John Linnell

• Mayhew, Darwin Steuart-Menzies; Hearn, Andrew J.; Devineau, Olivier; Linnell, John Durrus & Macdonald, David W. (2024). Loss of Sunda clouded leopards and forest integrity drive potential impacts of mesopredator release on vulnerable avifauna. Heliyon. ISSN 2405-8440. 10. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32801.
• Cano-Martínez, Rocío; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Devineau, Olivier [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Bottom-up rather than top-down mechanisms determine mesocarnivore interactions in Norway. Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. 14(3). doi: 10.1002/ece3.11064. Full text in Research Archive
• Dawson, Stuart; Dawson, Courtenay; Kennedy, Malcolm S.; Kreplins, Tracey L.; Linnell, John Durrus & Fleming, Patricia A. (2023). Knowledge and values drive acceptability of lethal control of kangaroos among the Australian public. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 289. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110416. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Wildlife management actions are increasingly contingent on acceptance by the broader public. Consequently, understanding factors that influence acceptability of different management options is important. In Australia, kangaroos (native large herbivores, Macropus spp., Osphranter spp.) are managed using lethal control for a range of context-specific reasons. We surveyed 1293 members of the Australian public to test whether acceptability of lethal control of kangaroos depends on the reason for the control, values towards wildlife (assessed using the Wildlife Values Orientation questionnaire), and knowledge about kangaroos. We also tested whether acceptability could be shifted by providing relevant information. Lethal control of kangaroos for biocentric reasons (i. e., agricultural protection, biodiversity conservation, animal welfare) was more acceptable than lethal control of kangaroos for anