvest, Norway, poaching, quota, Sweden

• Donfrancesco, Valerio; Ciucci, Paolo; Salvatori, Valeria; Benson, David J.; Andersen, Liselotte Wesley & Bassi, Elena [Vis alle 46 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Unravelling the scientific debate on how to address wolf-dog hybridization in Europe. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00175. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Anthropogenic hybridization is widely perceived as a threat to the conservation of biodiversity. Nevertheless, to date, relevant policy and management interventions are unresolved and highly convoluted. While this is due to the inherent complexity of the issue, we hereby hypothesize that a lack of agreement concerning management goals and approaches, within the scientific community, may explain the lack of social awarenesson this phenomenon, and the absence of effective pressure on decision-makers. By focusing on wolf x dog hybridization in Europe, we hereby (a) assess the state of the art of issues on wolf x dog hybridization within the scientific community, (b) assess the conceptual bases for different viewpoints, and (c) provide a conceptual framework aiming at reducing the disagreements.We adopted the Delphi technique, involving a three-round iterative survey addressed to a selected sample of experts who published at Web of Science listed journals, in the last 10 years on wolf x dog hybridization and related topics. Consensus was reached that admixed individuals should always be defined according to their genetic profile, and that a reference threshold for admixture (i.e., q-value in assignment tests) should be formally adopted for their identification. Tomitigate hybridization, experts agreed on adopting preventive, proactive and, when concerning small and recovering wolf populations, reactive interventions. Overall, experts’ consensus waned as the issues addressed became increasingly practical, including the adoption of lethal removal. We suggest three non-mutually exclusive explanations for this trend: (i) value-laden viewpoints increasingly emerge when addressing practical issues, and are particularly diverging between experts with different disciplinary backgrounds (e.g., ecologists, geneticists); (ii) some experts prefer avoiding the risk of potentially giving carte blanche to wolf opponents to (illegally) remove wolves, based on the wolf x dog hybridization issue; (iii) room for subjective interpretation and opinions result from the paucity of data on the effectiveness of different management interventions. These results have management implications and reveal gaps in the knowledge on a wide Spectrum of issues related not only to the management of anthropogenic hybridization, but also to the role of ethical values and real-world management concerns in the scientific debate. conservation, delphi technique, genetic admixture, introgression, lethal removal, management, ethics, values in science

• Groeve, Johannes De; Cagnacci, Francesca; Ranc, Nathan; Bonnot, Nadège C.; Gehr, Benedikt & Heurich, Marco [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Individual Movement - Sequence Analysis Method (IM-SAM): characterizing spatio-temporal patterns of animal habitat use across landscapes. International Journal of Geographical Information Science (IJGIS). ISSN 1365-8816. s. 1–23. doi: 10.1080/13658816.2019.1594822. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We present methodological advances to a recently developed framework to study sequential habitat use by animals using a visually-explicit and tree-based Sequence Analysis Method (SAM), derived from molecular biology and more recently used in time geography. Habitat use sequences are expressed as annotations obtained by intersecting GPS movement trajectories with environmental layers. Here, we develop IM-SAM, where we use the individual reference area of use as the reference spatial context. To assess IM-SAM’s applicability, we investigated the sequential use of open and closed habitats across multiple European roe deer populations ranging in landscapes with contrasting structure. Starting from simulated sequences based on a mechanistic movement model, we found that different sequential patterns of habitat use were distinguished as separate, robust clusters, with less variable cluster size when habitats were present in equal proportions within the individual reference area of use. Application on real roe deer sequences showed that our approach effectively captured variation in spatio-temporal patterns of sequential habitat use, and provided evidence for important behavioral processes, such as day-night habitat alternation. By characterizing sequential habitat use patterns of animals, we may better evaluate the temporal trade-offs in animal habitat use and how they are affected by changes in landscapes. Sequence dissimilarity; dendrogram; ungulates; spatio-temporal habitat use; mechanistic movement model

• Hofmeester, Tim R.; Young, Sherry; Juthberg, Sonya; Singh, Navinder J.; Widemo, Fredrik & Andrén, Henrik [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Using by-catch data from wildlife surveys to quantify climatic parameters and the timing of phenology for plants and animals using camera traps. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation. doi: 10.1002/rse2.136. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Gaining a better understanding of global environmental change is an important challenge for conserving biodiversity. Shifts in phenology are an important consequence of environmental change. Measuring phenology of different taxa simultaneously at the same spatial and temporal scale is necessary to study the effects of changes in phenology on ecosystems. Camera traps that take both time-lapse as well as motion-triggered images are increasingly used to study wildlife populations. The by-catch data of these networks of camera traps provide a potential alternative for measuring several climatic and phenological variables. Here, we tested this ability of camera traps, and quantified climatic variables as well as the timing of changes in plant and animal phenology. We obtained data from 193 camera-unit deployments during a year of camera trapping on a peninsula in northern Sweden aimed at studying wildlife. We estimated daily temperature at noon and snow cover using recordings provided by cameras. Estimates of snow cover were accurate, but temperature estimates were higher compared with a local weather station. Furthermore, we were able to identify the timing of leaf emergence and senescence for birches (Betula sp.) and the presence of bilberry berries (Vaccinium myrtillus), as important food sources for herbivores. These were linked to the timing of the growth of antlers and the presence of new-born young for three ungulate species as well as the presence of migratory Eurasian cranes (Grus grus). We also identified the timing of spring and autumn moulting of mountain hares (Lepus timidus) in relation to snow cover. In this novel study, we show the potential of (by-catch) data from camera traps to study phenology across a broad range of taxa, suggesting that a global network of camera traps has great potential to simultaneously track wildlife populations and the phenology of interactions between animals and plants.

• Hofman, M. P. G.; Hayward, M.W.; Heim, Morten; Marchand, P.; Rolandsen, Christer Moe & Mattisson, Jenny [Vis alle 118 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Right on track? Performance of satellite telemetry in terrestrial wildlife research. PLOS ONE. 14:e0216223(5), s. 1–26. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216223. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Satellite telemetry is an increasingly utilized technology in wildlife research, and current devices can track individual animal movements at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions. However, as we enter the golden age of satellite telemetry, we need an in-Depth understanding of the main technological, species-specific and environmental factors that determine the success and failure of satellite tracking devices across species and habitats. Here, we assess the relative influence of such factors on the ability of satellite telemetry units to provide the expected amount and quality of data by analyzing data from over 3,000 devices deployed on 62 terrestrial species in 167 projects worldwide. We evaluate the success rate in obtaining GPS fixes as well as in transferring these fixes to the user and we evaluate failure rates. Average fix success and data transfer rates were high and were generally better predicted by species and unit characteristics, while environmental characteristics influenced the variability of performance. However, 48% of the unit deployments ended prematurely, half of them due to technical failure. Nonetheless, this study shows that the performance of satellite telemetry applications has shown improvements over time, and based on our findings, we provide further recommendations for both users and manufacturers.

• Hofmeester, Tim R.; Cromsigt, Joris P.G.M.; Odden, John; Andrén, Henrik; Kindberg, Jonas & Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Framing pictures: A conceptual framework to identify and correct for biases in detection probability of camera traps enabling multi‐species comparison. Ecology and Evolution. 9(4), s. 2320–2336. doi: 10.1002/ece3.4878. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Obtaining reliable species observations is of great importance in animal ecology and wildlife conservation. An increasing number of studies use camera traps (CTs) to study wildlife communities, and an increasing effort is made to make better use and reuse of the large amounts of data that are produced. It is in these circumstances that it becomes paramount to correct for the species‐ and study‐specific variation in imperfect detection within CTs. We reviewed the literature and used our own experience to compile a list of factors that affect CT detection of animals. We did this within a conceptual framework of six distinct scales separating out the influences of (a) animal characteristics, (b) CT specifications, (c) CT set‐up protocols, and (d) environmental variables. We identified 40 factors that can potentially influence the detection of animals by CTs at these six scales. Many of these factors were related to only a few overarching parameters. Most of the animal characteristics scale with body mass and diet type, and most environmental characteristics differ with season or latitude such that remote sensing products like NDVI could be used as a proxy index to capture this variation. Factors that influence detection at the microsite and camera scales are probably the most important in determining CT detection of animals. The type of study and specific research question will determine which factors should be corrected. Corrections can be done by directly adjusting the CT metric of interest or by using covariates in a statistical framework. Our conceptual framework can be used to design better CT studies and help when analyzing CT data. Furthermore, it provides an overview of which factors should be reported in CT studies to make them repeatable, comparable, and their data reusable. This should greatly improve the possibilities for global scale analyses of (reused) CT data. animal characteristics, detectability, environmental variables, mammal monitoring, reuse of data, trail camera

• Gervasi, Vincenzo; Linnell, John Durrus; Brøseth, Henrik & Gimenez, Olivier (2019). Failure to coordinate management in transboundary populations hinders the achievement of national management goals: The case of wolverines in Scandinavia. Journal of Applied Ecology. ISSN 0021-8901. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13379. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Large carnivores are expanding in Europe, and their return is associated with con- flicts that often result in policies to regulate their population size through culling. Being wide-ranging species, their populations are often distributed across several jurisdictions, which may vary in the extent to which they use lethal control. This creates the conditions for the establishment of source-sink dynamics across bor- ders, which may frustrate the ability of countries to reach their respective man- agement objectives. 2. To explore the consequences of this issue, we constructed a vec-permutation pro- jection model, applied to the case of wolverines in south-central Scandinavia, shared between Norway (where they are culled) and Sweden (where they are pro- tected). We evaluated the effect of compensatory immigration on wolverine pop- ulation growth rates, and if the effect was influenced by the distance to the national border. We assessed to what extent compensatory immigration had an influence on the number of removals needed to keep the population at a given growth rate. 3. In Norway, the model estimated a stable trend, whereas in Sweden it produced a 10% annual increase. The effect of compensatory immigration corresponded to a 0.02 reduction in population growth rate in Sweden and to a similar increase in Norway. This effect was strong closer to the Norwegian-Swedish border, but weakwhenmovingawayfromit.Anaverageof33wolverineswasshotperyear in the Norwegian part of the study area. If no compensatory immigration from Sweden had occurred, 28 wolverines shot per year would have been sufficient to achievethesamegoal.About15.5%ofalltheindividualsharvestedinNorway between 2005 and 2012 were compensated by immigrants, causing a decrease in population growth rate in Sweden. 4. Synthesis and applications. When a population is transboundary, the consequences of management decisions are also transboundary, even though the political bodies in charge of those decisions, the stakeholders who influence them, and the tax- payers who finance them are not. It is important that managers and citizens be informed that a difference in management goals can reduce the efficiency, and increase the costs, of wildlife management. compensatory immigration, density-dependent dispersal, source-sink dynamic, spatial harvest, transboundary management, policy, transboundary species, vec-permutation matrix model

• Packer, Craig; Shivakumar, Shweta; Athreya, Vidya; Craft, Meggan E.; Dhanwatey, Harshawardhan & Dhanwatey, Poonam [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Species-specific spatiotemporal patterns of leopard, lion and tiger attacks on humans. Journal of Applied Ecology. ISSN 0021-8901. 56(3), s. 585–593. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13311. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  1. Large carnivores of the genus Panthera can pose serious threats to public safety. Although the annual number of attacks on humans is rare compared to livestock depredation, such incidents undermine popular support for wildlife conservation and require immediate responses to protect human life. 2. We used a space–time scan method to perform a novel spatiotemporal analysis of 908 attacks on humans by lions, leopards, and tigers to estimate the risks of further attacks in the same locales. 3. We found that a substantial proportion of attacks were clustered in time and space, but the dimension of these outbreaks varied between species. Lion outbreaks included more human fatalities, persisted for longer periods of time, and extended over larger areas than tiger or leopard outbreaks. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our analysis reveals the typical spatiotemporal patterns of past lion, leopard, and tiger attacks on humans. In future, this technique could be used by relevant agencies to warn local people of risks from further attacks within a certain time and distance following an initial incident by each species. Furthermore, the approach can help identify areas requiring management interventions to address such threats. anthropogenic landscape, attacks on humans, big cats, human–wildlife conflict, Panthera,space–time scan, spatiotemporal clustering

• Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter & Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Who are legitimate stakeholders? National and local perceptions of environmental change in the Lofoten islands, Norway. Polar Geography. ISSN 1088-937X. doi: 10.1080/1088937X.2019.1648584. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Debates on future resource policy in northern regions raises the question of who are the legitimate stakeholders to include in policy deliberations? The Lofoten archipelago in Northern Norway is a world-class nature tourism destination, the key spawning ground for North Atlantic cod as well as a reservoir of large unexploited offshore oil and gas deposits. We surveyed the resident Lofoten population and the larger Norwegian public to ascertain to what extent local and national perceptions of the value of selected environmental attributes and the importance of drivers of environmental change align across geographic scales. Lofoten residents and the national public both assign high value to environmental attributes, but local residents place more emphasis on harvesting marine and agricultural resources than the national public, which is more concerned with the status of individual species and conservation symbols. Our results show that the national public expresses so much interest in Lofoten that they should be considered a legitimate stakeholder in discussions about its future development paths, and while they relate to the area in a broadly similar way, there may be some specific areas of conflict that need to be considered. Lofoten; drivers of change; natural resources; local and national perceptions

• Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter; Kaltenborn, Eivind Feren & Linnell, John Durrus (2019). “It’s All About the Scenery”: Tourists’ Perceptions of Cultural Ecosystem Services in the Lofoten Islands, Norway. Arctic: Journal of the Arctic Institute of North America. ISSN 0004-0843. 72(1), s. 1–12. doi: 10.14430/arctic67944. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Lofoten Islands in northern Norway face challenges from increasing visitor numbers, congestion, environmental impacts, and growing host-visitor tensions. Benefits include increased local employment and growing revenues. Future tourism policy requires better documentation of the non-economic benefits and values associated with tourism in Lofoten; this information is important to the development of policy and management processes. We conducted 45 in-depth interviews with domestic and international visitors, using the cultural ecosystem services (ES) framework to ascertain the core elements of the tourism experience, as well as views on management needs and development. We probed reflections on place, aesthetics, recreational opportunities, inspiration, social relations, cultural heritage, knowledge, spirituality, and identity by offering a combination of statements and questions. All these categories of cultural ES were important to most visitors. However, the importance of the landscape was paramount. Policy implications include the need to include landscape in ES assessments, to map places of especially high scenic value, and to use the ES framework more extensively to identify and compare non-economic and economic tourism Norway; Lofoten; tourism experience; cultural ecosystem services; scenery; policy Dans le nord de la Norvège, il y a des défis à relever aux îles Lofoten en raison du nombre croissant de visiteurs, de la congestion, des incidences sur l’environnement et des tensions de plus en plus grandes entre les visiteurs et les gens de la région. Parmi les avantages, notons le nombre d’emplois et les revenus à la hausse. À l’avenir, il faudra une meilleure documentation au sujet des retombées et des valeurs non économiques liées au tourisme à Lofoten en vue de faciliter la formulation des politiques touristiques. Cette information jouera un rôle important dans l’élaboration des politiques et des processus de gestion. Nous avons réalisé 45 entrevues approfondies auprès de visiteurs du pays et d’ailleurs en nous appuyant sur le cadre de référence des services écosystémiques (SE) culturels afin de valider les éléments fondamentaux de l’expérience touristique et recueilli des points de vue en matière de développement et de besoins en gestion. Au moyen de déclarations et de questions, nous avons stimulé des réflexions au sujet des lieux, de l’esthétique, des possibilités de loisirs, de l’inspiration, des relations sociales, du patrimoine culturel, des connaissances, de la spiritualité et de l’identité. Toutes ces catégories des SE culturels revêtaient de l’importance aux yeux de la plupart des visiteurs. Cependant, c’est le paysage qui a pris le plus d’importance. Parmi les incidences sur les politiques, notons la nécessité de tenir compte du paysage dans les évaluations des SE, de mettre en évidence les lieux qui ont une valeur panoramique particulièrement grande et de se servir du cadre des SE à plus grande échelle afin de déterminer et de comparer les retombées et les valeurs économiques et non économiques sur le plan touristique. Norvège; Lofoten; expérience touristique; services écosystémiques culturels; paysage; politiques

• Cretois, Benjamin; Linnell, John Durrus; Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter & Trouwborst, Arie (2019). What form of human-wildlife coexistence is mandated by legislation? A comparative analysis of international and national instruments. Biodiversity and Conservation. ISSN 0960-3115. 28(7), s. 1729–1741. doi: 10.1007/s10531-019-01751-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There are currently many controversies over the process of wildlife conservation, mainly focused on determining which forms of human-wildlife relationship should be endorsed by society. These differences often lead to legal discussions between lawmakers and stakeholders as result of misinterpretation of law. In this study, we examine the dominant conservation ideologies underpinning institutionalized wildlife conservation by exploring the moral basis underlying a broad range of national and international legislation. We used a teleological interpretative approach to explore the implicit and explicit intentions of legislative instruments. We found that a shift from a human-nature dualism to an integration paradigm occurred in the legal frameworks during the last 20-30 years. A desire to improve the status of threatened species or ecosystems was clearly expressed in all legislation. However, the widespread mention of consumptive values seems to indicate no principled opposition between the notions of conservation and of sustainable use. We identified three different groups of legislation: (1) a small group containing largely protectionist instruments, (2) a group based on the main European nature conservation texts and, (3) a cluster incorporating almost all the post-Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) legislation from around the world. The CBD was found to have had a major impact on the shaping of the modern legal instruments, reconciling the eco- and anthropocentric values at the heart of modern legal thinking. Overall, the dominant legal ideology seems to aim for a compromise between the interests of society and wildlife, allowing its sustainable use and steering for shared space.

• López-Bao, José Vicente; Aronsson, Malin; Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John; Persson, Jens & Andrén, Henrik (2019). Eurasian lynx fitness shows little variation across Scandinavian human-dominated landscapes. Scientific Reports. 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45569-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Despite extensive research on the ecology and behavioural adaptations of large carnivores in humandominated landscapes, information about the fitness consequences of sharing landscapes is still limited. We assessed the variation in three consecutive components of female fitness: the probability of reproduction, litter size and juvenile survival in relation to environmental and human factors in a solitary carnivore, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), occurring in human-dominated landscapes in Scandinavia. We used demographic data from 57 radio-collared adult females between 1995–2011 (126 radio-years). Overall, the yearly probability of female reproduction was 0.80, mean litter size was 2.34 (range 1–4) and the probability to find a female that reproduced in the spring being accompanied by at least one offspring during the subsequent winter was 0.70. We did not find evidence that food availability was a key factor influencing female fitness. Female lynx may adapt to food availability when establishing their home ranges by adopting an obstinate strategy, ensuring a minimum amount of prey necessary for survival and reproduction even during periods of prey scarcity. In human-dominated landscapes, where sufficient prey are available for lynx, mortality risk may have a larger influence on lynx population dynamics compared to food availability. Our results suggest that lynx population dynamics in human-dominated landscapes may be mainly driven by human impacts on survival.

• Dhee, anon; Athreya, Vidya; Linnell, John Durrus; Shivakumar, Shweta & Dhiman, Sat Pal (2019). The leopard that learnt from the cat and other narratives of carnivore–human coexistence in northern India. People and Nature. doi: 10.1002/pan3.10039. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  1. This study explores the diversity of factors that influence human–leopard relationships in Himachal Pradesh, India. Looking beyond the socio‐economic and ecological dimensions of human–leopard conflict, it documents the multifaceted nature of human–wildlife relationships. 2. We carried out a qualitative analysis of human–leopard interactions based on interviews conducted during an ethnographic study of various stakeholders in the vicinity of a village in Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh, an area with a long history of co‐habitation between leopards and rural inhabitants. 3. We propose that the unique ways in which our participants relate with non‐human beings arose from both culturally informed and experience‐based knowledge systems. Based on the narratives of the everyday interactions between humans and leopards, we propose that the people in the landscape relate to leopards with an underlying belief that leopards are thinking beings. 4. We explore the influence of myth and storytelling in the production of narratives that define the image of the leopard in the landscape. We also underline the possible shortcomings of looking at human–animal dynamics only through the narrow lenses of ecology or socio‐economics during the production of policy and illustrate the consequence of discounting the significance of coexistence‐promoting narratives in shared landscapes. carnivore, Himachal Pradesh, India, human dimentionas of wildlife, human–human conflict, human–wildlife interaction, leopard, perception, stakeholder

• Bredin, Yennie Katarina; Lescureux, Nicolas & Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Local perceptions of jaguar conservation and environmental justice in Goiás, Matto Grosso and Roraima states (Brazil). Global Ecology and Conservation. 13. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2017.e00369. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife conservation often leads to various conflicts with other human activities, resulting in concerns about the justice of conservation. Although species' protection e notably of large carnivores e can have negative consequences for economic interests and human well-being, environmental justice issues related to species conservation are rarely explored. In Brazil, jaguars (Panthera onca) have become flagships for a series of conservation initiatives. Whereas jaguars' direct impact on cattle farming has been studied, their influence on other rural stakeholders is poorly understood. Here we study local people's views on jaguars and jaguar conservation across the Cerrado savannah and the Amazon rainforest biomes. Using Q-methodology, we identified five distinct narratives regarding jaguar conservation in relation to environmental justice issues. These were shared among fishermen, tourist guides, cattle breeders, crop farmers and jaguar hunters. Interestingly, we did not find any systematic differences in subjective views, across regions, or professions/ livelihood forms. However, our results showed a strong desire among the stakeholders for more local empowerment to influence the management of both jaguars and nature where they live. Moreover, we detected a widespread discontent with the lack of consistent implementation and predictable enforcement of environmental laws. Jaguar conservation Environmental justice Brazil Q methodology Local views

• Peters, Wibke; Hebblewhite, Mark; Mysterud, Atle; Eacker, Daniel; Hewison, A.J. Mark & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 21 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Large herbivore migration plasticity along environmental gradients in Europe: life-history traits modulate forage effects. Oikos. ISSN 0030-1299. 128(3), s. 1–14. doi: 10.1111/oik.05588. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The most common framework under which ungulate migration is studied predicts that it is driven by spatio–temporal variation in plant phenology, yet other hypotheses may explain differences within and between species. To disentangle more complex patterns than those based on single species/ single populations, we quantified migration vari-ability using two sympatric ungulate species differing in their foraging strategy, mating system and physiological constraints due to body size. We related observed variation to a set of hypotheses. We used GPS-collar data from 537 individuals in 10 roe Capreolus capreolus and 12 red deer Cervus elaphus populations spanning environmental gra-dients across Europe to assess variation in migration propensity, distance and tim-ing. Using time-to-event models, we explored how the probability of migration varied in relation to sex, landscape (e.g. topography, forest cover) and temporally-varying environmental factors (e.g. plant green-up, snow cover). Migration propensity varied across study areas. Red deer were, on average, three times more migratory than roe deer (56% versus 18%). This relationship was mainly driven by red deer males which were twice as migratory as females (82% versus 38%). The probability of roe deer migration was similar between sexes. Roe deer (both sexes) migrated earliest in spring. While territorial male roe deer migrated last in autumn, male and female red deer migrated around the same time in autumn, likely due to their polygynous mating system. Plant productivity determined the onset of spring migration in both species, but if plant productivity on winter ranges was sufficiently high, roe deer were less likely to leave. In autumn, migration coincided with reduced plant productivity for both species. This relationship was stronger for red deer. Our results confirm that ungulate migration is influenced by plant phenology, but in a novel way, that these effects appear to be modulated by species-specific traits, especially mating strategies.

• Kaczensky, Petra; Kovtun, Ekaterina; Habibrakhmanov, Rustam; Hemami, Mahmoud‑Reza; Khaleghi, Amirhossein & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Genetic characterization of free-ranging Asiatic wild ass in Central Asia as a basis for future conservation strategies. Conservation Genetics. ISSN 1566-0621. 19(5), s. 1169–1184. doi: 10.1007/s10592-018-1086-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Loss of genetic diversity due to drift and inbreeding reduces a population’s ability to respond to environmental change and may result in inbreeding depression. The Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus), regionally also known as Gobi khulan, Turkmen kulan, or Persian onager, has become confined to less than 3% of its historic distribution range. Remaining populations in Central Asia outside of the Mongolian Gobi are small and fragmented. Questions concerning subpopulation status remain disputed and concerns over the viability of these populations have been raised because of small size, past bottlenecks, or recent founder events. We used non-invasive faecal samples to assess the genetic diversity and divergence among Turkmen kulan and Persian onager from five free-ranging and one captive population from Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Iran and compared their genetic constitution to the large autochthonous population in the Mongolian Gobi. We observed loss of genetic diversity (drift and inbreeding) in the captive and reintroduced populations as well as in one rapidly declining autochthonous population. Population differentiation and structure using microsatellites and mtDNA based phylogenetic analysis do not support the current separation of the autochthonous populations of Turkmen kulan and Persian onager into different subspecies, but rather suggest a cline with the Iranian population in Bahram-e-Goor at the southern end and the Turkmen population in Badhyz at the northern end falling into two distinct clusters, and the northern Iranian population in Touran being intermediate. We compare our findings to other population genetics studies of equids and discuss the implications of our findings for the future conservation of the Asiatic wild ass in the region. Asiatic wild ass · Equus hemionus · Microsatellites · MtDNA · Inbreeding · Reintroduction

• Clua, Eric E.G. & Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Individual shark profiling: An innovative and environmentally responsible approach for selectively managing human fatalities. Conservation Letters. s. 1–8. doi: 10.1111/conl.12612. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Most shark‐induced human fatalities are followed by widespread and unselective culling campaigns that have limited effectiveness and may have high ecological costs for threatened species. The blanket culling strategy implicitly assumes that incident risk is directly correlated with shark density, an assumption that has yet to be demonstrated. We present the alternative hypothesis that incidents are more likely to be caused by behavioral variability among individual sharks than due to shark density. Throughout their ontogenetic development, large species of sharks opportunistically establish a diet that is rarely, if ever, inclusive of humans as a food source. We propose that, some animals with specific behaviors (including boldness) may potentially pose a higher risk than conspecifics. Under this scenario, the risk of a shark attack in a given area would relate to the presence of a limited number of high‐risk individuals rather than shark density. In terms of management of human fatalities, such a hypothesis would favor abandoning general culling campaigns and replacing them with approaches that profile and selectively remove the potential problem individuals, as is done in the terrestrial realm when managing predators that attack humans or livestock.

• Tucker, Marlee A.; Böhning-Gaese, Katrin; Fagan, William F.; Fryxell, John M.; Moorter, Bram Van & Alberts, Susan C. [Vis alle 115 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Moving in the Anthropocene: Global reductions in terrestrial mammalian movements. Science. ISSN 0036-8075. 359(6374), s. 466–469. doi: 10.1126/science.aam9712. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lute, Michelle L.; Carter, Neil H.; López-Bao, José V. & Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Conservation professionals agree on challenges to coexisting with large carnivores but not on solutions. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 218, s. 223–232. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2017.12.035. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Although many studies explore characteristics of stakeholders or publics “for” or “against” large carnivores, disagreements among conservation professionals advocating different conservation strategies also occur, but are not well recognized. Differing viewpoints on whether and how humans can share landscapes with large carnivores can influence conservation policies. To characterize current viewpoints about terrestrial large carnivore conservation, we conducted an online survey assessing a wide range of viewpoints about large carnivore conservation among international professionals (n =505). We explored how variation in viewpoints was related to expertise, background, and broader institutional contexts in which one lives and works. The majority of participants agreed people and large carnivores can share the same landscapes (86%). Human adaptation to carnivores (95% agreement) and acceptance of some conflict (93%) were the highest ranked requirements for humancarnivore coexistence. We found broad consensus regarding intrinsic value of carnivores, reasons carnivores are imperilled, conflict drivers, and importance of proactive solutions, such as adopting preventative livestock husbandry methods or avoiding situations that put people at risk. The greatest polarization was observed in issues related to lethal control, where we only found broad consensus for killing carnivores in situations where humans are in immediate risk. Participants opposed the killing of large carnivores when objectives were to decrease population sizes or increase human tolerance, profits, livelihoods, or fear of humans. Results point to considerable diversity, perhaps driven by local context, concerning how to proceed with large carnivore conservation in the increasingly human-influenced landscapes of the Anthropocene. The different observed viewpoints represent both different strategies about how to best conserve, but also different moral platforms about what, how, where, and for whom conservation should occur. Our study underlines that challenges to adopting and implementing long-lasting carnivore conservation strategies may well occur as much within the conservation community as outside it. Coexistence Endangered species Predators Attitudes Lethal control Human-wildlife conflict Potential for conflict index

• Couriot, Ophélie; Hewison, A. J. Mark; Saïd, Sonia; Cagnacci, Francesca; Chamaillé-Jammes, Simon & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Truly sedentary? The multi-range tactic as a response to resource heterogeneity and unpredictability in a large herbivore. Oecologia. ISSN 0029-8549. 187(1), s. 47–60. doi: 10.1007/s00442-018-4131-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Much research on large herbivore movement has focused on the annual scale to distinguish between resident and migratory tactics, commonly assuming that individuals are sedentary at the within-season scale. However, apparently sedentary animals may occupy a number of sub-seasonal functional home ranges (sfHR), particularly when the environment is spatially heterogeneous and/or temporally unpredictable. The roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) experiences sharply contrasting environmental conditions due to its widespread distribution, but appears markedly sedentary over much of its range. Using GPS monitoring from 15 populations across Europe, we evaluated the propensity of this large herbivore to be truly sedentary at the seasonal scale in relation to variation in environmental conditions. We studied movement using net square displacement to identify the possible use of sfHR. We expected that roe deer should be less sedentary within seasons in heterogeneous and unpredictable environments, while migratory individuals should be seasonally more sedentary than residents. Our analyses revealed that, across the 15 populations, all individuals adopted a multi-range tactic, occupying between two and nine sfHR during a given season. In addition, we showed that (i) the number of sfHR was only marginally influenced by variation in resource distribution, but decreased with increasing sfHR size; and (ii) the distance between sfHR increased with increasing heterogeneity and predictability in resource distribution, as well as with increasing sfHR size. We suggest that the multirange tactic is likely widespread among large herbivores, allowing animals to track spatio-temporal variation in resource distribution and, thereby, to cope with changes in their local environment. Migration · Residency · Sub-seasonal functional home range · Plasticity · Roe deer

• Reljic, Slaven; Jerina, Klemen; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Huber, Djuro; Kusak, Josip & Jonozovic, Marko [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Challenges for transboundary management of a European brown bear population. Global Ecology and Conservation. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00488. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Pan-European legislation stimulates international cooperation to overarching challenges of large carnivore management across jurisdictions. We present an analysis for current transboundary brown bear (Ursus arctos) population management in Croatia and Slovenia. Slovenia's bear management attempts aimed to reduce human-bear conflicts, by limiting the size and distribution of the bear population, with a relatively frequent use of intervention shooting. In contrast, fewer conflicts occur in Croatia and bears have been traditionally managed as a valuable game species, with heavily male-biased trophy hunting. On average 9% of the estimated bear population was removed annually in Croatia and 18% in Slovenia for the years 2005e2010. In Croatia, a greater proportion of adult males were shot than in Slovenia (80% vs 47% of total hunted males, respectively). We model a scenario for the shared panmictic population and two scenarios assuming that Croatian and Slovenian bear populations were spatially closed. When isolated, each countries' policies lead to potentially undesired management directions. The Slovenian bear population showed a stable or slightly decreasing trend that maintained its sex and age structure, while the Croatian bear population showed an increase in size but with a possible lack of older male bear. The panmictic scenario showed that different management policies buffered each other out with the overall combined population trend being slightly increasing with a sustained age/sex structure. The recent geopolitical refugee crisis has led to the partial erection of border security fencing between the two countries. Our data illustrate how the impacts of constructed fencing put in place to address border security issues may also impact the fate of Europe's bear populations and other wildlife species that use shared ecosystems.

• Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter; Linnell, John Durrus; Thomassen, Jørn & Lindhjem, Henrik (2017). Complacency or resilience? Perceptions of environmental and social change in Lofoten and Vesterålen in northern Norway. Ocean and Coastal Management. ISSN 0964-5691. 138, s. 29–37. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.01.010. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Arctic and northern coastal regions are among the least developed in the world in terms of density of settlements, population and resource exploitation. It is often assumed that these regions will be frontiers of future change, conflict and opportunity due to climate change, new transportation routes, geopolitical tensions and increasing demands for their natural resources. But to what degree do global discourses about future challenges in northern coastal areas align with the perceptions and concerns of people living there? Identifying the mainstream public concepts of change can be essential for developing effective and legitimate policies for coastal regions. We surveyed a representative sample of residents in the Lofoten e Vesterålen archipelago in Northern Norway to identify their perceptions of the main conflict issues and drivers of change facing their region. Petroleum exploration, infrastructure development, the fishing industry, and uncertainty about future municipal governance and public services emerged as the key conflict themes. Perceptions of drivers group in positive forces; developments and improvements in transportation, the fishing industry, tourism, new marine industries and cultural heritage protection, as well as negative factors; climate change, aging and declining rural populations, degrading of the cultural landscape due to reduced grazing, and bureaucratic obstacles in the fishing industry. The main attention is on social and economic drivers of change, as well as “doorstep” concerns rather than global discourses. National or global environmental and geopolitical issues are largely absent in the responses.

• Kelman, Ilan; Linnell, John Durrus; Thomassen, Jørn; Follestad, Arne & Risan, Thomas (2017). Tourism livelihoods in Smøla, Norway. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures (JMIC). 6(1), s. 1–18. doi: 10.21463/jmic.2017.06.2.01. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Tourism in islands and archipelagos provides numerous advantages and disadvantages. This paper analyses a previously unpublished case study of island tourism livelihoods from the archipelago of Smøla, Norway, examining the pros and cons of implemented or proposed tourism livelihoods based on a snapshot from 2008-2009. Smøla’s tourism livelihoods are categorised by nature, technology focusing on the wind farm, fishing and hunting, cultural landscapes, culture, and history. As with many other island and archipelago case studies, the most suitable approach could be tourism-supplemented, rather than tourism-dependent, livelihoods with the principal challenge being finding the right scale for Smøla’s tourism livelihoods. This paper does not provide a theoretical contribution, but adds a spatially and temporally focused case study to the literature. cultural landscapes, nature, tourists, wind farms

• Landa, Arild Magne; Flagstad, Øystein; Areskoug, Veronika; Linnell, John Durrus; Strand, Olav & Ulvund, Kristine R. [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). The endangered Arctic fox in Norway—the failure and success of captive breeding and reintroduction. Polar Research. ISSN 0800-0395. 36(9), s. 1–14. doi: 10.1080/17518369.2017.1325139. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus L.) is listed as extinct in Finland, endangered in Sweden and critically endangered in Norway. Around 2000 there were only 40–60 adult individuals left, prompting the implementation of conservation actions, including a captive breeding programme founded from wild-caught pups. The initial breeding trials failed, probably because of stress among captive animals, and the programme was radically changed in 2005. Eight large enclosures within the species’ historical natural habitat were established, which had the positive effect of all pairs breeding in 2007. As of 2015, 385 pups (yearly average 37) were produced. In this ongoing programme, pups are released the winter (January–February) following their birth and have had an average first-year survival of 0.44. The release sites are prepared with artificial dens and a network of supplementary food dispensers, designed to work exclusively for the Arctic fox. After just four to seven years of releases, populations have been effectively re-established in three mountain areas where the species had been locally extinct. One of the newly re-established populations has become the largest population in Norway. Several other populations, including Swedish ones, have benefited considerably from successful immigration of released foxes. The number of wild-born pups that are descendants of released foxes has likely exceeded 600, and in 2014 50% of all free-living breeding pairs in mainland Norway included released foxes or their descendants. The Norwegian Arctic fox captive breeding programme has proven to be an important conservation action for the recovery of the Scandinavian Arctic fox population. Vulpes lagopus L, climate change; conservation actions; survival; lemming cycles; red fox competition

• Redpath, Steve M.; Linnell, John Durrus; Festa-Bianchet, Marco; Boitani, Luigi; Bunnefeld, Nils & Dickman, Amy [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Don't forget to look down - collaborative approaches to predator conservation. Biological Reviews. ISSN 1464-7931. 92(4), s. 2157–2163. doi: 10.1111/brv.12326. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus; Trouwborst, Arie & Fleurke, Floor M. (2017). When is it acceptable to kill a strictly protected carnivore? Exploring the legal constraints on wildlife management within Europe’s Bern Convention. Nature Conservation. ISSN 1314-6947. 21, s. 129–157. doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.21.12836. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  As wolf populations expand across Europe, many countries face challenges in finding ways to address the concerns of some elements among the rural stakeholders who are being asked to share their landscapes with wolves for the first time in several generations. In these recovery landscapes, wolves are associated with a wide range of conflicts that include economic, psychological, perceptional, social, cultural and political dimensions. A recurring demand concerns the desire to introduce the use of carefully regulated lethal control of wolves, through either culling by state employees or hunting conducted by rural hunters. Introducing such measures can be very controversial, and many critics challenge their legality under the international wildlife conservation instruments that have nurtured wolf recovery. We evaluate this issue for the case of wolves in Norway, which are strictly protected under the Bern Convention. Drawing on the latest results of social science research, we present the multiple lines of argumentation that are often used to justify killing wolves and relate these to the criteria for exceptions that exist under the Bern Convention. We conclude that while the Convention provides apparent scope for allowing the killing of wolves as a means to address conflicts, this must be clearly justified and proportional to the conservation status of wolves so as to not endanger their recovery.

• Trouwborst, Arie; Fleurke, Floor M. & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Norway's Wolf Policy and the Bern Convention on European Wildlife: Avoiding the “Manifestly Absurd”. Journal of international wildlife law and policy. ISSN 1388-0292. 20(2), s. 155–167. doi: 10.1080/13880292.2017.1346357. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In Norway, as in many other countries, a government-sponsored campaign against large carnivores was waged well into the twentieth century and eventually led to the disappearance of gray wolves (Canis lupus) from the country.1 By the 1960s, the species was considered functionally extinct both in Norway and neighboring Sweden. In 1971, wolves received legal protection under Norwegian law.2 Occasionally in subsequent years,wolves dispersing fromthe Russian-Finnish population made it into the Scandinavian Peninsula. In 1983, in the south-central Swedish–Norwegian border area, two of these immigrants produced a first litter of wild Scandinavian wolf pups again. The Scandinavian wolf population has been growing since and numbers over 400 individuals today, although only a small part of the population lives on the Norwegian side of the border. The threats faced by Scandinavian wolves include inbreeding, low levels of tolerance by some sectors of the rural public, and high levels of poaching.3 Since the official status of wolves in Norway switched from vermin to a protected species, wolf conservation and management has been an increasingly contested topic in the country, with the controversy generally peaking every time the Norwegian government authorizes a winter wolf hunt.4 Whereas some Norwegian citizens would like to seemanymore wolves in the country than the currently estimated 65– 68 animals (plus another 25wolves or sowhose range straddles the Sweden–Norway border), others would rather see them all disappear once more.5 The latest chapter in the Norwegian wolf saga began in summer 2016 when Parliament agreed on a new wolf policy. In the follow-up implementation of this national policy, the relevant RegionalManagement Authorities earmarked a total of 47 wolves—two-thirds of the national population— for culling in order to reduce sheep depredation, only to see the Climate and Environment Minister reverse this decision and reduce the number of wolves to be killed to 15.6 One international treaty has been an influential feature in debates on Norway’s wolf policy during the past three decades: the Council of Europe’s 1979 Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats.7 The discourse has, unfortunately, been affected by some tenacious misunderstandings concerning the compatibility of Norway’s constantly evolving wolf policy with the Convention. Our aim in this article is to reduce the confusion in this regard, in order to promote a constructive and well-informed debate regarding the future of wolf conservation and management in Norway. An added advantage of this focus is that it entails the legal analysis of certain features of the Bern Convention, the relevance of which extends far beyondNorwegian wolves, as they apply to European wildlife conservation at large.

• Trouwborst, Arie; Blackmore, Andrew; Boitani, Luigi; Bowman, Michael; Caddell, Richard & Chapron, Guillaume [Vis alle 21 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). International wildlife law: understanding and enhancing its role in conservation. BioScience. ISSN 0006-3568. 67(9), s. 784–790. doi: 10.1093/biosci/bix086. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Allen, Benjamin L.; Allen, Lee R.; Andrén, Henrik; Ballard, Guy; Boitani, Luigi & Engeman, Richard M. [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Can we save large carnivores without losing large carnivore science? Food Webs. 12, s. 64–75. doi: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2017.02.008. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter; Linnell, John Durrus; Gomez-Baggethun, Erik; Lindhjem, Henrik; Thomassen, Jørn & Chan, Kai M. (2017). Ecosystem Services and Cultural Values as Building Blocks for ‘The Good life’. A Case Study in the Community of Røst, Lofoten Islands, Norway. Ecological Economics. ISSN 0921-8009. 140, s. 166–176. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.05.003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We examined the contribution of natural capital and social capital through the notion of cultural ecosystem services to shaping human well-being in the fishing community of Røst in the Lofoten Islands in Northern Norway. Through ethnographic observations, in-depth interviews, and a participatory scenarioworkshopwe develop four narratives centering on the links of nature and ecosystem services. Benefits derived from ecosystem services are fundamental building blocks in the local vision of ‘the good life’ and emerge from a combination of satisfied preferences and struggle, hardships, and capabilities inflicted by a demanding environment and challenging work conditions. Beyond a certain level of meeting basic needs and provisioning of essential public services, simplicity in life and local control over resources and surroundings was preferred over a multitude of other opportunities and services.Well-being was strongly linked to maintenance of identity through traditional practices for harvesting of natural resources, nurturing of skills, social cohesion, and acting meaningfully in one's local environment. In a relational perspective, cultural ecosystem services are constituted and given meaning through interaction with nature. The main policy implication is that contributions of natural and social capital to well-being proved to be hard to meaningfully separate. © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Ecosystem services Cultural values Well-being The good life Lofoten Norway

• Miller, Jennie; Linnell, John Durrus; Athreya, Vidya & Sen, Subharanjan (2017). Human–wildlife conflict in India. Addressing the source. Economic and Political Weekly. ISSN 0012-9976. L11(45), s. 23–25. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Approaches for resolving incidences of human–wildlife conflict such as predator attacks on people or livestock typically use methods that address physical loss but ignore social, cultural, and emotional trauma. To holistically and more permanently alleviate conflicts, wildlife management agencies and other conservation practitioners require resources and training in outreach and public relations, and need to expand their toolkit of approaches in order to connect with varied stakeholders in a greater diversity of settings.

• Walton, Zea Ann; Mattisson, Jenny; Linnell, John Durrus; Stien, Audun & Odden, John (2017). The cost of migratory prey: seasonal changes in semi-domestic reindeer distribution influences breeding success of Eurasian lynx in northern Norway. Oikos. ISSN 0030-1299. 126(5), s. 642–650. doi: 10.1111/oik.03374. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Migratory prey is a widespread phenomenon that has implications for predator – prey interactions. By creating large temporal variation in resource availability between seasons it becomes challenging for carnivores to secure a regular year-round supply of food. Some predators may respond by following their migratory prey, however, most predators are sedentary and experience strong seasonal variation in resource availability. Increased predation on alternative prey may dampen such seasonal resource fl uctuations, but reduced reproduction rates in predators is a predicted consequence of migratory primary prey behavior that has received little empirical attention. We used data from 23 GPS collared Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx monitored during 2007 – 2013 in northern Norway, to examine how spatio-temporal variation in the migratory behavior of semi-domestic reindeer Rangifer tarandus infl uences lynx spatial organization and reproductive success using estimates of seasonal home range overlap and breeding success. We found that lynx of both sexes maintained seasonally stable home ranges and exhibited site fi delity across years, independent of whether they had access to reindeer throughout the year or experienced a scarcity of reindeer in winter due to migration. However, lynx without access to reindeer in winter showed a decreased probability of reproducing and a tendency for lowered kitten survival into their fi rst winter, when compared to female lynx with reindeer available year around. Th is supports the hypothesis that sedentary predators experience demographic costs in systems with migratory primary prey. Changes in the migratory behavior of ungulates, including disrupted migrations, is therefore likely to have bottom – up eff ects on the population dynamics of sedentary predators as well as the previously documented consequences for ungulate population dynamics.

• Allen, Benjamin L.; Allen, Lee R.; Andrén, Henrik; Ballard, Guy; Boitani, Luigi & Engeman, Richard M. [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Large carnivore science: non-experimental studies are useful, but experiments are better. Food Webs. 13, s. 49–50. doi: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2017.06.002. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lone, Karen; Mysterud, Atle; Gobakken, Terje; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Loe, Leif Egil (2017). Temporal variation in habitat selection breaks the catch-22 of spatially contrasting predation risk from multiple predators. Oikos. ISSN 0030-1299. 126(5), s. 624–632. doi: 10.1111/oik.03486/full. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Predator avoidance depends on prey being able to discern how risk varies in space and time, but this is made considerably more complicated if risk is simultaneously present from multiple predators. Th is is the situation for an increasing number of mammalian prey species, as large carnivores recover or are reintroduced in ecosystems on several continents. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus in southern Norway illustrate a case in which prey face two predators with contrasting patterns of predation risk. Th ey face a catch-22 situation: spatially avoiding the risk from one predator (lynx Lynx lynx in dense habitat) implies exposure to the other (hunters in open habitat). Using GPS-data from 29 roe deer, we tested for daily and seasonal variation in roe deer selection for habitat with respect to the habitats ’ year-round average risk level. Generally, roe deer altered their habitat selection between night and day in a pattern consistent with being able to avoid predicted risk from the nocturnal lynx during night and predicted risk from human hunters during day. However, seasonal variation in habitat selection only partially corresponded with the predicted seasonal variation in risk. Whereas roe deer avoided areas with high risk from hunters more strongly during the hunting season than in other seasons, there was a lack of selection towards areas and time periods lowering the risk of lynx predation during winter. It seems likely that the risk of starvation and thermal stress constrain roe deer habitat selection during this energetically challenging season with cold temperatures, snow cover and limited natural forage. Th e habitat selection pattern of roe deer fi ts thus only partly with the two contrasting risk gradients they face. Adjusting risk-avoidance behavior temporally can be an adaptive response in the case of several predators whose predation patterns diff er in space and time.

• Trouwborst, Arie; Boitani, Luigi & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Interpreting ‘favourable conservation status’ for large carnivores in Europe: how many are needed and how many are wanted? Biodiversity and Conservation. ISSN 0960-3115. 26(1), s. 37–61. doi: 10.1007/s10531-016-1238-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The EU Habitats Directive is a key biodiversity conservation instrument. It contains legal obligations for the 28 EU member states in order to safeguard a ‘favourable conservation status’ (FCS) for selected species and habitat types. The crucial FCS concept itself, however, remains subject to considerable confusion regarding its proper interpretation and operationalization, impairing the Directive’s effective implementation. Diminishing this confusion is the purpose of this review. It focuses specifically on large carnivores—wolf (Canis lupus), brown bear (Ursus arctos), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and wolverine (Gulo gulo). These pose particular challenges, given their low densities, transboundary populations, and human-wildlife conflict potential. Large carnivores are also the only species for which specific guidance has been adopted by the European Commission— and subsequently contested. Our methodology combines legal analysis with an understanding of the species’ ecology and associated social, economic and cultural dimensions. We analyze the methods and processes through which EU law is interpreted, implemented, and enforced, by member states, European Commission, and EU Court of Justice—which is the ultimate authority regarding EU law interpretation. On that basis, we engage three particularly complex interpretation questions which are also of great practical significance: (1) the appropriate scale to achieve FCS (national or transboundary population level); (2) the respective roles of demographic, genetic and ecological factors in determining FCS; and (3) the use of extinction versus carrying capacity as benchmark. Regarding these questions, we identify approaches that are workable and effective, as well as likely to be endorsed by the EU Court.

• Peters, Wibke Erika Brigitta; Hebblewhite, Mark; Mysterud, Atle; Spitz, Derek; Focardi, Stefano & Urbano, Ferdinando [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Migration in geographic and ecological space by a large herbivore. Ecological Monographs. ISSN 0012-9615. 87(2), s. 297–320. doi: 10.1002/ecm.1250. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Partial migration, when only part of the population migrates seasonally while the other part remains resident on the shared range, is the most common form of migration in ungulates. Migration is often defined by spatial separation of seasonal ranges and consequently, classification of individuals as migrants or residents is usually only based on geographic criteria. However, the underlying mechanism for migration is hypothesized to be movement in response to spatiotemporal resource variability and thus, migrants are assumed to travel an “ecological distance” (ED) or shift their realized ecological niches. While ecological and geographic distances should be related, their relationship may depend on landscape heterogeneity. Here, we tested the utility of ecological niche theory to both classify migratory individuals and to understand the underlying ecological factors for migratory behavior. We developed an integrative approach combining measures in geographic and ecological niche space and used this to classify and explain migratory behavior of 71 annual roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) movement trajectories in five European study areas. First, to assess the utility of the ED concept for classifying migratory behavior, we tested whether roe deer sought the same ecological conditions year-round or moved to different ecological conditions by measuring the annual ED travelled and the seasonal niche overlap using multivariate statistics. Comparing methods to classify migrants and residents based on geographic and ecological niche space, we found that migratory roe deer switched between seasons both in geographic and in ecological dimensions. Second, we tested which seasonal ecological factors separated resident from migrant niches using discriminant analysis and which broad-scale determinants (e.g., spatiotemporal forage variation and population density) predicted migration probability using generalized linear models. Our results indicated that factors describing forage and topographic variability discriminated seasonal migrant from resident niches. Determinants for predicting migration probability included the temporal variation (seasonality) and also the spatial variability of forage patches. Last, we also found suggestive evidence for a positive relationship between population density and migration probability. By applying the ecological niche concept to the study of partial migration in ungulates, our work underlines that partial migration is a form of behavioral plasticity. Key words: behavioral plasticity; Capreolus capreolus; ecological distance; large herbivores; niche switching; Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; partial migration; realized niche; spatiotemporal variation; ungulates

• Sanchez, David Carricondo; Odden, Morten; Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2017). The range of the mange: Spatiotemporal patterns of sarcoptic mange in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as revealed by camera trapping. PLOS ONE. 12(4). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176200. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Sarcoptic mange is a widely distributed disease that affects numerous mammalian species. We used camera traps to investigate the apparent prevalence and spatiotemporal dynamics of sarcoptic mange in a red fox population in southeastern Norway. We monitored red foxes for five years using 305 camera traps distributed across an 18000 km2 area. A total of 6581 fox events were examined to visually identify mange compatible lesions. We investigated factors associated with the occurrence of mange by using logistic models within a Bayesian framework, whereas the spatiotemporal dynamics of the disease were analysed with spacetime scan statistics. The apparent prevalence of the disease fluctuated over the study period with a mean of 3.15% and credible interval [1.25, 6.37], and our best logistic model explaining the presence of red foxes with mange-compatible lesions included time since the beginning of the study and the interaction between distance to settlement and season as explanatory variables. The scan analyses detected several potential clusters of the disease that varied in persistence and size, and the locations in the cluster with the highest probability were closer to human settlements than the other survey locations. Our results indicate that red foxes in an advanced stage of the disease are most likely found closer to human settlements during periods of low wild prey availability (winter). We discuss different potential causes. Furthermore, the disease appears to follow a pattern of small localized outbreaks rather than sporadic isolated events.

• Ossi, Federico; Gaillard, Jean Michel; Hebblewhite, Mark; Morellet, Nicolas; Ranc, Nathan & Sandfort, Robin [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Plastic response by a small cervid to supplemental feeding in winter across a wide environmental gradient. Ecosphere. 8(1), s. 1–17. doi: 10.1002/ecs2.1629. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Supplemental feeding for ungulates is a widespread practice in many human-dominated landscapes across Europe and North America, mainly intended to seasonally support populations. Surprisingly, little consideration was given so far to the effect of supplemental feeding on ungulate spatial ecology at a large scale, in management and conservation studies. Analyses of the main ecological drivers influencing the use of supplemental feeding sites by ungulates across a gradient of abiotic and biotic factors are currently lacking. We conducted a large-scale assessment of ecological and management drivers of use of feeding station sites in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), a small cervid widely distributed across Europe that is particularly sensitive to winter severity. We tested four competing hypotheses by comparing the time spent at feeding station sites by 180 individual Global Positioning System-collared roe deer from nine populations spanning a wide latitudinal and altitudinal gradient. We found that roe deer used feeding station sites highly opportunistically in response to winter severity across its range. The harshest weather conditions at the northern range limit or the highest elevations provoked an intense use of feeding station sites, which typically peaked at the end of winter, in accordance with the adverse weather and nutritional condition hypotheses. Consistently, milder winters corresponded to a reduced and/or more homogeneous use of supplemental feeding. In general, intensively used feeding station sites heavily conditioned spatial behavior of roe deer. Importantly, biotic factors such as the presence of competitors decreased roe deer use of supplemental feeding station sites. Our results emphasize the importance of this human-induced alteration to resource distribution, especially in the context of the rapidly occurring climate change that is modifying resource availability for ungulate populations.

• Linnell, John Durrus; Trouwborst, Arie; Boitani, Luigi; Kaczensky, Petra; Huber, Djuro & Reljic, Slaven [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Border security fencing and wildlife: The end of the transboundary paradigm in Eurasia? PLoS Biology. ISSN 1544-9173. 14(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002483. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The ongoing refugee crisis in Europe has seen many countries rush to construct border security fencing to divert or control the flow of people. This follows a trend of border fence construction across Eurasia during the post-9/11 era. This development has gone largely unnoticed by conservation biologists during an era in which, ironically, transboundary cooperation has emerged as a conservation paradigm. These fences represent a major threat to wildlife because they can cause mortality, obstruct access to seasonally important resources, and reduce effective population size.We summarise the extent of the issue and propose concrete mitigation measures.

• Gervasi, Vincenzo; Brøseth, Henrik; Gimenez, Olivier; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Odden, John & Flagstad, Øystein [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Sharing data improves monitoring of trans-boundary populations: the case of wolverines in central Scandinavia. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. 22(3), s. 95–106. doi: 10.2981/wlb.00142. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  of wide-ranging species are likely to extend across multiple jurisdictions, including national and international borders. This requires that local institutions implement data sharing and a standardization of monitoring designs. However, a formal evaluation of the benefits of integrated monitoring systems had not, of yet, been performed. Using the wolverines in central Scandinavia as a study case, we assessed the benefits of data sharing for the monitoring of trans-boundary populations. We also assessed the performance of two demographic monitoring systems, one relying on a count of reproductive units, the other resulting from non-invasive genetic sampling and capture-recapture modeling. Sharing data across the border between Norway and Sweden allowed a strong increase in the precision of population size, population growth rate and vital rates estimates. It also allowed revealing that the probability to emigrate from Sweden to Norway was significantly higher than in the opposite direction, a required condition for the existence of a source–sink dynamics. These findings would have been impossible without trans-boundary data sharing. While the den count monitoring provided an estimated population growth of 138% over the 12-year period, the DNA-based estimate was only 72%. A positive trend likely occurred in the detectability of wolverine dens during the first years of the study, and the index was not able to separate the actual demographic trend from the trend in the system’s ability to detect reproductions, thus providing positively biased estimates of population growth rate during the initial phase of the study. Data sharing is a crucial need for the study of the processes occurring in trans-boundary populations. It should be enhanced wherever trans-boundary ecological processes occur. Also, managers should be aware that count-based monitoring has a risk of overestimating population growth during the first years after its implementation.

• Mattisson, Jenny; Rauset, Geir Rune; Odden, John; Andren, Henrik; Linnell, John Durrus & Persson, Jens (2016). Predation or scavenging? Prey body condition influences decision-making in a facultative predator, the wolverine. Ecosphere. 7(8). doi: 10.1002/ecs2.1407. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The interaction between predators and their prey is a key factor driving population dynamics and shaping wildlife communities. Most predators will scavenge in addition to killing their own prey, which alters predation effects and implies that one cannot treat these as independent processes. However, the relative importance of predation vs. scavenging and the mechanisms driving variation of such are relatively unstudied in ecological research on predator–prey relationships. Foraging decisions in facultative predators are likely to respond to environmental conditions (e.g., seasonality) and inter-or intraspecific interactions (e.g., prey availability, presence of top predators, scavenging competition). Using data on 41 GPS-collared wolverines (Gulo gulo) during 2401 monitoring days, in four study sites in Scandinavia, we studied variation in diet and feeding strategies (predation vs. scavenging), along a gradient of environmental productivity, seasonality, density, and body mass of their main prey, semidomestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). The most important factor affecting the relative extent of predation and scavenging was mean prey body mass. Predation was more pronounced in summer, when vulnerable reindeer calves are abundant, and individual kill rates were negatively related to local reindeer body mass. This relationship was absent in winter. The probability of scavenging was higher in winter and increased with decreasing local reindeer body mass, likely as a response to increased carrion supply. Wolverine feeding strategy was further influenced by predictable anthropogenic food resources (e.g., slaughter remains from hunted ungulates) and the presence of a top predator, Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), which provided a continuous carrion supply promoting scavenging. Our results suggest that wolverine feeding strategies are flexible and strongly influenced by seasonally dependent responses to prey body condition in combination with carrion supply. This study demonstrates that large-scale environmental variation can result in contrasting predator feeding strategies, strongly affecting trophic interactions and potentially shaping the dynamics of ecological communities. competition; facilitation; food hoarding; individual-based studies; Lynx lynx; mustelidae; predator–prey; resource use; seasonality.

• Mabille, Geraldine; Stien, Audun; Tveraa, Torkild; Mysterud, Atle; Brøseth, Henrik & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Mortality and lamb body mass growth in free-ranging domestic sheep – environmental impacts including lethal and non-lethal impacts of predators. Ecography. ISSN 0906-7590. 39(8), s. 763–773. doi: 10.1111/ecog.01379. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The management and recovery of large predator populations in areas where human persecution has driven them to ecological extinction requires a solid understanding of the effects of both predation and food limitation on prey populations. We used 11 yr of data on reported losses among 17.3 million free-ranging sheep Ovis aries in the Norwegian farming industry to elucidate the relative roles of climate, vegetation characteristics, sheep densities, lamb body mass and densities of predators and alternative prey on the number of lambs and ewes lost on summer pastures. We first examined whether predator densities predicted autumn lamb body mass through possible impacts of predators on body growth (non-lethal effects) but found no evidence for such effects in our study system. This might be due to weak anti-predator behavioral responses in domesticated sheep. However, autumn lamb body mass was predicted by both sheep density and winter and spring weather conditions, probably through food availability. Losses of both lambs and ewes were positively and strongly related to the density of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx , wolverine Gulo gulo and brown bear Ursus arctos. In addition, food availability and spring weather conditions were associated to losses of lambs, while precipitation in May predicted losses of ewes. There was little evidence for interaction effects of predator species on losses, suggesting that most of the effects of the predators were additive to each other. Given the strong effect of predator densities on sheep losses, we conclude that changing livestock husbandry practices towards a system that actively protects sheep and/or active management of predator densities may be necessary to reduce sheep losses where predators are recolonizing.

• Linnell, John Durrus & Alleau, Julien (2016). Predators That Kill Humans: Myth, Reality, Context and the Politics of Wolf Attacks on People. I Angelici, Francesco M. (Red.), Problematic Wildlife: A cross-disciplinary approach. Springer. ISSN 9783319222455. s. 357–371. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_17. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Aronsson, Malin; Low, Matthew; López-Bao, José Vicente; Persson, Jens; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Intensity of space use reveals conditional sex-specific effects of prey and conspecific density on home range size. Ecology and Evolution. 6(9), s. 2957–2967. doi: 10.1002/ece3.2032. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Home range (HR) size variation is often linked to resource abundance, with sex differences expected to relate to sex-specific fitness consequences. However, studies generally fail to disentangle the effects of the two main drivers of HR size variation, food and conspecific density, and rarely consider how their relative influence change over spatiotemporal scales. We used location data from 77 Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) from a 16-year Scandinavian study to examine HR sizes variation relative to prey and conspecific density at different spatiotemporal scales. By varying the isopleth parameter (intensity of use) defining the HR, we show that sex-specific effects were conditional on the spatial scale considered. Males had larger HRs than females in all seasons. Females’ total HR size declined as prey and conspecific density increased, whereas males’ total HR was only affected by conspecific density. However, as the intensity of use within the HR increased (from 90% to 50% isopleth), the relationship between prey density and area showed opposing patterns for females and males; for females, the prey density effect was reduced, while for males, prey became increasingly important. Thus, prey influenced the size of key regions within male HRs, despite total HR size being independent of prey density. Males reduced their HR size during the mating season, likely to remain close to individual females in estrous. Females reduced their HR size postreproduction probably because of movement constrains imposed by dependent young. Our findings highlight the importance of simultaneously considering resources and intraspecific interactions as HR size determinants. We show that sex-specific demands influence the importance of prey and conspecific density on space use at different spatiotemporal scales. Thus, unless a gradient of space use intensity is examined, factors not related to total HR size might be disregarded despite their importance in determining size of key regions within the HR. Capreolus capreolus, carnivore, kernel home range estimator, ranging behavior, spatiotemporal variation, utilization distribution.

• Cagnacci, Francesca; Focardi, Stefano; Ghisla, Anne; Moorter, Bram Van; Merril, Evelyn H. & Gurarie, Eliezer [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). How many routes lead to migration? Comparison of methods to assess and characterize migratory movements. Journal of Animal Ecology. ISSN 0021-8790. 85(1), s. 54–68. doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.12449. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Summary 1. Decreasing rate of migration in several species as a consequence of climate change and anthropic pressure, together with increasing evidence of space-use strategies intermediate between residency and complete migration, are very strong motivations to evaluate migration occurrence and features in animal populations. 2. The main goal of this paper was to perform a relative comparison between methods for identifying and charact erizing migration at the individual and population level on the basis of animal location data. 3. We classified 104 yearly individual trajectories from five populations of three deer species as migratory or non-migratory, by means of three methods: seasonal home range overlap, spatio-temporal separation of seasonal clusters and the Net Squared Displacement (NSD) method. For migr atory cases, we also measured timing and distance of migration and resi- dence time on the summer range. Finally, we comp ared the classification in migration cases across methods and populations. 4. All methods consistently identified migration at the population level, that is, they coherently dis- tinguished between complete or almost complete migr atory populations and partially migratory populations. Ho wever, in the latter case, methods co heren tly classified only about 50% of the sin- gle cases, that is they classified differently at the individual-animal level. We therefore infer that the compariso n of methods may help point to ‘less-stereo typed ’ cases in the residency -to-migration continuum. For ca ses consistently classified by all methods, no signifi cant differences were found in migration distance, or residence time on summer ranges. Timing of migration estimated by NSD was ea rlier than by the other two methods, both for spring and autumn migrations. 5. We suggest three steps to identify improper inferences from migration data and to enhance understanding of intermedia te space-use strategies. We recommend (i) classifying migration behaviours using more than one method, (ii) performing sensitivity analysis on method parame- ters to identify the extent of the differences and (iii) investigating inconsistently classified cases as these may often be ecologically interest ing (i.e. less-stereotyped migratory behaviours). adehabitat, hom e range overlap, movement patterns, Net Squared Displacement, red deer, reindeer, residence behaviour, roe deer, spatial clusters

• Athreya, Vidya; Odden, Morten; Linnell, John Durrus; Krishnaswamy, Jagdish & Karanth, K. Ullas (2016). A cat among the dogs: leopard Panthera pardus diet in a human-dominated landscape in western Maharashtra, India. Oryx. ISSN 0030-6053. 50(1), s. 156–162. doi: 10.1017/S0030605314000106. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The ecology and predator–prey dynamics of large felids in the tropics have largely been studied in natural systems where wild ungulates constitute the majority of the prey base. However, human-dominated landscapes can be rich in potential prey for large carnivores because of the high density of domestic animals, especially in tropical countries where pastoralism is an important livelihood activity. We report the almost complete dependence of leopards Panthera pardus on domestic animals as prey in the crop lands of Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra, India. From analysis of 85 confirmed leopard scats, 87% of the leopard’s prey biomass consisted of domestic animals, with 39% consisting of domestic dogs Canis lupus familiaris alone. The only wild species that occurred in the leopard’s diet were rodents, small indian civet Viverricula indica, bonnet macaque Macaca radiata and other primates Semnopithecus spp., mongoose Herpestes spp., and birds. Interviews conducted in 77 households distributed randomly in the study area documented a high density of domestic animals: adult cattle Bos taurus, calves, goats Capra aegagrus, dogs and cats Felis catus occurred at densities of 169, 54, 174, 24 and 61 per km2, respectively. Ivlev’s electivity index indicated that dogs and cats were over-represented in the leopard’s diet, given the higher densities of goats and cattle. The standing biomass of dogs and cats alone was sufficient to sustain the high density of carnivores at the study site. Our results show that the abundance of potential domestic prey biomass present in human-use areas supports a relatively high density of predators, although this interaction could result in conflict with humans.

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Aukenthaler, Heinrich; Aukenthaler, Heinrich; Hofer, Alberich; Linnell, John Durrus; Mettler, Daniel & Miller, Christine [Vis alle 27 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Der Wolf im Visier - Konflikte und Lösungsansätze. Athesia Tappeiner Verlag. ISBN 9788868395698. 351 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Hatlevik, Svein Egil & Linnell, John Durrus (2026). Linnell tror EU vil gripe inn mot svenske og finske planer om mindre ulvebestand. [Internet]. rovdyr.org. doi: https:/rovdyr.org/aktuelt/linnell-tror-eu-vil-gripe-inn-mot-svenske-planer-om-mindre-ulvebestand/. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grau, Ana; Jal, Alberto Bernues; Casasus, Isabel; Linnell, John Durrus; Torres, Eduardo & Collado, Daniel Martin (2026). A European typology of pastoral systems to understand livestock–large carnivore interactions. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ruiz, Angela; Mayer, Martin; Collado, Daniel Martin; Jal, Alberto Bernues; Casasus, Isabel & Linnell, John Durrus (2026). Farm practices and farm-level drivers of livestock losses to large carnivores across Europe. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ouvrier, Alice; Culos, Manon; Guillerme, Sylvie; Dore, Antoine; Figari, Helene & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Place-based trajectories of pastoralists and bears encounters in the Pyrenees. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bormpoudakis, Dimitros; Boom, Auvikki de; Kasper, Katharina & Linnell, John Durrus (2026). Emerging technologies for human-wildlife coexistence (Round table). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Selva, Nuria; Linnell, John Durrus; Bautista, Carlos & Iannarilli, Fabiola (2026). Upscaling camera-trapping – integrating professional and citizen efforts for continental-scale monitoring of EBVs. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Maiken Sif & Linnell, John Durrus (2026). Norsk ulveekspert om dansk situation: Den var blevet skudt for længst her. [Journal]. Jyllands-Posten. doi: https:/jyllands-posten.dk/indland/ECE19548660/norsk-ulveekspert-om-dansk-situation-den-var-blevet-skudt-for-laengst-her/?shareToken=qdnuspe8dmc4jcdkqkhea3ps. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nagy, Peter & Linnell, John Durrus (2026). Vil ha nye soner. [Journal]. Jakt. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hatlevik, Svein Egil & Linnell, John Durrus (2026). John Linnell om rovdyrkonflikten: – Alle mener de andre har mer makt enn dem selv. [Journal]. rovdyr.org. doi: https:/rovdyr.org/aktuelt/john-linnell-om-rovdyrkonflikten-alle-mener-de-andre-har-mer-makt-enn-dem-selv/. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Juelsen, Christina O. & Linnell, John Durrus (2026). Heidi og familien opplevde dette for andre gang. [Journal]. Svelvikposten Pluss. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Juelsen, Christina O. & Linnell, John Durrus (2026). Det er jo unikt. [Journal]. Svelvikposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mellem, Kenneth & Linnell, John Durrus (2026). Her holder ulven ham med selskap i en halvtime. [Journal]. Glåmdalen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Vege, Håvard Hjorthaug (2026). Vinter-OL 2026, Langrenn | Hund dukket opp i OL-løypene. [Internet]. Nettavisen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  NRKs kommentatorer reagerte på det Sverige gjorde. Så ble det svært spesielle scener under lagsprinten i OL.

• Vangen, Knut Morten; Krange, Olve; Mattisson, Jenny; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Tveraa, Torkild & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Faggrunnlag for ny utredning av bestandsmål for gaupe og jerv. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2026). Large carnivores in the European Union Status, impacts, coexistence and legislation. doi: 10.2861/3426253. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Large carnivores have made a large recovery across much of the European continent. Many populations have expanded in both density and distribution, although a few small populations remain small and endangered. Best estimates are in the order of 22.000 wolves, 19.000 brown bears, 9.000 Eurasian lynx and 1.000 wolverines in the EU. This recovery has led to a diversity of impacts and conflicts, of both an economic and a social / cultural / political nature. Between 50.000 and 80.000 head of livestock are killed each year, mainly sheep and reindeer. Overall, this represents <0.1% of the EU’s small ruminant livestock, but losses can be very high in some locations. It is important, however, to realise that conflicts go far beyond the losses of livestock and touch on a diversity of wider psychological, social and political issues. Achieving coexistence requires the use of a large integrated toolkit of interventions, that include proactive protection measures, economic incentives and compensation, lethal measures and good governance. These measures need to be deployed in a holistic and coordinated manner and must involve multiple sectorial policies. Ensuring inclusive participation, and sense of justice, and legitimacy are essential for good environmental governance. For many regions, the focus is now moving from avoiding decline and extinction to learning to live with this conservation success by establishing both sustainable management practices and relationships with large carnivores in shared landscapes. The legislation which has been a central driver of this continental scale recovery contains some challenges in terms of adapting it to manage this new situation, and there remains considerable discussion over the interpretation of key legislative elements.

• Pedersen, Simen; Stokes, Allan William; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Linnell, John Durrus & Hofmeester, Tim (2026). Klimaendringer gir kamuflagekluss. Haren er en konservativ fyr - den er tilpasset klima fra midten av forrige århundre. Jakt og fiske. ISSN 0800-3041. 1/2026(1), s. 44–48. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mergeay, Joachim; Linnell, John Durrus & Kopatz, Alexander (2026). How can we operationalize effective population size (Ne) for large carnivore conservation and management in Europe? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Odden, John; Tveraa, Torkild; Mattisson, Jenny; Krange, Olve & Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Det er ikke bare rovdyr som er grunnen til at det blir mindre rein. doi: https:/www.forskersonen.no/kronikk-meninger-natur/rovdyr-er-ikke-den-eneste-grunnen-til-at-rein-gar-tapt/2586514. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Det ensidige fokuset på at rovvilt er det største problemet bidrar dessverre til å øke konflikten rundt rovvilt og tamrein. Samtidig undergraver det muligheten til en konstruktiv diskusjon om hvordan vi best kan ivareta reindrifta som samisk kulturbærer, i lys av klimaendringene og nedbyggingen av naturen som vi står midt oppi.

• Lopp, Eleri & Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Interview with John D. C. Linnell. doi: https:/www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdUt3bUSDS0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Rønning, Atle (2025). Stort europeisk forskningsprosjekt skal undersøke konflikter i utmark. [Internet]. Jeger.no. doi: https:/www.jeger.no/jakt-og-samfunn/stort-europeisk-forskningsprosjekt-skal-undersoke-konflikter-i-utmark. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Stokmo, Jan Arne (2025). Hvordan skal vi leve sammen med flere rovdyr? [Internet]. www.nina.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Bøthun, Hannah Emilie (2025). Derfor må dyrene dø: – Flytting er ingen magisk og enkel løsning. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Ytrehus, Tormod (2025). Her springer gaupeungene rundt på gårdsplassen. Én ting overrasker eksperten. [Internet]. Avisa Sør-Trøndelag Pluss. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Schou, Ingrid (2025). Hvor blir det av alle dyre-skjelettene? [Internet]. ung.forskning.no. doi: https:/ung.forskning.no/dyreverden-skog/hvor-blir-det-av-alle-dyre-skjelettene/2574721. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Pettersen, Beth Mørch (2025). Forsker: - Kan ikke forvente at rovdyr følger kommunegrensa. [Internet]. NRK. doi: https:/www.nrk.no/nordland/forsker-om-rovviltforliket_-_-rovdyrene-har-for-sma-omrader-a-leve-pa-1.17659477. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Nordland, NRK (2025). Både rovdyr og beitedyr treng større soner. [Journal]. Firda Tidend. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Best practices for large carnivore management update. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Panel discussion: Is Human-Bear Coexistence Feasible Under the Current Human Landscape Domination? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). What does it mean to conserve large carnivores in European multi-use landscapes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). New developments in European management of large carnivores. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Europeisk forskning på samekistens med rovvilt. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Large carnivores and coexistence with humans: updates from European policy processes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). The CoCo project and its relevance for agricultural animal production. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jewell, Kyle; Kiffner, Christian; Capelli, S.; Martin-Collado, Dani; Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter & Ostermann-Miyashita, Emu [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Expanding the Life Framework of Values. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). The Big_Picture project: structure, activities, planning. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Martin-Collado, Dani; Bernués, A.; Boiani, Maria; Casasús, I.; Marino, F. & Marucco, Francesca [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Exploring vulnerability to wildlife predators in extensive livestock farming systems across Europe. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Human-Wildlife Conflict and Coexistence: presentation of IUCN guidelines. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). What does downlisting of wolves mean for practical management? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Best practices in large carnivore management: lessons from diverse contexts. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Large carnivore management in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). What does coexistence between humans and wildlife look like? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Boitani, Luigi & Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Downlisting of the wolf - what does it means? Favourable reference values and managing wolves on annex V. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus; Kusak, Josip; Salvatori, Valeria; Kuijper, Dries & Reinhardt, Ilka (2025). Is the concept of problematic behaviour in wolves an ecological or cultural debate? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). What is this thing called coexistence? (and who gets to decide how it looks?). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Forskning på forholdet mellom vilt, jegere, beitebruk, samfunn og politikk. Norge i et europeisk kontekst (eller Europa i et norsk kontekst?). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Mennesker, vilt og utmark. Hva er et bærekraftig samekistens i den 21 århundre? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Mennesker, vilt, rovdyr og husdyr. Vil det noen gang bli en sameksistens i den norske utmark? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Forskning på forholdet mellom vilt, jegere, beitebruk, samfunn og politikk. Norge i et europeisk kontekst (eller Europa i et norsk kontekst?). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Odden, John; Mattisson, Jenny; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt & Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Evaluating the Impact of Knowledge-Based Interventions on Compensation Practices for Lynx Predation on Sheep in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hofmeester, Tim; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Andrén, Henrik; Cromsigt, Joris P. G. M.; Frauendorf, Magali & Kindberg, Jonas [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). SCANDCAM: Developing Collaborative Camera-Trap Approaches Across Borders. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Carpentier, Cecile Agnes Edith & Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Sustainable Harvest Strategies in a Lynx-Roe Deer Predator-Prey System: Insights from a Modelling Approach. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Cagnacci, Francesca; Linnell, John Durrus; Heurich, Marco Dietmar; Flagstad, Øystein; Elmhagen, Bodil & Hogg, Carolyn [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Managing the Wild? Exploring the Role of Wildlife Management in Rewilding. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). The Big_Picture: building integrated workflows to leverage the enormous potential of expert and citizen operated camera traps. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The last decade has seen an explosion in the use of digital camera traps by both professional biologists and private citizens. Each camera can potentially collect verifiable documentation of species presence over periods of many months. The resulting data can be used to study species distributions, densities, habitat use, behaviour, phenotypes and health. However, there are significant barriers to realising the enormous potential. These include, (1) legal issues concerning GDPR, (2) logistical issues involved in classifying the species in millions of images, (3) issues related to data standards and interoperability of different databases, (4) social and trust issues surrounding data sharing and (5) statistical challenges of combining data collected using different field protocols. The Biodiversa+ funded Big_Picture project aims to overcome many of these obstacles by building legal and practical digital pipelines to facilitate data sharing. This includes the use of AI image processing, data standards, interoperable databases and new statistical approaches. The project also aims to develop guidance matching field procedures, analysis procedures and research / management questions.

• Gordon, James & Linnell, John Durrus (2025). A ‘saviour’ of ecosystems or an ‘exercise in fantasy’? Scientists on a potential return of the lynx to the UK. [Internet]. Ends Report. doi: https:/www.endsreport.com/article/1934734/saviour-ecosystems-exercise-fantasy-scientists-potential-return-lynx-uk. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Elves-Powell, Joshua; Axmacher, Jan C.; Linnell, John Durrus & Durant, Sarah M. (2025). Curtail North Korea’s illegal wildlife trade. Science. ISSN 0036-8075. 389(6763), s. 885–885. doi: 10.1126/science.ady8692. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mattisson, Jenny; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Evaluating compensation Practices for Lynx Predation on Sheep in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Pedersen, Simen; Pierquin, Caroline; Stokes, Allan William; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Hofmeester, Tim R. & Odden, John [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Seasonally coat colour changing Mountain hares and non-changing European hares both decrease diurnal activity as response to camouflage mismatch. doi: https:/www.iwc2025.com/_files/ugd/191ccf_1f9096c7df0d4a09b9fbd2cf0bbe0338.pdf. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Climate change is causing winter shortening, leading to increased camouflage mismatch for species with seasonal coat colour moults, such as the mountain hare (Lepus timidus). These hares' white winter coats contrast sharply against snow-free environments, increasing their predation risk. Contrastingly, the European hare (Lepus europaeus), which maintains a brown coat year-round, may become more visible during snowy periods. Both the native Mountain hare and the introduced European hare occur in Norway and are impacted by snow presence. However, evidence of behavioural adaptation to camouflage mismatch remains limited. Our study investigates the potential for behavioural plasticity in diel activity patterns of mountain and European hares in Norway and southwestern Sweden as a response to camouflage mismatch. Utilizing seven years of camera trap data and kernel density estimate (KDE) analysis, we observed significant shifts in activity patterns under mismatch conditions. Both species exhibited increased nocturnal activity and decreased diurnal activity, with European hares showing a marked increase in nocturnal behaviour, likely to minimize predation risk. These behavioural shifts were amplified by high predator activity in mountain hares and low predator activity in European hares, highlighting the critical role of predation in shaping species-specific adaptive behaviours. Our findings underscore the importance of behavioural plasticity in mountain hares as an adaptation to camouflage mismatch and heightened predation risks. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence of a similar response in a non-seasonal colour moulting species, the European hare. This research emphasizes the value of analysing activity patterns to understand adaptive strategies and underscores the importance of considering behavioural flexibility in conservation efforts for species vulnerable to climate change, as this flexibility is highly dependent on ecological conditions.

• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Coexistence with Europe's carnivores is possibly (commentary). Mongabay. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Moe, Erlend (2025). Skal forske på konflikter i utmark i Europa. [Internet]. ntb.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Skal forske på konflikter mellom viltforvaltning og husdyrhold. [Internet]. Friluftsliv.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Storskala europeisk studie skal løyse utmarkskonfliktar. [Journal]. Nationen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Stokmo, Jan Arne (2025). Rovdyrene vender tilbake til Europa. [Journal]. Nationen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Rønning, Atle (2025). Norge leder EU-prosjekt om rovdyrforvaltning. [Journal]. Jeger. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Universitetet i Innlandet skal forske på konfliktar i utmark i Europa. [Internet]. NRK.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). EU forskningsprosjekter på Evenstad. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Viltforskning og undervisning, fra Norge til EU. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jørgensen, Sara Oline Martini (2025). Er det noen grunn til å frykte ulven? [Internet]. forskning.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). The recovery of large carnivores in Europe - what does it tell us about the future of coexistence with mammals? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Spolander, Jörn (2025). Regeringen vill halvera antalet vargar – i strid med forskningen. [Journal]. Dagens Nyheter. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Garcia, Chus (2025). En busca de puntos de encuentro para convivir. [Journal]. Heraldo de Aragon. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Hvordan leve med rovdyrene? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Status and trend of large carnivores in the EU and their impact on livestock. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Rovviltforvaltning i Europa – jakt, bestandsregulering og vern? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Presentation of the CoCo project. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Monsen, Torbjørn (2025). Man har ofte mer til felles enn folk tror. [Journal]. Sagat. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Engmann, Jesper (2025). Sandsynlighed for ulveangreb på mennesker er ikke til at måle. [Journal]. Jyllands-Posten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Hatlevik, Svein Egil (2025). John Linnell om millionprosjektet somskal gjenopprette balansen mellom rovdyr og beitebruk i Europa. [Internet]. www.rovdyr.org. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2025). Downlisting the wolf: a way forward for the EU. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus; Sund, Steinar Steinkopf & Kaczensky, Petra (2025). Vender tilbake. [Journal]. Vi Menn. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2024). Wolf conservation in Europe - how to live with conservation success? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Stockwell, Billy (2024). Europe saved its bears from extinction. Now some countries want more rights to shoot them. [Internet]. CNN.com. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Sandberg, Tor (2024). Kan fort komme ulv inn i Troms og Nordland også. [Internet]. Dagsavisen PLuss. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2024). Risico op beet door hond veel groter. [Internet]. REFORMATORISCH DAGBLAD DONDERDAG. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Krumenacker, Thomas (2024). Der Wolf ist zwischen die Fronten eines Glaubenskriegs geraten. [Internet]. www.riffreporter.de. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Koch, Julia (2024). Schützen oder Töten: Das Märchen vom bösen Wolf. [Internet]. Spiegel Wissenschaft. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Pedersen, Simen; Stokes, Allan William; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Mountain hare coat colour mismatch –are they able to keep up with the changing climate? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2024). What's happening with European Large Carnivores? - Current status and trends in populations. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2024). Imagining future forests in Europe – pluralistic approaches for multiple objectives. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2024). Challenges in Norwegian large carnivore management. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2024). The only constant is change: what large carnivore conservation tells us about career paths, teaching, interdisciplinary research and supporting policy. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Reconnectiong people and nature. What is the apropriate relationship between humans and wildlife? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Nadotti, Cristina (2023). Fermi tutti, babbo natale nqn ha quasi piu renne. [Journal]. Il Venerdi. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Panzacchi, Manuela & Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Fermi tutti, Babbo Natale non ha quasi più renne. [Journal]. Il Venerdi di Repubblica. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). The EU Review of Wolf Protection Status. [Internet]. Tommy's Outdoors Podcast. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Games without frontiers? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Stakeholders and marine restoration. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Scillitani, Laura (2023). La prima conferenza mondiale per la coesistenza con la fauna. [Internet]. Scienzainrete.it. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Wolves and livestock: stakeholders and science. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Misicka, Susan (2023). When it’s legal to shoot the wrong wolf. [Internet]. SWI swissinfo.ch. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Multiple dimensions of sustainability. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Gjerstadberget, Kari (2023). Ikke rør disse, selv om de ligger i hagen din! [Journal]. Glåmdalen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Geelen, Jean-Pierre (2023). Europese hekken tegen mensen belemmeren ook dieren, en dat is mogelijk in strijd met Europese regels. [Journal]. de Volkskrant. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). What future for large carnivores in Europe? Chasing the elusive state of coexistence. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Lahn, Knut-Erik (2023). Dette synet fikk Eivind til å sperre opp øynene - Veldig spesielt. [Journal]. Tønsberg Blad. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Vold, Liv Maren Mæhre (2023). Ulveangrepet: - Veldig spesiell hendelse. [Internet]. Tynsetingen Pluss. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Kristiansen, Emelie Kjærnli (2023). Jaktet tiur - fanget gaupe. [Journal]. Adresseavisen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Samfunnsutviklingen - betydning for hjorteviltforvaltningen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Birte, Bredow (2023). Drei tote Schafe – was über den Bären in Bayern bekannt ist. [Journal]. Spiegel Panorama. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Hillsdon, Mark (2023). Could biodiversity be a key to better forest carbon storage in Europe? [Internet]. Mongabay. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Krumenacker, Thomas (2023). Weg frei für die Jagd auf Wölfe in Europa? [Internet]. Spektrum.de. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Zimmermann, Alexandra; Pooley, Simon; Linnell, John Durrus; Glickman, Jenny A.; Marchini, Silvio & Hill, Catherine [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Human-wildlife conflict: a global conservation challenge. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 9782831722344. s. 2–9. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Linnell, John Durrus & Brevik, Hilde-Christine (2023). Snøhvit eller Hvitveis? Se navneforslagene og stem fram det navnet du liker best. [Internet]. Tønsbergs Blad Pluss. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Nadotti, Cristina (2023). L'Ue rivede lo status di protezione dei lupi, ma l'obiettivo non è la conservazione. [Journal]. La Repubblica. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Living with success in wildlife conservation: does coexistence require active management? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Angoh, Siow Yan Jennifer; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2023). Forestry and environmental conditions as determinants of pine marten (Martes martes) occurrence in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The pine marten Martes martes is a forest denizen often associated with late seral stage stands. Earlier research indicates that this species may be negatively impacted by modern forestry practices. However, the effects of current clearcutting methods upon pine marten occurrence in conjunction with changing environmental conditions are not well known. In this study, we combined four years of countrywide data from a long-term camera trap (CT) survey in Norway. We used a multi-scale occupancy model to investigate how pine marten occurrence at multiple spatial scales is related to clearcuts and forests over 120 years old. We additionally tested how pine marten occurrence responded to factors such as habitat features and temporal changes in the environment (e.g., snow depth and temperature). We found that pine martens occurred in most Norwegian landscapes, independent of the proportions of old forest and clearcuts. However, at the habitat patch scale, we found that pine marten occurrence was positively associated with the presence of old forest and terrain ruggedness, while there were no association with (nearby) clearcuts. At CT sites near clearcuts, the detection probability (which we interpret as the intensity of use of CT sites) was negatively correlated with snow depth. In contrast, we found a positive association with snow depth at CT sites without clearcuts nearby. Furthermore, the intensity of use increased with temperature and the presence of boulders near a CT. While old forest is important for pine martens, the current level and scale of clearcutting in Norway does not appear to be detrimental to the species’ occurrence at the landscape level. Also, habitat features and structures facilitating subterranean and subnivean access may mitigate the lack of old forests attributes. Snow depth and temperature may also influence how much pine martens rely on old forests.

• Linnell, John Durrus & García-Ajforín, Lola (2023). La Europa de los muros. [Internet]. El Confidencial. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Enger, Morten (2022). Pulsen steg noen hakk da jeg så den. [Journal]. Adresseasen Pluss. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Skjelten, Peder (2022). Kan bambi-effekten redde truga artar? [Journal]. Nationen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Rønning, Asle Olav (2022). Store ideer. Trange nåløyer. [Journal]. Forskerforum. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Tales that were not included in the Jungle Book! World Development Perspectives. ISSN 2468-0532. 26. doi: 10.1016/j.wdp.2022.100420. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Halvorsen, Ola Jordheim (2022). Overskuddsfenomenet. [Journal]. Dagens Næringsliv. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Rønning, Asle Olav (2022). De søkte om forskningens toppmodell, men må nå vende tilbake til hverdagen. [Journal]. Forskforum. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & HENRIKSEN, CHRISTER ANDRÉ (2022). Se hva som dukket opp i Kåfjord. [Journal]. Framtid i Nord. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Stokes, Allan; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Odden, John; Odden, Morten & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The timing of mountain hare (Lepus timidus) coat colour change in Norway is determined by elevation and latitude. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mattisson, Jenny; Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2022). Timing and synchrony of birth in Eurasian lynx across Europe. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Weston, Phoebe (2022). The return of the wolf: how much do they help rebuild ecosystems? [Internet]. The Guardian. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Pearce, Fred (2022). How national border walls are splitting ecosystems apart. [Internet]. BBC. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Ulven i verden - om å leve med store rovdyr. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Oliveira, Teresa; Carricondo-Sanchez, David; Mattisson, Jenny; Voigt, Kristina; Corradini, Andrea & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Predicting kill sites from an apex predator(Lynx lynx) in different multi-prey systems. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Large predator management in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Managing wildlife in multi-use landscapes: Human-Wildlife Conflicts and Coexistence. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Syverhuset, Anne Olga (2022). Få modeller for viltforvaltning egner seg i dagens verden. [Internet]. Hjortevilt.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Rewilding with large carnivores? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Managing wildlife in multi-use landscapes: Human-Wildlife Conflicts & One Health. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Sesana, Ilaria (2022). L’impatto delle barriere europee anti-migranti sulla biodiversità. [Journal]. Altreconomia. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Overvåkning av gaupe med viltkamera. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). 30 years of lynx research in Norway: relevance for reintroduction in Scotland. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Potential for tourism based on large carnivores in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Sustainability and wildlife management. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Syverhuset, Anne Olga (2022). Få modeller for viltforvaltning egner seg i dagens verden. [Internet]. nina.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Czermak, Natalia (2022). Forskare i öppet brev: Polsk mur mot Belarus kan leda till naturkatastrof. [Internet]. SVT Nyheter. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). What is happening with Norwegian nature. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Management of problem predators in terrestrial ecosystems. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Restoring large mammals to the European landscape: Rewilding or building novel ecosystems? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Balancing development and conservation on Norwegian islands. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus; Blanchard, Ingrid & Han, Isabelle (2022). Mausund: an island at a turning point regarding its tourism strategy. [Internet]. Once upon an island - Green Tourism Podcast. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Coexisting with Europe's large carnivores. [Internet]. Rewildology Podcast www.rewildilogy.com. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Folkeopplysningen - Ulv. [TV]. Folkeopplysningen NRK TV. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jacobsen, Rolf (2022). Leve med ulven 1. [Radio]. NRK Innlandet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Wolff, Reinhard (2022). Wölfe gegen Regiering 2:0. [Journal]. TAZ.de. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Livestock farming and large carnivores in Europe: discussing a way forward. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jacobsen, Rolf (2022). Leve med ulven 3. [Radio]. NRK Innlandet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Halvorsen, Ola Jordheim (2022). Sjakalen: norges nye rovdyr. [Journal]. Dagens Næringsliv. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jacobsen, Rolf (2022). Leve med ulven 4. [Radio]. NRK Innlandet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jacobsen, Rolf (2022). Leve med ulven 2. [Radio]. NRK Innlandet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Mitts-Smith, Debra (2022). What big teeth you have: wolf attacks on humans. [Journal]. International Wolf. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Pearce, Fred (2022). Fenced In: How the Global Rise of Border Walls Is Stifling Wildlife. [Internet]. Yale Environment 360. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Odden, John; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Bahlk, Sunniva Helene; Kindberg, Jonas; Hofmeester, Tim R. & Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Lynx monitoring with camera traps in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Main, Douglas (2022). Poland's border wall to cut through Europe's last old growth forest. [Internet]. National Geographic. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Coexisting with large carnivores. [Internet]. Tommy's Outdoors Podcast. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mattisson, Jenny; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Påvirker forskningsresultat rovviltforvaltningen? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Stokes, Allan; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Odden, John; Odden, Morten & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The timing of mountain hare (Lepus timidus) coat colour change is determined by elevation, latitude and local climate. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Pooley, Simon; Linnell, John Durrus; Münster, Ursula Margarete; Dooren, Thom Van & Zimmermann, Alexandra (2022). Editorial: Understanding Coexistence With Wildlife. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 3. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.830971. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Killing wolves - why, or why not? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). The Norwegian large carnivore damage compensation scheme: a critical analysis. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rosen, Tatjana; Kaczensky, Petra & Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Protecting the cats of the cold winter deserts in Turkmenistan and western Kazakhstan. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Rovdyr i Europa. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nark, Jason & Linnell, John Durrus (2021). The problem with problem sharks. [Internet]. The New York Times. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Krumenacker, Thomas (2021). Der wolf ist kein Dämon. [Journal]. Süddeutsche Zeitung. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jørn, Fremstad (2021). Er ulven farlig for mennesker? [Internet]. www.forskning.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Linnell, John Durrus; Teien, Kristin Thorsrud & Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon (2021). Revisjon av viltloven: Innspill fra naturforskningen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Blakely, Rhys & Linnell, John Durrus (2021). DNA list aims to save swimmers from killer sharks. [Journal]. The Times. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Illegal killing of wolves: opening perspectives. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Arx, Manuela von; Kaczensky, Petra; Linnell, John Durrus; Lanz, Tabea; Breitenmoser-Würsten, Christine & Boitani, Luigi [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Conservation status of the Eurasian lynx in West and Central Europe. Cat News. ISSN 1027-2992. s. 05–08. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Surprising successes and failures in wildlife conservation: can we develop a theory of coexistence? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Knowledge needs for large carnivore conservation in Europe: how to train a new generation of conservationists. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Large carnivore conservation in Europe: understanding conflicts. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Setting realistic goals for restoration in human-dominated landscapes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). EU legislation and transboundary conservation of large carnivores in Europe. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Norway in context: how the rest of Europe manages large carnivore populations. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Hatlevik, Svein Egil (2021). Rovdyrforsker John Linnell vil ikke mene noe om hvor mange ulver det bør være i Norge. [Internet]. www.rovdyr.org. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Moe, Erling (2021). Ulven er omstridt i hele Europa, men aller mest i Norge. [Internet]. forskning.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Olsen, Siri Lie; Bartlett, Jesamine; Davey, Marie Louise; Fossøy, Frode; Linnell, John Durrus & Nordén, Jenni [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Kartlegging og overvåking av biologisk mangfold med ny teknologi: miljø-DNA og kamerafeller. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kopperud, Audun Fegran & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Ingen ny ulvejakt: – Den kan være hvor som helst. [Journal]. Lindesnes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hatlevik, Svein Egil & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Forsker ikke spesielt overrasket over manglende økosystemeffekter fra gaupedrepte rådyr. [Internet]. www.rovdyr.org. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Stensrud, Kenneth & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Den tråkker stadig vekk innom hyttetomter når folk ikke er der. [Journal]. Moss Dagblad. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Eilevstjønn, Line Omland & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Mann (72) angripen av ulv i Canada. [Internet]. www.nationen.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2020). SCANDLYNX og SCANDCAM. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Kaczensky, Petra (2020). Reintroduction, persistence and local extinction of Central Asian kulan in Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Cretois, Benjamin & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Coexisting with large mammals in the human-dominated landscape of Europe’s Anthropocene. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Coordinating diversity in large carnivore management. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dykes, Jacob & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Bringing back the beast: rewilding projects are expanding European carnivore ranges. [Journal]. Geographical Magazine. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Monitoring Persian leopards in Turkmenistan: next steps. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus; Skogen, Ketil; Mattisson, Jenny; Krange, Olve & Støen, Ole-Gunnar (2020). Små forvaltningsregioner for rovdyr er en dårlig idé. s. 32–32. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2020). What type and quality of data are needed for LC monitoring: design and implementation of survey and monitoring schemes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ryland, Ørjan & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Unik naturopplevelse - fikk skikkelig puls. [Internet]. Dagbladet.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Human wildlife conflicts and coexistence: cases from India and Brazil. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hayward, Matt W.; Jachowski, David S.; Bugir, Cassandra K.; Clulow, John; Krishnamurthy, Ramesh & Griffin, Andrea S. [Vis alle 22 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). The search for novelty continues for rewilding. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.041. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fremstad, Jørn & Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Rådyr gikk tvers over Skandinavia. [Internet]. www.hjortevilt.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Visions for wildlife conservation in Europe. Opening talk and panel moderation. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Does science inform wolf policy in Europe? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Clua, Eric E.G. & Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Problem individuals among sharks: A response to Neff. Conservation Letters. 12(2). doi: 10.1111/conl.12641. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Law, Elizabeth; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Moorter, Bram Van & Linnell, John Durrus (2019). How useful is monitoring for achieving sustainable wildlife management under harvest in uncertain environments? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Wolves in 21st century Europe: what do they tell us about the future of wildlife conservation? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Foreslår selektivt fiske på problemhaier. [Internet]. www.nina.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mattisson, Jenny; Rauset, Geir Rune; Odden, John; Andrén, Henrik; Linnell, John Durrus & Persson, Jens (2019). Predation or scavenging? Reindeer body condition influences decision making in the wolverine. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mattisson, Jenny; Walton, Zea Ann; Linnell, John Durrus; Stien, Audun & Odden, John (2019). The cost of migratory prey:seasonal changes in semi-domestic reindeer distribution influences breeding success of Eurasion lynx in northern norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2019). What have we learnt about conflicts – and what does it tell us about coexistence? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Multiple dimensions of sustainable wildlife management. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Science, politics, ‘emotions’:The case of wolf management in Europe. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nijhuis, Michelle; Linnell, John Durrus; Skogen, Ketil & Odden, John (2019). The most political animal. [Internet]. The Atlantic. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus; Kaczensky, Petra; Salemgareyev, Albert R.; Zuther, Steffen; Rustamov, Eldar & Karryeva, Shirin [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Reintroduction, persistence and local extinction of central Asian kulan in Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grainger, Matthew; Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John & Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland (2019). Is cryptic poaching a threat to Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) populations? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Mennesket påvirker dyrenes vandringer. [Internet]. hjortevilt.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Chavance, Yann (2018). Mieux identifier les requins mangeurs d’hommes. [Journal]. Le Monde. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Huber, Djuro; Linnell, John Durrus & Boitani, Luigi (2018). The role of continental scale institutions in European bear recovery. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Living with bears? What is coexistence and how do we get there? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Toplicanec, Ira; Stokke, Sigbjørn; Stipic, Mateja; Reljic, Slaven; Sindicic, Magda & Huber, Djuro [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Comparison of Brown bear hunting practices in Sweden and Croatia. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Linnell, John Durrus & Bowler, Diana Elizabeth (2018). Directions in Conservation Biology Revisited. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dujardin, Amber & Linnell, John Durrus (2018). De wolf is bezig aan een opmars in Europa, maar als hij Zwitserland aandoet heeft hij pech. [Internet]. Trouw.nl. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Experience with Q-methodology. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Teeth, claws, laws, germs, hearts and minds: what is shaping the future for large mammals and their ecosystems? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mysterud, Atle; Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2018). Pattedyrene beveger seg mye mindre nær folk. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus; Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter & Cretois, Benjamin (2018). How to bring ecology into policy in the Anthropocene? Theimportance of framing and different conservation paradigms. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ethreya, Vidya; Pimpale, Sahil; Borkar, Atul Sinai; Surve, Nikit; Chakra-Varty, Siddant & Ghosalkar, Mrunal [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Monsters or Gods? Narratives of large cat worship in western India. Cat News. ISSN 1027-2992. s. 23–26. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In this article we describe the belief in the presence of a large cat diety; Waghoba, which appears to be geographically widespread in western India and is still revered today. It is a very old cultural institution which according to many interviewees was at least many centuries old. The people had a deep belief that the large cat; a leopard Panthera pardus or a tiger Panthera tigris or both, protected them. This ancient cultural connection between people and large cats is little studied or understood. Believers also have an understanding of the ecology of the animal as well as their own myths surrounding the animals. We address the rarely acknowledged, but probably deeply relevant, cultural context where groups of people have a radically different relationship with large cats which is largely ignored by conservationists. These relationships could provide the basis for co-adaptations that allow for coexistence in shared landscapes, therefore, it is very important that we document and study these institutions before they die out.

• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). In the cross-fire: commercial interests and biodiversity research. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Yurkevich, Vanessa & Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Not just Trump's idea: a short history on famous walls and the environment. [Internet]. CNN.com. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kleven, Oddmund; Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John; Vang, Silje; Mattisson, Jenny & Flagstad, Øystein (2018). Den sørnorske jervebestanden – historikk, genetikk og bestandsutvikling. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Kaczensky, Petra (2018). Wildlife surveys in Turkmenistan 2014-2018. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Mennesket påvirker dyrenes vandringer. [Internet]. www.nina.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Torgersen, Eivind (2018). Ville dyr beveger seg mindre i nærheten av mennesker. [Internet]. forskning.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Flagstad, Øystein; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Støen, Ole-Gunnar (2018). Når forskere ignorerer forskning. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Lien, Marthe S. (2018). Et uhell og en tragedie. [Journal]. VG. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Frøjd, Kasper (2018). Utrolig bilde viser ulv som jager Farmen-Halvors kuer. [Internet]. TV2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). 25 years of lynx research in Scandinavia: what have we learnt and what does it mean for the UK? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Koch, Julia (2018). Gefährliche Märchen. [Journal]. Der Spiegel. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Odden, John; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Linnell, John Durrus & Kindberg, Jonas (2018). SCANDCAM - Optimizing lynx monitoring using camera traps. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Updates on large carnivore status in Europe. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus; Kaczensky, Petra; Bowler, Diana Elizabeth & Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland (2018). Success and failure at conserving focal species in two Asian protected areas. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Cretois, Benjamin (2018). The revival of wolves and other large predators and its impact on farmers and their livelihood in rural regions of Europe. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Kaczensky, Petra (2018). International Scientific Experience in Conservation of Biodiversity in Turkmenistan. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Contrasting realities. Experience with environmental governance with and without democracy. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Conserving large carnivores in Europe's human-dominated landscapes: the need for multiple disciplinary perspectives. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). When is it acceptable to kill a protected large carnivore? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Coexistence between wildlife and humans: contrasting insights from wildlife management and conservation biology. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Hillsdon, Mark (2018). The mighty wolverine. [Journal]. BBC Wildlife Magazine. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Abdurasulov, Abdujalil (2018). Bringing 'Asia's zebras' back to the steppe. [Internet]. BBC.com. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Rewilding the European Anthropocene: how far can we push it? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Border security fencing and wildlife: consequences for transboundary management. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Can we have one research ethic for wild and domestic animals? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Can we have one research ethic for wild and domestic animals? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Redpath, Steve (2017). Values, conservation, science and conflict. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Multiple dimensions of human carnivore conflicts. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jahren, Torfinn; Odden, Morten; Linnell, John Durrus & Panzacchi, Manuela (2017). The impact of human land use and landscape productivity on the abundance and dynamics of red fox in southeastern Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lenin, Janaki; Linnell, John Durrus & Kaczensky, Petra (2017). How a Wild Ass Hunted out by History Is Being Brought Back to Kazakhstan. [Internet]. The Wire. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Coexistence between wildlife and humans: contrasting insights from wildlife management and conservation biology. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Recoveries and declines in Eurasian large mammals: unexpected failures and surprising successes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Multiple dimensions of human-carnivoreconflicts. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætran, Frode & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Ekspert: Denne ulven er det viktig å følge med på. [Internet]. Aftenposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Ertesvåg, Frank (2017). Regjeringen: Starter radiomerking av potensiell skade-ulv. [Internet]. www.vg.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Wildlife Conservation and border Security fencing. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bolevich, Maria & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Cub photo raises hope for Europe’s rarest and largest wild cat. [Internet]. www.mewscientist.com. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Paust, Thomas & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Rettsmedisiner: - Kvinnelig turist i Hellas kan ha blitt drept av ulv. [Internet]. Nettavisen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Krogh-Hanssen, Hans Kristian & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Rådyr øyen. [Journal]. Bergens Tidende. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Krogh-Hanssen, Hans Kristian & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Rådyrøya. [Journal]. Stavanger Aftenblad. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Krogh-Hanssen, Hans Kristian & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Rådyrjakt i havgapet. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Multiple Dimensions of sustainability - using hunting as an example. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Coexisting with wildlife in the Anthropocene: balancing multiple trade-offs in crowded landscapes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Krogh-Hanssen, Hans Kristian & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Rådyrøya. [Journal]. Adresseavisen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tarjem, Guro & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Artar på veg: gullsjakal i norsk natur? [Radio]. EKKO P2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Lenin, Janaki (2017). How Geography Created Three Subspecies of Snow Leopard. [Internet]. thewire.in. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Wildlife conservation in the Anthropocene: successes and failures. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mattisson, Jenny; Rauset, Geir Rune; Odden, John; Andrén, Henrik; Linnell, John Durrus & Persson, Jens (2017). Predation or scavenging? Prey body condition influences decision-making in a facultative predator, the wolverine. Photo gallery. The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. ISSN 2327-6096. 98(1), s. 40–46. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  What determines whether a predator scavenges or kills its own prey? Using data on wolverines ( Gulo gulo ) in Scandinavia, we studied variation in diet and feeding strategies along a gradient of environmental productivity, seasonality, density, and body mass of their main prey, semidomestic reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus ). Our results suggest that wolverine feeding strategies are flexible and influenced by seasonally dependent responses to prey body condition in combination with carrion supply. Predation was more pronounced in summer, when vulnerable reindeer calves are abundant, and individual kill rates were negatively related to local reindeer body mass. In winter, the probability of scavenging increased with decreasing reindeer body mass, likely as a response to increased carrion supply.

• Todal, Per Anders & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Gråbeinens mange andlet. [Journal]. Dag og Tid. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sandberg, Tor & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Åtte drept av hunder i Norge. [Journal]. Dagsavisen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ogden, Lesley Evans & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Border walls and biodiversity: new bariers, new horizons. [Journal]. BioScience. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Christensen, Tor Bjarne & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Ulven - en brikke i norsk natur? [Internet]. Natur & Miljø. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Human-wildlife coexistence in the Anthropocene: what is it and how do we achieve it? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Large carnivore management in Norway. Lessons relevant for Latvia. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Barstad, Stine & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Forskere mener Stortingets ulvemål er lovstridig og "åpenbart absurd". [Internet]. Aftenposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Christensen, Anders & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Forsker ber folk skremme vekk ulv. [Journal]. Nationen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Authen, Ina & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Så ulv flere steder - Ekspert på rovdyr - En myte at ulv foretrekker villmarken. [Journal]. Smaalenenes Avis. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Trana, Ole Kristian & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Frykter ikke ulven. [Journal]. Østlandets Blad. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ringheim, Gunnar & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Trodde du det var mye ulv i Norge? [Journal]. Dagbladet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Forskere i strupen på Stortingets ulvemål. [Internet]. Nationen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Forskere i strupen på Stortingets ulvemål. [Internet]. Nettavisen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Ulv observert flere steder i Spydeberg. Ekspert: - En myte at ulv foretrekker villmarken. [Internet]. Indre Akershus Blad Pluss. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Liten frykt for ulv i Follo. [Internet]. Nordstrands Blad Pluss. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Forskarar i strupen på ulvemålet til Stortinget. [Internet]. Avisa Møre. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Bruland, Roger Sevrin (2017). Søv under open himmel for å verje sauen mot ulv. [Internet]. NRK. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Forskere i strupen på Stortingets ulvemål. [Internet]. Gudbrandsdølen Dagningen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Forskarar i strupen på ulvemålet til Stortinget. [Internet]. Hordaland. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Liten frykt for ulv i Follo. [Internet]. Østlandets Blad Pluss. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Et nytt liv for utmarksforskning: fra lokal relevans til en global modell for bærekraft? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Human - wildlife coexistence: A new TOPPFORSK project. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Human - wildlife coexistence: A new TOPPFORSK project. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Hella, Asle (2016). Ulvens skjebneår. [Internet]. NRK.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Results from camera trapping in Shwessethaw Wildlife Sanctuary 2014 - 2016. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Coexistence With Wildlife. What does it look like and how do we achieve it? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Human impacts on Shwessethaw Wildlife Sanctuary, its Wildlife and habitats. Death by a thousand cuts? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). How many Eld's deer live in Shwessethaw Wildlife Sanctuary? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Eld's deer status and Conservation: global status and actions for Myanmar. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Shwessetthaw Wildlife Sanctuary. Wildlife Stuides 2014-2016. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Flagstad, Øystein; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus; Mattisson, Jenny & Vang, Silje (2016). Den sørnorske jervebestanden – historikk, genetikk og bestandsutvikling. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Refugee fences fragment wildlife. Nature. ISSN 0028-0836. 529(7585), s. 156–156. doi: 10.1038/529156a. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Multiple dimensions of human - large carnivore conflicts. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Increasing border security fences are a lethal problem for wildlife. ScienceNordic.com. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Europas murar hotar vilda djur. [Journal]. Aftonbladet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nicolson, Adam & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). The wolf at the door. [Journal]. 1843 Magazine. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Soniak, Matt (2016). Trump’s Wall? Also Terrible for Animals, Conservation, and Scientific Collaboration. [Internet]. Slate. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Drivers of change relevant for biodiversity in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Opheim, Aagot (2016). Får toppforskningspenger til å studere store, ville dyr. [Journal]. Adresseavisen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Criado, Miguel Angel (2016). Vallas contra inmigrantes que atrapan a los animales. [Journal]. El Pais. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Stokmo, Jan Arne (2016). Dyr hekter seg fast i grensegjerder. [Internet]. Forskning.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Christensen, Arnfinn & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Ikke så enkelt å gjenskape vill natur. [Internet]. Forskning.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). The changing face of large carnivore conservation in Europe. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). The hunt for two elusive goals - coexistence and excellence. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Root, Tik & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Border walls are bad for wildlife. [Journal]. The Washington Post. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Phillips, Ari (2016). The rapid spread of border fences is making it harder for animals to survive. [Internet]. Fusion.net. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Ruiz, Irene Banos (2016). Buildout of immigration fences in Europe endangers wildlife. [Internet]. Deutsche Welle . Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Borling, Jonatan (2016). Gränsstängsel nya hot mot de stora rovdjuren. [Journal]. Våra rovdjur. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Flagstad, Øystein; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Genetisk viktige ulver og forskning. s. 6–7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Flagstad, Øystein; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Naturlig innvandring av ulv. s. 18–18. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Flagstad, Øystein; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Ulveinnvandring fra øst – hva sier forskningen? s. 23–23. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Krange, Olve (2016). Naturforskere - rovdyrenes spredningsevne gir opphav til myter. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Flagstad, Øystein (2016). Rovdyrenes spredningsevne gir opphave til myter. Forskning.no. ISSN 1891-635X. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Krange, Olve (2016). Debatten rundt rovdyrene i Norge består i økende grad av løgner og propaganda. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mills, James A.; Teplitsky, Céline; Arroyo, Beatriz; Charmantier, Anne; Becker, Peter H. & Birkhead, Tim R. [Vis alle 62 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Solutions for Archiving Data in Long-Term Studies: A Reply to Whitlock et al. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. ISSN 0169-5347. 31(2), s. 85–87. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.12.004. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tristan, Ahtone & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Can there be a good reason to kill two-thirds of your wolves? Norway thinks so. [Internet]. Fusion.net. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2016). Evaluering av regional rovviltforvaltning. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Root, Tik & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Border walls are bad for wildlife. [Internet]. Independent. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus & O'Donnell, Jim (2016). Aimed at Refugees, Fences Are Threatening European Wildlife. [Internet]. Yale Environment 360. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John; Mattisson, Jenny & Støen, Ole-Gunnar (2016). Nasjonalparker vil ikke redde rovdyrene i Norge. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Carpentier, Cecile Agnes Edith; Linnell, John Durrus; Heurich, Marco Dietmar & Gimenez, Olivier (2026). Modelling prey dynamics in multi-predator systems: European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) persistence under predation by Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and hunting in northern landscapes. Universitet i Innlandet / University of Inland Norway. ISSN 9788283806342. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  With the return of large carnivores to human-dominated landscapes, both humans and wild prey must adapt to this new environment, which brings increased predation pressure on prey and new conflicts between humans and carnivores. For wild ungulates, the combined effects of predation and human harvest can increase their vulnerability to population declines or even local extinction. This dissertation explores the drivers of roe deer persistence in a multi-predator Scandinavian system using complementary modelling approaches. The first two chapters investigate the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on roe deer populations, using two modelling approaches. Chapter I focuses on the cumulative effects of predation, hunting, and stochastic climatic events, while also exploring, in a relatively general and theoretical framework, the role of immigration and landscape refuges on roe deer population persistence using a matrix population model. This chapter emphasises the importance of additive mortality sources and highlights the existence of underlying mechanisms that enable the deer population to persist. Chapter II focuses in more detail on how spatial heterogeneity in mortality risk at the individual level influences population dynamics using a spatial individual-based model, highlighting the importance of refuges, movement, and spatial variation in risk in a multi-predator context. The final two chapters investigate the role of human harvest in predator-prey systems. Chapter III discusses the relevance of a century-old principle for modern wildlife management, particularly in mitigating human-carnivore conflicts. Chapter IV evaluates different harvest strategies in the lynx-roe deer system using a coupled predator-prey matrix model. The results show that even relatively simple heuristic strategies that adaptively harvest both predator and prey to changing population densities improve the stability and persistence of both populations compared to non-adaptive approaches. Combining complementary modelling approaches, this dissertation provides key insights into the mechanisms underlying predator-prey dynamics and highlights the importance of integrating predation, harvest, and spatial processes for the sustainable management of wildlife in human-dominated landscapes.

• Vangen, Knut Morten; Krange, Olve; Mattisson, Jenny; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Tveraa, Torkild & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Faggrunnlag for utredning av bestandsmål for gaupe og jerv. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242655226. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Vangen, K.M., Krange, O., Mattisson, J., Thorsen, N.H., Tveraa, T., Linnell, J.D. & Odden, J. 2025. Faggrunnlag for utredning av bestandsmål for gaupe og jerv. NINA Rapport 2693. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/5329360 Denne rapporten gir et faglig grunnlag for å vurdere endringer i de regionale bestandsmålene for gaupe og jerv i rovviltregion 6, 7 og 8. Bakgrunnen er et politisk ønske om å redusere belastningen på reindriften, samtidig som Norge skal oppfylle sine nasjonale og internasjonale forpliktelser om å sikre levedyktige bestander av store rovdyr. Dagens nasjonale bestandsmål, 65 årlige familiegrupper av gaupe og 39 ynglinger av jerv, ble fastsatt av Stortinget i 2004 og har ligget fast siden. Rapportens mandat er å vurdere tre mulige alternativer: en generell reduksjon av de nasjonale bestandsmålene, en omfordeling av de eksisterende målene for å redusere artenes relative forekomst i de nordlige regionene, eller å beholde dagens situasjon uendret. Genetisk og demografisk levedyktighet til bestandene av gaupe og jerv i Skandinavia avhenger av størrelsen på samlet bestand og fungerende genflyt mellom Norge og Sverige og videre østover mot Finland og Russland. Begge arter viser lave nivåer av genetisk variasjon i Skandinavia, og kontakt med den finsk russiske bestanden anses som avgjørende for å opprettholde langsiktig levedyktighet. Norge er forpliktet gjennom Bernkonvensjonen og naturmangfoldloven til å sikre at forvaltningen ikke svekker denne langsiktige bevaringen av artene. Reindriften foregår på nær halvparten av Fastlands Norge, og i store deler av region 6, 7 og 8 overlapper tamreinens sesongbeiter med leveområdene for gaupe og jerv. Tap til rovvilt er betydelige og utgjør en belastning for næringen. Samtidig viser forskning og analyser fra Reinbase.no at tapene i stor grad påvirkes av tetthet, kondisjon og klimatiske forhold i reinflokkene, faktorer som ofte forklarer mer av variasjonen i tap enn antall rovdyr i området. Beregnede tap per familiegruppe av gaupe og yngling av jerv varierer betydelig avhengig av tilgang på rein vinterstid, kalvevekter og alternative byttedyr, og usikkerheten er stor. Dette innebærer at effekten av å redusere rovviltbestandene vil variere og ofte være begrenset. Region 7 og 8 har gjennomgående hatt større utfordringer med å nå bestandsmålene for gaupe, og de nordligste regionene krever store arealer for å opprettholde et gitt antall familiegrupper sammenlignet med rådyrrike områder lenger sør. Arealanalysene i rapporten viser at rovviltregionene i Sør Norge har kapasitet til å romme flere ynglinger av både gaupe og jerv enn dagens mål tilsier. Vi anbefaler ikke en reduksjon av de nasjonale bestandsmålene. Dette vil svekke sikkerhetsmarginene for langsiktig levedyktighet i allerede genetisk sårbare skandinaviske rovviltbestander, og kunne komme i konflikt med Bernkonvensjonen og naturmangfoldloven. En reduksjon i norske bestandsmål vil også gjøre det vanskeligere for Sverige å oppfylle sine forpliktelser under EUs habitatdirektiv, og vi er avhengige av et tett samarbeid med Sverige. Vi mener at det kan være aktuelt å vurdere alternative løsninger med omfordeling av bestandsmål mellom rovviltregioner, forutsatt at de nasjonale bestandsmålene for gaupe og jerv opprettholdes uendret. En slik omfordeling endrer ikke totalbestanden og anses å være i tråd med både biologiske hensyn og internasjonale forpliktelser. Som et forslag har vi diskutert å redusere bestandsmålet med to familiegrupper av gaupe og to ynglinger av jerv i region 8 og å fjerne kravet om fire familiegrupper og tre ynglinger i Finnmark. I tillegg har vi vurdert en reduksjon på to familiegrupper av gaupe og to ynglinger av jerv i region 7. Vurderingene bygger blant annet på at region 7 i dag benytter en relativt stor andel av tilgjengelig areal for å oppnå dagens mål for gaupe, mens region 8 har en stor andel tamrein på beite. Det er viktig at en reduksjon i bestandsmål ikke kommer i konflikt med behovet for å sikre tilstrekkelig genflyt på tvers av landegrensene. Vi vurderer at en bestand på åtte familiegrupper av gaupe og åtte ynglinger av jerv både i region 7 og 8 vil kunne sikre konnektivitet mot bestandene i øst. Vi foreslår at bestandsmålet for gaupe økes tilsvarende med fire familiegrupper i region 1, 2, 3 og eller 4. Regionene har mye tilgjengelig areal. Dette er produktive regioner der gaupene i stor grad kan leve av rådyr og hjort. Samtlige regioner i Sør Norge har nok areal til å øke bestandsmålene for jerv, men vi foreslår at bestandsmålet økes med fire ynglinger i region 4 og eller 5. Disse regionene har store skogsområder tilgjengelig for jerv nesten uten frittgående beitedyr eller andre konflikter. Vi foreslår ikke å endre bestandsmålet i rovviltregion 6. Regionen har betydelige tilgjengelige arealer, inkludert store områder uten samisk tamreindrift. Regionen har dermed gode muligheter til å omfordele familiegrupper og ynglinger internt for å redusere belastning på reindriften, for eksempel til områder lenger sør og vest der gaupa i stor grad kan basere seg på rådyr og hjort. Til slutt anbefaler vi økt grenseoverskridende forvaltningssamarbeid med Sverige og Finland, videreutvikling av genetisk overvåking, samt prosesser som integrerer både vitenskapelig kunnskap og reindriftas erfaringsbaserte kunnskap. Dette er nødvendig for å sikre en bærekraftig og kunnskapsbasert forvaltning av gaupe og jerv i hele den fennoskandiske utbredelsen av de to artene.

• Linnell, John Durrus & Boitani, Luigi (2025). Developing methodology for setting Favourable Reference Values for large carnivores in Europe. Report to the European Comission under contract N° 09.0201/2023/907799/SER/ENV.D.3 “Support for Coexistence with Large Carnivores. Task B.3 – Assessment of large carnivores’ conservation status”. IUCN/SSC Large Carnivore initiative for Europe(LCIE)/ Istituto di Ecologia Applicata. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  needed to assess Favourable Conservation Status (FCS), for the specific context of large carnivores (brown bear, Eurasian lynx, wolf, wolverine, golden jackal) in Europe. The work builds on the Guidelines for Population Level Management of Large Carnivores in Europe report that was published in 2008, but takes into account new developments in conservation science, new case law, experience with their implementation, and the rapid development of the conservation status of large carnivores. The need for these guidelines is underlined by the fact that until now relatively few member states have set quantitative values for their FRVs, and there is a massive degree in variation in the scientific basis for those that have. The need for specific guidance on large carnivores stems from both their specific ecology, with wide ranging movements and transboundary populations, and from their complex and often conflictful relationship with humans. In the report we explore the conceptual basis for setting FRVs. This involves trying to align best-practice and current scientific concepts with the legal / administrative language of the Habitat Directives and associated guidance documents. In recent years conservation science has made important developments in multiple relevant areas, including a shift away from the science of avoiding extinction to a science of planning for species recovery and long term persistence. This involves a focus on building representation of ecological conditions and building resiliency to changing environments, at least in part by ensuring redundancy. It also involves a greater focus on the long term genetics of populations in addition to shorter term demographic aspects. It is also important to recognise that conservation science has made important steps in mapping and understanding the diverse

• Odden, John; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Mattisson, Jenny; Rivrud, Inger Maren; Tvete, Karl Ove & Støen, Ole-Gunnar [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Scandlynx. Statusrapport 2023-2024. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242653970. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Forskningsprosjektet Scandlynx studerte gauper fra midten av 1990-tallet fram til 2016 med ulike typer VHF- eller GPS-sendere. Etter en pause på noen år fikk vi i 2023 midler gjennom Miljødirektoratets system for finansiering av løpende FoU-aktivitet knyttet til forvaltningens kunnskapsbehov på rovviltfeltet. Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra de første to årene med basisfinansiering. I tillegg har prosjektet mottatt støtte fra Statsforvalteren i Innlandet samt Statsforvalteren i Østfold, Buskerud, Oslo og Akershus. I Norge reguleres gaupebestanden gjennom årlig kvotejakt, med mål om å holde den stabil innenfor fastsatte bestandsmål i de ulike forvaltningsregionene. Likevel har bestanden i enkelte regioner ikke økt som forventet uten kvotejakt. En bærekraftig forvaltning av gaupe krever økt forståelse av de mekanismene som styrer bestandsutviklingen. En mulig forklaring er hvordan landskapsendringer påvirker gaupas spredning og rekolonisering. Siden 2023 har prosjektet derfor hatt som mål å kartlegge landskapets permeabilitet – altså hvor tilgjengelig det er for gaupe – og identifisere mulige spredningskorridorer i områder med høy infrastruktur. I tillegg har vi studert gaupas predasjonsmønstre, overlevelse og reproduksjon. Data fra GPS-merkede hunngauper med unger vil også bidra til å evaluere overvåkingssystemet. For å undersøke disse forholdene har vi utstyrt 19 gauper med GPS-sendere i Sørøst-Norge siden 2023. Fire voksne hunngauper i fylkene rundt Oslo har beveget seg over arealer fra 183 km² til 248 km² i løpet av studieperioden (beregnet med 100 % MCP). Hanngaupene har hatt større områder, fra 458 km² til 1145 km². Så langt har vi fulgt fire familiegrupper gjennom hele eller deler av registreringssesongen, og samtlige har blitt fanget opp av overvåkingssystemet. Vi har gjennomført ni intensivperioder på åtte hanngauper i totalt 132 døgn der senderne har tatt en posisjon hvert tjuende minutt i hele perioden. Vi har gjennomført byttedyrundersøkelser og kontrollert alle klustre i disse periodene, og funnet 39 byttedyr drept av gaupene. Utenom intensivperiodene har gaupene tatt en posisjon annenhver time. Vi har sett etter byttedyr utenom de intensive periodene, og det har blitt lagt ned en betydelig innsats av lokale samarbeidspartnere og NINA personell. Totalt har vi besøkt 924 kluster og fulgt gaupene ekstensivt gjennom 1873 gaupedager. I disse periodene har vi registrert 417 byttedyr. Rådyr var det klart mest drepte byttedyret, men gaupene har også drept hjort, sau og småvilt.

• Kaczensky, Petra; Ranc, Nathan; Hatlauf, Jennifer; Payne, John C.; Acosta-Pankov, I. & Álvares, F. [Vis alle 56 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Large carnivore distribution maps and population updates 2017 – 2022/23. Report to the European Comission under contract N° 09.0201/2023/907799/SER/ENV.D.3 “Support for Coexistence with Large Carnivores”, “B.4 Update of the distribution maps”. IEA. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Large carnivores have made a remarkable comeback in Europe during the last half century, and recovery is still ongoing in large parts of the continent (Andrén 2018; Boitani 2018; Boitani et al. 2022; Chapron et al. 2014; Huber 2018; Ranc 2018; von Arx 2020). While this expansion can be celebrated as a huge conservation success, it also creates considerable challenges for coexistence in the multi-use landscapes of Europe (Linnell 2013). Having a common understanding of the distribution, size and trends of large carnivore populations in Europe is one prerequisite for a knowledge-based dialogue in the often heated and highly politicized discussions about future scenarios of large carnivore conservation and management in Europe. Because of the scale at which large carnivores utilize the landscape it is essential to conduct periodic continental scale assessments of their status transcending sub-national and national borders. Assessments at this scale require harmonising diverse datasets that arise from different jurisdictions using different monitoring approaches. This document provides the best available overview of brown bear (Ursus arctos), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), wolf (Canis lupus), golden jackal (Canis aureus), and wolverine (Gulo gulo) distributions and population sizes at a continental scale. The data in this report is based on over 200 national experts who are co-authoring the report

• Linnell, John Durrus & Immerzeel, Bart (2023). The potential for large carnivore-based wildlife tourism in Norway: a critical review. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242649607. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  wildlife, large carnivore, bear, wolf, lynx, wolverine, tourism, conflict

• Odden, John; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Tvete, Karl Ove; Bahlk, Sunniva Helene & Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Intensiv overvåking av gaupe med kamerafeller på Nordmøre 2022. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242651013. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Gaupe, Lynx lynx, overvåking, kamerafeller, viltkamera. Møre- og Romsdal, Trøndelag

• Kavčič, Irena; Álvares, Francisco; Boitani, Luigi; Borgna, Irene; Iliopoulos, Yorgos & Krofel, Miha [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Non-consumptive use of wolves in tourism: guidelines for responsible practices [Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe IUCN/SSC Specialist Group] Specialist Group. University of Ljubljana. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In many early European cultures, humans shared an overall positive view of the wolf (Boitani, 1995; Boitani and Ciucci, 2009). But this changed with the anthropocentric view of nature brought about by Christianity as well as with the process of domestication and the advent of extensive animal husbandry (Boitani, 1995). Wolves were then strongly persecuted, leading to their extirpation in almost all their former range across the continent. In the last few decades, however, wolves have returned to many parts of Europe from which they had been absent for centuries. Their recovery impacts a range of human activities and interests and is accompanied by a variety of social conflicts and diverging points of view on how wolves should be managed (Boitani and Linnell, 2015; Linnell and Cretois, 2018). Conflicts and the negative economic impacts of wolf damage to livestock are the most pressing problems for wolf management today. Public debate and academic research on wolf–human relations tend to focus on these issues (Rode et al., 2021). The ecological roles of wolves in ecosystem structure and functioning are increasingly recognized (Hebbelwhite et al., 2005; Kuijper et al., 2013). However, although predator-prey interactions are highly contextdependent, most studies on this topic have been undertaken in large, natural landscapes. In most of Europe, human actions attenuate the ecological effects of large carnivores (Kuijper et al., 2016). Nevertheless, new values and the potential social benefits of human–wolf coexistence are underappreciated. Wolves are an important generator of culture, ethnography and tradition (Álvares et al., 2011) and their presence brings educational and research benefits, income from regional and product marketing, as well as socio-economic benefits from wildlife tourism (Rode et al., 2021). Different forms of tourism associated with wolves, such as wolf watching, photographing, or observing signs of their presence have already been practiced for a couple of decades in North America (Wilson and Heberlein, 1996) and to a lesser extent in Europe (Koščová and Koščová, 2016; Bavo and Villar Lama, 2020; Notaro and Grilli, 2021). Although tourism can increase the value of the species locally, such activities can also have negative impacts on wolves and their habitat, especially with the growing demand for wildlife tourism (Curtin and Kragh, 2014). The following guidelines were prepared by members of the LIFE WOLFALPS EU project group and the Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe expert group of the IUCN/SSC to set specific recommendations for responsible non-consumptive use of wolves in tourism which has as little impact on wolves as possible. The aim of these guidelines is to promote tourism activities that go beyond direct sightings of wildlife by focusing on wolf presence and wolf-related cultural heritage, creating economic opportunities for local communities in areas with wolves and consequently leading to increased tolerance towards this species.

• Boitani, Luigi; Kaczensky, Petra; Álvares, Francisco; Andren, Henrik; Balys, Vaidas & Blanco, Juan Carlos [Vis alle 42 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Assessment of the conservation status of the wolf (Canis lupus) in Europe. Standing Commitee of the Bern Convention. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Odden, John; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Tvete, Karl Ove; Røragen, Sondre; Bahlk, Sunniva Helene & Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Intensiv overvåking av gaupe med kamerafeller på Nordmøre 2021. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242649287. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  NINA fikk i 2021 i oppdrag fra Statsforvalterne og Rovviltnemnda i rovviltregion 6 å teste ut en intensiv overvåking av gaupe med hjelp av kamerafeller i kommunene Surnadal, Heim, Tingvoll og Sunndal. Målsettingen var å identifisere antall familiegrupper og totalt antall gauper i området basert på bilder fra kamerafeller gjennom et utstrakt samarbeid med lokale hjelpere og svært intensiv datainnsamling. Prosjektet ble gjennomført i et område på 1 500 km2 i perioden juli 2021 til desember 2021. Studieområdet ble delt inn i et rutenett på 5x5 km med en observasjonspost med to viltkamera innenfor hver rute. Til sammen ble det satt opp 120 kamerafeller på 60 lokaliteter ved hjelp av lokale krefter. Gjenkjenning av individer på bilder fra kamerafeller er en metode som er lite benyttet i Skandinavia. Vi fikk derfor hjelp fra to erfarne forskere fra Sveits og Østerrike som har lang erfaring med metoden. Det ble registrert gaupe på kamerafellene 86 ganger på totalt 31 av de 60 lokalitetene. Ti av de 86 observasjonene ble vurdert som ikke identifiserbare. Dette var bilder av gauper i bevegelse og/eller i mørket der flekkmønsteret ikke kom tydelig fram. Fra de 76 observasjonene som ble identifisert, kom identifiseringen fram til at det var 14 voksne gauper og fem unger. Vi beregnet tetthet av voksne gauper til å være 4,7 gauper per 1000 km2. Denne tettheten er noe høyere enn det vi har sett i andre studieområder tidligere i Skandinavia. Vi registrerte tre familiegrupper på kamerafellene. Alle tre familiegruppene ville blitt registrert av det ordinære overvåkingssystemet. Gruppering av antall familiegrupper ved hjelp av flekkmønster ga det samme resultat som en gruppering ved hjelp av avstandskriteriene. Dette studiet, og flere tidligere studier, viser at dagens overvåking av familiegrupper ser ut til å fungere godt. Avstandskriteriene som benyttes av Rovdata til å beregne antall familiegrupper av gaupe er basert på hvor langt radiomerkede hunngauper forlytter seg. Det finnes ikke data på forflytning hos hunngauper i fra kystområdene på Nordmøre og Trøndelag. Det kan derfor være av interesse å få merket hunngauper med GPS-sender også i dette området i framtiden. Identifisering av gauper basert på flekkmønster er tid- og ressurskrevende, dette gjør metoden lite egnet over store arealer i Skandinavia. Det kan være nyttig å utføre intensive studier med identifisering i områder der det er stor konflikt rundt antall familiegrupper av gaupe. Vi har ikke funnet studier som har validert identifisering av gauper basert på flekkmønster. Vi anbefaler derfor at metoden valideres, og at data og resultater fra studier som baserer seg på individgjenkjenning av flekkmønster tolkes med omhu før feilmarginer ved metoden undersøkes.

• Cretois, Benjamin; Rød, Jan Ketil; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland & Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Transforming the use of citizen science data for biodiversity conservation at different scales. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet. ISSN 9788232655281. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Obtaining large amount of data on species’ characteristics such as their distribution, abundance or movement patterns is not only important for scientists to better understand species’ ecology but it is also fundamentally important for policymakers and environmental managers because it provides a knowledge platform to ensure successful biodiversity conservation. Citizen science (i.e. the involvement of volunteers who collect and/or process data as part of a scientific inquiry) data has recently gained attention among researchers as it can help researchers tackle research questions that otherwise could not be addressed without the involvement of large numbers of professional data collectors. Nevertheless, because volunteer recorders are highly motivated to encounter interesting wildlife the spatial and temporal patterns of records are not random or systematic and hence very different from the kind of rigorous random sampling protocol that scientists are used to work with. The aim of this thesis is to understand the citizen science observation generation process and then assess the performance of citizen science observations to infer ecological properties at different ecological scales. This thesis consists of five articles. The first study takes the example of hunters as a special case of citizen scientists and assesses their importance for biodiversity monitoring. In articles 2 and 3 I compile distribution maps of large mammals in Europe using citizen science data in tandem with other source of data to study species’ ecology at a macro scales (distribution). Finally, articles 4 and 5 show that if potential biases are accounted for using appropriate statistical methods, citizen science observations can give a good approximation of species’ ecology at micro scales (habitat patches). From this thesis two main conclusions emerge. Firstly, to transform how citizen science is used it is critical to understand the data generation process underlying the creation of the geo-localised citizen science observations in order to fully grasp the extent of the potential biases in citizen science data. Then citizen science data can be used at multiple scales if biases are accounted for using proper methodology. It is important to realize that the methodologies used to account for biases in citizen science data have to be scaled to the research question and to the data available as results could lead to misleading conclusions about the species’ ecology. Overall, the future of citizen science remains very bright and this thesis contributes to further understanding and making better use of it.

• Linnell, John Durrus; Kovtun, Ekaterina & Rouart, Ive (2021). Wolf attacks on humans: an update for 2002–2020. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242647214. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Linnell, J. D. C., Kovtun, E. & Rouart, I. 2021. Wolf attacks on humans: an update for 2002–2020. NINA Report 1944. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. The degree to which wolves pose a threat to human safety has been a central part of the public controversy surrounding wolf recovery in Europe for the last three decades. This report seeks to update our knowledge for the period 2002 to 2020. We searched the peer-reviewed literature, technical reports, online news media sources and contacted regional experts to gather as much information as possible. Our coverage for Europe and North America is likely to be high, but for the rest of Eurasia we have at best found a good sample of events, especially for the period after 2015. We identified relatively reliable cases involving 491 human victims. Of these 67 were victims of predatory attacks (9 fatal), 382 were victims of rabid attacks (14 fatal), and 42 were victims of provoked / defensive attacks (3 fatal). Attacks were found in Canada, USA, Croatia, Poland, Italy, Iran, Iraq, Israel, India, Kirgizstan, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Russia, Mongolia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan and Saudi Arabia. In addition, we found an almost equal number of cases that we could not include because of poor documentation as well as cases that we could clearly reject based on evidence, for example where the attack was actually caused by dogs. The distribution of attacks by rabid wolves closely follows the distribution of rabies cases in humans and other wildlife species. As such this represents a very low risk for Europe due to the near eradication of rabies. The predatory attacks had move diverse etiology. Some clusters, such as those from western Iran, appeared to be linked to landscapes with low wild prey density, high density of humans living in poor socio-economic conditions, and where livestock were the main prey of wolves. A single case appeared to be due to an injured wolf in poor health. A range of other cases though were associated with situations where wolves had been demonstrating fearless behaviour and had been utilising anthropogenic food sources over time before the attacks. Such cases represent a close parallel to the risk factors that are known from other large canids like coyotes in North America and dingoes in Australia. Finally, a single and well-documented fatal attack from Alaska involved a group of healthy wolves in an area with no previous history of fearless wolves or feeding. There is an urgent need to learn more about the behaviour of “bold” or “fearless” wolves and understand at what point a harmless degree of habituation to humans (which is necessary to live in human-dominated landscapes) can lead to potentially dangerous behaviour. There is also a need to develop clear management procedures to both prevent dangerous situations from developing (i.e. feeding) and to react to such situations when they appear. Finally, there is a need for increased communication and awareness raising in this area, both to the public and to medical, veterinary and wildlife management institutions. As our understanding of wolf attacks increases there appears to be a high degree of convergence with the much better understood risks associated with bears, which allows for a more consistent multi-species communication strategy. While being aware of the potential risks associated with wolves it is also crucial to place this into context. In Europe and North America we only found evidence for 11 attacks, of which 2 (both in North America) were fatal, across a period of 18 years. Considering that there are close to 60.000 wolves in North America and 15.000 in Europe, all sharing space with hundreds of millions of people it is apparent that the risks associated with a wolf attack are above zero, but far too low to calculate.

• Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John & Kindberg, Jonas (2021). Første bekreftede observasjon av gullsjakal i Norge. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242647597. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  I februar 2021 dukket det opp en serie bilder fra i Lakselv, Finnmark som var tatt i 2019 og 2020. Disse bildene viste det som potensielt var en gullsjakal. Bildene ble sendt ut til seks internasjonale eksperter for å bekrefte den foreløpige identifikasjonen av arten. Alle de internasjonale ekspertene var enige om at bildene viste en gullsjakal. Dette er den første bekreftede observasjonen av arten i Norge. Denne rapporten gir en kort oppsummering av ekspansjonen av sjakal over hele Europa. Nylige observasjoner fra Østersjøregionen og Finland indikerer at individet mest sannsynlig har kommet til Norge som et resultat av den pågående naturlige spredningen av arter. Gullsjakal, Golden jackal, Canis aureus

• Olsen, Siri Lie; Bartlett, Jesamine; Davey, Marie Louise; Fossøy, Frode; Linnell, John Durrus & Nordén, Jenni [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Kartlegging og overvåking av biologisk mangfold med ny teknologi: miljø-DNA og kamerafeller. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242647412. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Norge har forpliktet seg til å stanse tap av biologisk mangfold. Å ivareta det biologiske mangfoldet krever imidlertid kunnskap om hvor artene befinner seg. For mange arter har vi god kunnskap om utbredelse og bestandsstørrelse, mens for andre arter er dette dårlig kjent. Det gjelder blant annet arter som lever skjult i jord og død ved, og mobile arter med lav tetthet. De siste tiårene har ny teknologi som bruk av miljø-DNA og kamerafeller, åpnet for påvisning av «skjult» biologisk mangfold, samt kostnadseffektiv kartlegging av andre artsgrupper. For å kunne utnytte ny teknologi i kartlegging og overvåking av biologisk mangfold, er det imidlertid nødvendig å identifisere de beste og mest kostnadseffektive metodene. Vi har derfor testet ut ulike metoder for bruk av ny teknologi i kartlegging av terrestrisk biologisk mangfold i Norge. Dette omfatter registrering av artsmangfold i jord og død ved hjelp av miljø-DNA og artsmangfold og fenologi hos pattedyr ved hjelp av kamerafeller. Våre resultater viser at analyser av miljø-DNA fra relativt enkle jord- og vedprøver kan være et nyttig verktøy for kartlegging og overvåking av biologisk mangfold. Vi bekrefter egnetheten til genetiske markører for planter, sopp og leddormer i jord, samt sopp i død ved. For disse artsgruppene fant vi at metoden fanger opp viktige forskjeller i artssamfunnet mellom natur- og substrattyper uavhengig av prøvetakings- og ekstraksjonsmetode. Sannsynligheten for deteksjon av arter var også relativt lik for ulike metoder. Vi kan derfor anbefale bruk av de enkleste og mest kostnadseffektive metodene. Resultatene for planter var sammenlignbare med tradisjonell kartlegging i regi av ANO. Foreløpige tester av markører for spretthaler, rundormer, edderkoppdyr, insekter og vertebrater resulterte i relativt få arter. Våre funn viser at dersom formålet er å overvåke artsrikdom eller artssammensetning på generelt nivå, er miljø-DNA en egnet metode. Dersom målet isteden er å registrere alle arter, og særlig rødlistearter, er trolig en kombinasjon av tradisjonell kartlegging og bruk av miljø-DNA det beste. Vårt arbeid med bruk av kamerafeller til kartlegging og overvåking av store og mellomstore pattedyr viser at dette kan benyttes til overvåking av antall og tetthet av dyr, utbredelse av både stedegne og fremmede arter, sammensetning av pattedyrsamfunn, noen sykdommer og fenologi, for eksempel vintersøvn hos grevling, pelsskifte hos hare og gevirsyklus hos rådyr. Bildedata fra kamerafeller har med andre ord en rekke bruksområder, også utover registrering av forekomst. Bruk av miljø-DNA fanget ikke opp pattedyrarter som ble påvist ved hjelp av kamerafeller. Denne rapporten bidrar med kunnskap om hvordan ny teknologi kan inngå i overvåkingen av biologisk mangfold i norsk natur. Videre arbeid med bruk av miljø-DNA bør omfatte valg av riktig sekvensdybde, videre uttesting av genetiske markører og alternative metoder for innsamling av miljø-DNA. Videre arbeid med kamerafeller bør omfatte utvikling av ulike bestandsindekser og uttesting av modifiserte kamerafeller til overvåking av smågnagere. En kombinasjon av en rekke metoder, både nye og tradisjonelle, vil være nødvendig for en helhetlig overvåking av biologisk mangfold av ulike artsgrupper.

• Eriksen, Ane; Willebrand, Maria Hörnell; Zimmermann, Barbara; Wikenros, Camilla; Åkesson, Mikael & Backer, Inge Lorange [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Assessment of the Norwegian part of the Scandinavian wolf population, phase 1. Høgskolen i Innlandet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kaczensky, Petra; Salemgareyev, Albert R.; Zuther, Steffen; Suttibayev, Mukhit; Adilbekova, Fariza & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Reintroduction of kulan into the central steppe of Kazakhstan: Field Report for 2018-2019. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242645395. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Kaczensky, P., A. R. Salemgareyev, S. Zuther, M. Suttibayev, F. Adilbekova, and J. D. C. Linnell. 2020. Reintroduction of kulan into the central steppe of Kazakhstan: Field Report for 2018-2019. NINA Report 1782. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. (1) 2018, saw the continuation of the monitoring of kulan in the acclimatization enclosure at the Alibi field station by two veterinarian interns and the local staff. (2) In April 2018, the first group of nine translocated kulan were released from the acclimatization enclosure into the Torgai steppe. The animals first moved together, but subsequently split up. Although hormone analysis of faeces suggested that two mares were released pregnant, no newborn foals were seen during ground-checks in summer. December 2018, saw the loss of one collared mare due to poaching. The total area covered by all four collared kulan in 2018 was 55,000 km2. (3) Throughout the summer of 2018, field activities were directed at upgrading the Alibi field station, improving access, and preparing for the arrival of a new group of translocated kulan. In Altyn Emel National Park (NP) the capture infrastructure was upgraded based on last years’ experience. (4) A lot of preparation went into the planning and organization of the logistics for the new transport approach using a combination of an AN-12 transport plane and truck transport to and from the airports and the capture and release sites. (5) In October 2018, the team failed to chase any kulan into the capture corral in Altyn Emel NP, due to the unfortunate combination of a scarcity of kulan around the capture corral due to poor pasture availability and technical / logistical problems. (6) Outreach activities were organized on the Torgai steppe with the Kulanmobil in September and November 2018. In total, 1168 pupils and 629 adults from 20 different schools and/or villages participated in the activities games, plays) and/or attended presentations around steppe ecology and kulan conservation, and received kulan information material (the kulan comic from 2017, poster, booklet). (7) 2019 saw the continued monitoring of the translocated, free-ranging kulan on the Torgai steppe. The remaining two collared kulan kept moving separately, one alone and the other with an uncollared kulan (likely one of the foals from the 2017 transport). Ground-checks in summer again did not document newborn foals and we have no records of the other uncollared kulan. December 2019, saw the loss of a second collared mare due to poaching. The total area covered by the two collared kulan in 2019 was 69,000 km2. (8) In 2019, the overall focus of the translocation shifted from the capture of kulan in Altyn Emel NP, to capture in Baraa Kelmes State Nature Reserve (SNR). The latter is closer to Alibi field station (450 km straight line distance as compared to 1,200 km to Altyn Emel NP) and allows for a truck-only transport, rather than necessitating the logistically very challenging combined airplane and truck approach that was planned for 2018. The new workplan was the result of the pevious years’ experience and the original plan of aiming for kulan from Barsa Kelmes in the third year. Genetic analysis showed that Barsa Kelmes kulan were very similar to those in Altyn Emel NP and had a similar to slightly higher genetic diversity. (9) Field activities were concentrated on understanding the kulan situation in Barsa Kelmes SNR, with three preparatory trips in February, April, and July to initiate and clarify cooperation, GPS-collar three kulan to get a first understanding of their movements, and to plan the capture infrastructure necessary for the anticipated capture and transport of up to 30 kulan in fall. In July, a feed-in capture corral on Kaskakulan was built at one of the three artesian springs. (10) In August 2019 we held a two-day Animal Capture & Handling workshop for staff of the Okhozootprom Reintroduction Center and Almaty zoo staff in Almaty. The course was conducted by the core capture team and two international veterinarians. Furthermore, construction of the chase-in corral at Barsa Kelmes SNR was initiated. (11) In September/October 2019 the team successfully transported 2 kulan from Barsa Kelmes SNR to the acclimatization enclosure at the Alibi field station on the Torgai steppe. In addition, the team collared three more kulan in Barsa Kelmes SNR, initiated the first camera trapping survey at the three artesian springs on Kaskakulan and conducted a pilot drone survey. Although the number of translocated animals was well below the number originally hoped for, the team gained important experience on kulan capture at Barsa Kelmes and of truck-only transportation which will be the basis for future planning. (12) In November, the Kulanmobil supported by 17 rangers from Barsa Kelmes SNR organize kulan events in the Aral region. Meetings were held in four villages and five schools and reached more than 300 children and 22 teachers. Updated information material included a new kulan comic (kulan comic 2019).

• Kaczensky, Petra; Rustamov, E.; Karryeva, S.; Iankov, P.; Hudaykuliev, N. & Saparmyadov, J. [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Rapid assessments of wildlife in Turkmenistan 2018. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242634467. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Although Turkmenistan supports many wildlife species there is very little up-to-date and acces-sible information on its status. Since 2014 we have been conducting a series of expeditions to protected areas throughout the country. The primary objective has been to clarify the status of Turkmen kulan (Equus hemionus), however, we have also had a secondary focus on other large mammals, especially the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus) and its potential prey species, urial (Ovis orientalis), goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa), markhor (Capra falconeri), bezoar (Capra aegagrus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa). In addition, several expeditions have been ac-companied by ornithologists and herpetologists availing of the platform to obtain up-to-date rec-ords of these species. Finally, the expeditions have been used to assist networking and experi-ence exchange between the staff of the different protected areas.

• Odden, John; Krange, Olve; Sivertsen, Therese Ramberg; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Figari, Helene & Frank, Jens [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Ulveangrep på hunder i Skandinavia. En tverrfaglig utredning. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242633071. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  I denne tverrfaglige rapporten belyser vi faktorer som kan bidra til å forklare angrep på hund fra ulv i Skandinavia. Vi ser også på hundeeieres oppfatninger om ulv og vilje til å gjøre tilpasninger i hundebruk i områder med ulv. Data på registrerte angrep på hund fra ulv i Skandinavia ble hentet fra Rovbase. Fra 1995 til 2018 (før mai 2018) ble det registrert 617 ulveangrep på hund i Skandinavia, hvorav 400 angrep endte med at hunden ble drept. For perioden 1998–2017 tilsvarer dette i gjennomsnitt 30,6 ang-rep på hund årlig totalt for Skandinavia og 6,8 i Norge. De fleste tilfeller hvor ulv angriper hunder skjer i perioden september til desember, og hunder benyttet til elgjakt og harejakt er mest utsatt (83%). Analysene viser at de fleste angrep skjer i tilknytning til ulverevir. Vi fant ingen effekt av «elgjegertetthet», målt som antall elgjegerdager pr. areal i kommunen, på antall angrep pr. ulve-revir pr. sesong. Det finnes ikke eksakte tall på antall jakthunder sluppet i ulike ulverevir, og «elgjegertetthet» gir kun en indikasjon på tetthet av spisshunder, men ikke støvere og drevere som er mer knyttet til harejegere. Det var en tendens til at sannsynligheten for at minst en hund blir drept innenfor et gitt ulverevir var høyere i Norge enn i Sverige. Generelt er risikoen for ulveangrep på hunder lav, men noen revir i noen sesonger hadde flere registrerte angrep på hunder. To av tre revir i en gitt sesong («revirsesong») hadde ingen registrerte angrep, mens kun 4% av revirsesongene hadde tre eller flere angrep. Dette kan skyldes atferdsforskjeller der enkelte individer og flokker har en sterkere tilbøyelighet til å angripe hunder enn andre. Analysene av romlige og temporale mønstre i ulveangrepene viser samme mønster med kun fem identifiserte signifikante geografisk avgrensede klustre (tidsperiode < 1 år) i Skandinavia de siste tjue årene. Vi kan her ikke utelukke at dette skyldes andre faktorer vi ikke har kontroll over. Et mønster der noen flokker er overrepresentert i antall angrep på hunder bekreftes av studier i Finland og USA. Den samfunnsvitenskapelige delen av rapporten er basert på to typer data, en bredt anlagt holdningsundersøkelse basert på spørreskjemaer og en kvalitativ intervjuundersøkelse om folks er-faringer med ulv. Dataene er samlet inn i samarbeid med prosjektet «Holdningsundersøkelse til ulv og kunnskap om menneskers opplevelse av ulv». Ipsos gjennomførte på vegne av NINA intervju av personer i alderen 15 år og eldre til deltagelse i en postalundersøkelse. De kvalitative dataene er hovedsakelig samlet inn gjennom fokusgrupper, men det er også gjennomført noen individuelle intervjuer. NØKKELORD : Skandinavia, Norge, Sverige, ulv, Canis lupus, utredning, hund, ulveangrep, hundeeieres holdninger, endring av praksis og endringsvilje KEY WORDS : Norway, Sweden, wolf, Canis lupus, domestic dog, interaction, conflicts, dog owners’ attitudes, willingness to practise change

• Odden, John; Mattisson, Jenny; Linnell, John Durrus; Langeland, Knut; Stien, Audun & Tveraa, Torkild (2018). Rovdyr og rein i Midt-Norge. Sluttrapport. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242631053. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Midt-Norge har lenge hatt konflikter rundt rovdyr og beitedyr. Regionen har målsetting om bestander av både gaupe, bjørn, jerv og kongeørn. Samtidig er reindrift en viktig del av utmarksnæringa i store deler av regionen. Siden begynnelsen av nittitallet har det vært en jevn nedgang i slakteuttaket av tamrein i Nord-Trøndelag. Økende rovviltbestander har blitt framsatt som en mulig årsak til denne nedgangen. Dette prosjektet ble igangsatt med bakgrunn i disse rapportene og har hatt som formål å belyse hvor store tap spesielt gaupe og jerv, men også kongeørn står for i reindriften i Nord-Trøndelag, og samtidig undersøke hvilke andre forhold som påvirker tap av rein. Prosjektet har vært todelt. Den ene delen har fokusert på studier av rovvilt og gaupe og jerv er radiomerket for å samle informasjon om leveområder så vel som diett og drapstakter gjennom å følge radiomerkede individer intensivt. Den andre delen har fokusert på studier av reindriften og har basert seg på bruk av offentlige statistikker over reindriften i kombinasjon med offentlige statistikker over rovdyr og klimadata. Samtidig har det vært samlet inn detaljerte data på vektutvikling, drektighet, kalvetilgang og tap gjennom individ- og radiomerking av rein fra sørgruppen i Fosen reinbeitedistrikt. Denne kombinasjonen av grovere data fra offentlige statistikker og detaljerte data fra individmerket rein, gaupe og jerv har gjort oss i stand til både å se på storskala mønster, men også detaljer knyttet til produksjon og tap i reindriften i Nord-Trøndelag. Av de historiske dataene over reintall, slaktevekter og slakteuttak ser vi at økningen i reintallet førte til en reduksjon i slaktevektene og deretter også i slakteuttaket i Nord-Trøndelag. Vi ser også at slakteuttak og slaktevektene påvirkes negativt av ugunstige beiteforhold om våren. En vedvarende nedgang i primærproduksjonen etter tusenårsskiftet bidro negativt til både slaktevekter og slakteuttak. Vi fant også at hverken gaupe- eller jervebestandene hadde noen negativ effekt på kalvevektene. Ugunstig klima er vist å ha negative effekter på andelen simler med kalv ved merking, kondisjon og bestandsutvikling i en rekke studier av rein. Å sikre en reindrift som er best rustet for å takle både dagens og framtidens klima vil derfor utvilsomt være av stor betydning for lønnsomheten i næringen. Ved å sammenligne vekter, vektutvikling og kalvetilgang fra Fosen med Ravdol siida i Finnmark og Røros/Gåebrien sitje i Sør-Trøndelag så vi at reinen på Fosen var relativt mer lik reinen i Finnmark enn i Sør-Trøndelag. Vi så også at kalvetilgangen i Fosen stort sett var lik den vi fant i Finnmark og på Røros om vi tok hensyn til vektene på simlene. Unntaket var 2015 hvor Fosen hadde lavest kalvetilgang. Radiomerkingen av rein på Fosen utført i 2014 og 2015 dokumenterte at påfallende mange voksne dyr ble tatt av kongeørn og at tapene primært skjedde gjennom sommeren og tidlig om høsten når mattilgangen for rein generelt er ansett som god. Utvalgsstørrelsen var liten og det er usikkerhet knyttet til disse resultatene, men tapene til kongeørn synes noe høyere på Fosen sammenliknet med andre studieområder. NØKKELORD : Nord-Trøndelag, Rangifer tarandus, jerv, Gulo gulo, gaupe, Lynx lynx, kongegørn, Aquila chrysaetos, rovdyr-husdyr-konflikter, KEY WORDS : reindeer, wolverine, Lynx Golden eagle, human carnivore conflicts

• Kaczensky, Petra; Linnell, John Durrus; Zuther, Steffen; Salemgareyev, Albert R. & Doldi, Ruslan (2018). Reintroduction of kulan into the central steppe of Kazakhstan: Field Report for 2017. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242631909. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This report summarises field activity during 2017 for the project “Reintroduction of kulan to the central steppes of Kazakhstan”. (1) In June 2017 the project team visited both the capture site in Altyn Emel National Park and the release site on the Torgai steppe. The objective was to make final preparations for the planned capture and transport of kulan in the autumn. The main activities included planning the location of the capture corral, checking the helicopter and design of transport boxes, and making final adjustments to the acclimatisation enclosures. In addition, meetings were held with the local protected area staff and the central responsible committee in Astana. (2) A series of interviews were conducted with local residents in the release site to get some insights into their attitudes towards kulan and their reintroduction. These indicated that people were generally positive or neutral to the proposed activities, but identified several areas where it will be necessary to focus our communication. These results were then used to fine-tune an education and outreach campaign primarily aimed at local school children and residents. (3) A rapid assessment was conducted of kulan status in Barsa Kelmes nature reserve on the former Aral Sea, which also included the collection of faecal samples for genetical analysis. This area represents a potential source of animals for future translocations as well as being important to consider within the context of a national kulan conservation plan. (4) In October 2017 the project team successfully captured 47 kulan in the capture corral in Altyn Emel. Of these, 12 were immobilised and boxed for transport. Two adult mares were released back into Altyn Emel because of adverse stress reactions. Both animals survived and are con-tributing valuable data on the ecology of the source population. Out of the 10 that were trans-ported, 1 foal had to be euthanised on arrival. The other 9, 1 stallion, 4 foals and 4 mares, were released into the largest acclimatisation enclosure and are currently doing well, pending their release in spring 2018. The experience from 2017 has demonstrated that all steps of the process, capture, transport and release into the enclosures work well, and has identified many areas where improvements can be made to procedures for the 2018 transport which will try to transport 16-18 animals. KEY WORDS : Asiatic wild ass, kulan, Equus hemionus, reintroduction, Kazakhstan, NØKKELORD : asiatisk villesel, kulan, Equus hemionus, gjeninnføring, Kasakhstan

• Odden, John; Rauset, Geir Rune; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Støen, Ole-Gunnar; Berget, Dag Arne & Lien, Ole Mattis [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Studier av atferd hos ulv ved hjelp av viltkamera og nærhetsteknologi – en pilotstudie. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242631954. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Debatten har gått høylytt i media om ulver som observeres nære folk og bebyggelse. Man diskuterer om disse ulvene har mistet sin naturlige skyhet, og om dette representerer en fare for oss mennesker. Ønsker man objektive kriterier for hva som er «avvikende» atferd i møte med mennesker så krever dette detaljert kunnskap om ulvens atferd i relasjon til menneskelig infrastruktur og menneskers bruk av veier og utmark. Målet med dette pilotstudie har vært å evaluere ulike metoders egnethet for å studere ulvers atferd overfor mennesker. Studien har vært finansiert av Miljødirektoratet. Statens naturoppsyn merket i januar og februar 2017 seks ulver i Slettåsreviret med GPShalsbånd som hadde nærhetssensorer. Ulvene i Slettåsreviret ble utpekt for merking da lokalbefolkningen oppfattet at disse ulvene har hatt en spesielt nærgående adferd overfor mennesker. Teknologien fungerer slik at når ulvenes GPS-halsbånd får inn signaler fra utplasserte UHFsendere så starter halsbåndet posisjonering hvert minutt. Vi får dermed et «GPS-spor» som viser ulvens bevegelser nær bosetninger. Arbeidet i felt ble gjennomført av Trysil fellesforening for jakt og fiske (TFJF) som satte ut sendere innenfor Slettåsreviret der man lokalt mente ulvene har vært mest nærgående. Nærhetssensor-teknologien vil kunne fungere som et supplement til den tradisjonelle innsamlingen av GPS-data med timesoppløsning som er gjennomført i mange år. GPS-spor med minuttoppløsning gjør det mulig å tolke atferden til merkede ulver i møte med menneskelig bebyggelse. Det er en del tekniske utfordringer som bør løses knyttet til sending av GPS-posisjoner via mobilnettet og mulige forskjeller mellom halsbåndene med hensyn på deteksjon av UHFnærhetssenderne. Før et større studie settes i gang bør det testes effekt av ulik utplassering av nærhetssendere (høyde over bakken, effekt av topografi og vegetasjon), samt ulikheter mellom individuelle GPS-halsbånd i forkant av merking. Vi fikk inn 288 GPS-spor fra fem av ulvene i perioden 15.2.2017 til 28.03.2017. Vi registrerte de fem ulvene nærmere enn 100 meter fra bebodde hus 65 ganger i perioden, 35 ganger nærmere enn 50 meter og 25 ganger nærmere hus enn 25 meter. De fleste tilfellene (80%) der ulvene var mindre enn 50 meter fra hus skjedde i mørket, dvs. om natten før eller etter skumring. Ser vi i detalj på GPS-sporene så ser vi at de ofte fulgte brøytede veier og oppkjørte skiløyper før de kom nære hus. I møte med bebodde hus må ulvene veie frykten for menneske opp mot det å spare energi ved å følge den enkleste ruten i terrenget. Disse ulvene valgte i denne perioden ofte å ta den minst energikrevende veien forbi hus i stedet for å gå en omvei rundt. Siden det mangler kontrolldata fra andre flokker og steder vil en eventuell tolkning av om atferden til ulvene i Slettåsreviret avviker fra normalen ligge fram i tid. Dette avhenger av at studien gjentas i flere områder til ulike deler av året. NØKKELORD : Norge, Hedmark, Oslo, Akershus, Østfold, ulv, Canis lupus, atferd, nærhetssendere, viltkamera KEY WORDS : Norway, Hedmark, Oslo, Akershus, Østfold, wolf, Canis lupus, behaviour, proximity collars, camera traps

• Linnell, John Durrus & Cretois, Benjamin (2018). Research for AGRI Committee - The revival of wolves and other large predators and its impact on farmers and their livelihood in rural regions of Europe. Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, European Parliamenet, Brussels. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kaczensky, Petra; Doldin, Ruslan; Enke, Dag; Linnell, John Durrus; Lukanovsky, Oleg & Salemgareyev, Albert R. [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Feasibility study for kulan (Equus hemionus kulan) reintroduction into the central steppe of Kazakhstan. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 9788242630858. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Asiatic wild ass, or kulan (Equus hemionous), were once a key species in the assemblage of large herbivores (along with saiga antelope, several gazelle species and wild horses) that ranged the Eurasian steppes, stretching from the eastern shores of the Mediterranean to Mongolia. Overhunting and habitat conversion has since decimated their populations and nowadays they can only be found on less than 3% of their historic global distribution range. While it is still possible to see large herds of kulan in the Gobi desert of Mongolia, the species only persist in tiny fragments in the rest of Central Asia. The end of the USSR resulted in dramatic socio-economic changes in the region. While some of these changes have been negative for species conservation, e.g. through the breakdown of management structures that prevented overhunting, others have created new opportunities for landscape-level biodiversity conservation and species recovery. In Kazakhstan, large parts of the central steppe – an area equal to the size of France – became almost devoid of people and livestock. This situation has created the rare opportunity for land-scape-level biodiversity conservation and species recovery in a steppe ecosystem. In 2005, the Altyn Dala Conservation Initiative (ADCI), a large-scale joint initiative of the Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan (ACBK), the Committee of Forestry and Wildlife of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and international partners was initiated. The ADCI aims to conserve and recover nationally and internationally important flagship species and their habitats in the steppe and semi desert zones of Kazakhstan. This project links into the ADCI vison and aims to 1) Re-establish kulan as part of the historic large herbivore assemblage on the Torgai steppe, 2) Double the range of kulan in Central Asia, 3) Significantly increase the global population, 4) Provide a catalyst for kulan and Przewalski’s horse conservation actions across the region. This feasibility study focusses on the first fully funded three-year pilot phase, which is meant to establish a solid basis for the future conserva-tion and management of kulan on the central steppe of Kazakhstan. The project involves a co-operation between several international partners (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Nuremberg Zoo, Frankfurt Zoological Society) and a Kazakh NGO (Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan). In October 2017 & 2018, we will capture a total of 32-36 kulan in Altyn Emel National Park in south-eastern Kazakhstan and airlift them to the Torgai steppe using a large transport helicopter. There, kulan will be initially held in two large acclimatization enclosures (“soft release”) to famil-iarize them with the new environment and suppress excessive dispersal. The release site is strategically located in a network of protected areas and ecological corridors covering 40,000 km². All adult kulan will be released with GPS-Iridium collars to allow post-release monitoring. Post-release monitoring will be integrated in ongoing monitoring and patrolling routines by protected area and state rangers. KEY WORDS : Asiatic wild ass, Kulan, Equus hemionus, reintroduction, Kazakhstan NØKKELORD : Asiatisk villesel, Kulan, Equus hemionus, gjeninnføring, Kasakhstan

• Linnell, John Durrus; Flagstad, Øystein; Odden, John; Vang, Silje & Mattisson, Jenny (2016). Samordning av forvaltning av jerv i Sør-Norge - en kunnskapsoversikt. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242629067. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Linnell, J. D. C., Flagstad, Ø., Odden, J., Vang, S. & Mattisson, J. (2016) Samordning av forvaltning av jerv i Sør-Norge - en kunnskapsoversikt. - NINA Rapport 1255. 63 s. Rovviltnemnda i region 3 (Oppland) fikk i 2015 i oppdrag fra Klima- og miljødepartementet å koordinere arbeidet med en samordning av forvaltningen av den sørnorske jervestammen. I denne rapporten gir vi bakgrunnsinformasjon om økologi, bestandsstatus og genetikk hos jerv i Sør-Norge etter oppdrag fra nemnda. Rapporten identifiserer også elementer man bør ta hensyn til i den videre planleggingsprosessen. Jerv i Sør-Norge har vært gjenstand for flere ulike økologiske studier og en omfattende overvåkingsaktivitet siden 1980-tallet. Årlige registreringer av aktive hilokaliteter har vært det viktigste overvåkingsverktøyet i hele perioden, og metoden har vært standardisert siden midten av 1990- tallet. Dette arbeidet har blitt supplert med innsamling av genetiske prøver siden 2000. Bestandsestimatene samsvarer godt når de to overvåkingsmetodene sammenlignes, men i de første årene med hitellinger kan antall registrerte ynglinger være noe for lavt. Siden den første reproduksjonen i nyere tid ble registrert i Dovrefjell i 1979 har antall årlige ynglinger økt til en rekord på 28 verifiserte ynglinger i Sør-Norge i 2015. I løpet av denne perioden er totalt 380 ynglinger verifisert. Utbredelsen av reproduserende tisper har spredt seg østover i løpet av perioden. Den sørnorske bestanden henger nå sammen med den større bestanden i Midt- og Nord-Skandinavia. Antallet jerv som er skutt årlig under lisensjakt og gjennom skadefellinger har økt betydelig siden jakten ble gjenåpnet i 1998, og i 2015 ble det felt 70 jerver. Til sammen er 489 jerver skutt i Sør- Norge mellom 1998 og 2015. Av disse er 238 skutt under den årlige lisensjakten, og 251 er felt gjennom skadefellinger. Tilgjengelig kunnskap om demografien i jervebestanden viser at en økning i høstingsrate fra 10 % til 20 % sannsynligvis vil endre en positiv vekstrate i bestanden til en negativ. Høstingsratene i den sørvestlige delen av jervebestanden (vest for Østerdalen) har de siste årene vært på et nivå som kan forklare de siste års nedgang i individuell overlevelse. Til tross for at et stort antall jerver har blitt skutt hvert år har bestanden holdt seg over de regionale bestandsmålene. Det har vært uttrykt bekymring over den genetiske statusen til den sørnorske bestanden siden tilbakekomsten. En ny analyse av dataene indikerer at det har vært tilstrekkelig genflyt fra øst (koblet til de svenske og nordlige skandinaviske bestandene) mot vest til at innavl er unngått. Dette har også ført til en reduksjon i genetisk differensiering i den vestlige delen av bestanden. Det er derimot fortsatt noen genotyper (to mikroalleler) som hovedsakelig finnes i den vestlige delen av den sørnorske jervebestanden. Det er bare noen få individer som har disse genotypene øst for Østerdalen. Forvaltningen har benyttet ulike former for geografisk differensiert forvaltning siden 1990-tallet. Dagens ordning med en regional forvaltning styrt av regionale politiske nemnder ble innført etter 2003. Nemndene har benyttet lisensjakt og skadefelling til å regulere bestandsstørrelsen og forme utbredelsen til jerv. Nemndene har lykkes i å la den lille bestanden i de vestlige områdene utvide seg slik at den nå er tilknyttet hovedbestanden i Skandinavia. Forvaltningen har også lykkes i målsettingen om å hindre utbredelsen av jerv til de vestlige og sørvestlige fylkene i Norge. Det har imidlertid vært store svingninger i antall ynglinger mellom år innenfor de ulike forvaltningsregionene. Utfordringen skyldes blant annet at de individuelle sonene er for små i utstrekning til å kunne omfavne de store leveområdene til jervene. Det er videre vanskelig å forvalte små bestander da tilfeldige hendelser i bestanden kan ha uforholdsmessig store effekter på antall jerv. Denne planlagte samordningen av jerveprioriterte områder og fordelingen av bestandsmål vil kunne bedre forutsigbarheten i effektene av ulike forvaltningsgrep. En mulig ordning kan være at de aktuelle nemndene samarbeider om å håndtere en felles sørnorsk jervesone med et felles bestandsmål på tilsvarende måte som ulven i dag forvaltes i samarbeid mellom to rovviltnemnder. For å unngå tap av sau til jerv er det viktig at saueholdet i jerveprioriterte områder tilpasses til jervens tilstedeværelse. Inntil nå har det ikke vært tilstrekkelig koordinering mellom viltforvaltning og landbruksmyndigheter til å få til nødvendige tilpasninger. En relativt kompakt sone av lignende størrelse som dagens, men med mer sirkulær utforming vil kunne begrense antall husdyrprodusenter som blir påvirket av jerv. Dette vil gjøre det enklere å investere i nødvendige strukturelle endringer i saueholdet. Disse endringene er kompatible med, og kan til og med forbedre, evnen til å opprettholde det beitebetingede biologiske mangfoldet. En større jervesone, med målsetting om det samme antall ynglinger, vil spre jervens påvirkning på husdyr ut over et større område. Dette vil redusere presset på enkelte husdyrprodusenter, men vil føre til redusert forutsigbarhet og gjøre det vanskeligere å målrette investeringer i nødvendige strukturelle endringer i husdyrproduksjonen som hindrer tap til jerv. En jervesone øst for Østerdalen vil øke levedyktigheten til de sørnorske jervene på grunn av tilknytning til en større sammenhengende bestand i sentrale og nordlige Skandinavia, og vil tillate jerv å leve i områder prioritert for ulv og bjørn og som har langt mindre konfliktpotensial med husdyr. Jervesoner vest for Østerdalen vil sikre bevaring av to sjeldne genotyper som ikke finnes andre steder i Skandinavia, og vil tillate jerven å leve i alpine nasjonalparker hvor deres tilstedeværelse både er av stor symbolsk betydning, og et sentralt element nødvendig for at parkene skal oppfylle sine bevaringsmål om komplette økosystem.

• Linnell, John Durrus; Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter; Bredin, Yennie Katarina & Gjershaug, Jan Ove (2016). Biodiversity assessment of the Fagaras Mountains, Romania. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 9788242628763. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This report aims to summarise the existing knowledge concerning the biodiversity of the Fagaras Mountains, in the southern Carpathians of Romania. It is intended to provide a basis for an assessment of the ecosystem services that are being provided, and that could be provided, by the area. The Fagaras Mountains consist of an uninterrupted 70-80 km long ridge that reaches to over 2500 m in altitude, with many side ridges branching off, creating a highly variable topography. As well as containing Romanian's highest mountain, it also contains the largest area of continuous alpine zone habitat in Romania. The slopes are covered with spruce forests at higher altitudes and mixed deciduous forests at lower altitudes. At lower altitudes land-use gives way extensive low-intensity agriculture at the forest-farmland interface, and then more intensive agriculture where soils permit. Most of the mountain range is protected within two Natura 2000 sites that combine to an area of 2436 km2, and these adjoin several other Natura 2000 sites, and other Romanian protected areas. Our biodiversity assessment consisted of collecting existing data from published and unpublished sources. Over 72% of the area is forested, with the rest consisting of alpine grasslands (25%) and rock, scree and bogs. Some patches of virgin forest have been identified along the northern slopes of the mountain range, and many areas have not been surveyed. The biodiversity of the Fagaras Mountains has not been as well studied as in many of the neighbouring regions, however, it was still possible to build up a good preliminary species of species diversity for some species groups, including mammals (57 species), birds (130 species), amphibians (17 species), reptiles (13 species), fish (12 species), freshwater crayfish (2 species), butterflies and moths (563 species), beetles (125 species), dragonflies (15 species), spiders (40 species), water-bugs (22 species), water-mites (28 species), lichens (144 species) and plants (895 species). For other species groups such as fungi (19 species), snails (6 species) and crickets (2 species) there is clearly a lot more registration to do before these species lists will become complete. Of these species, a total of 107 are of EU community interest, being listed on either the Habitats Directive or the Birds Directive. Many of the species are also on the national Romanian red list. In terms of its size, species diversity, and ecological integrity the Fagaras Mountains are clearly an area with a very high biodiversity value. The majority of the records we found come from only two areas that have been comparatively well studied (Sinca Noua and the Upper Dambovita river basin). As a result, further studies of new areas andother species groups are clearly going to lead to an increase in the areas known diversity. Biodiversity assessment, Fargaras Mountains, Romania, Muntii Fagaras, Piemontul Fagaras, biomangfold

• Linnell, John Durrus & Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter (2016). An ecosystem services analysis of the Fagaras Mountains, Romania. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 9788242628985. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This report builds on previous studies which have focused on biodiversity and the socioeconomic context of the Fagaras mountains in Romania. The aim is to integrate the findings of these studies into an ecosystem services framework to help provide a holistic assessment of the costs, benefits and trade-offs associated with different development paths in the region. We categorised a diversity of provisioning, regulatory, and cultural ecosystem services that are currently being exploited, along with a range of services that have the potential to be exploited. Considerable trade-offs exist, with the choice to exploit some services leading to a severe reduction in the ability of the ecosystem to deliver on other services. To illustrate this we developed three scenarios called (1) Intensive use of provisioning resources, (2) Sustainable and extensive multi-use, and (3) Wilderness. Scenario 1 was largely incompatible with the other 2 scenarios, and with the Natura 2000 status of the site. In contrast, scenarios 2 and 3 showed a great deal of scope for integration given sufficient large-scale spatial planning and the introduction of best practice guidelines on all activities. A combination of scenarios 2 and 3 may in fact be necessary to deliver on the broad goals of these Natura 2000 sites, The possibility for turning these scenarios into viable community development pathways is discussed, and many social and institutional challenges have been identified. Ecosystem services, natural capital, geoheritage, cultural heritage, Romania, Fagaras Mountains, Muntii Fagaras, Piemontul Fagaras, økosystemtjeneste

• Krange, Olve; Odden, John; Skogen, Ketil; Linnell, John Durrus; Stokland, Håkon B. & Vang, Silje [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Evaluering av regional rovviltforvaltning. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242629258. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Dagens forvaltning av rovviltartene er hovedsakelig basert på St.meld. nr. 15 (2003-2004) Rovvilt i norsk natur, Stortingets behandling av denne (Innst. S. nr. 174 (2003-2004) og rovviltforliket av 2011 (Representantforslag 163 S (2010-2011)). Stortingets rovdyrforlik av 2011, sier i punkt 2.1.9 følgende: «Forlikspartene er enige om at den regionale forvaltningen og de regionale bestandsmålene av rovvilt skal evalueres innen fem år». NINA fikk i oppdrag fra Miljødirektoratet å evaluere regional rovviltforvaltning og de regionale bestandsmålene i Norge med hensyn på måloppnåelse i gjeldene rovviltpolitikk. Evalueringen av rovviltforvaltning tar utgangspunkt rammene om den todelte målsettingen om at vi skal ha rovvilt og beitedyr i Norge. Evalueringen består av en naturvitenskapelig og en samfunnsvitenskapelig del. Evaluering, rovviltnemnder, rovviltforvaltning, konflikt, region, sone, bestandsmål, store rovdyr, ulv, gaupe, bjørn, jerv Evaluation, regional management, large carnivores, conflict, zoning, wolf, bear, lynx, wolverine, population goals

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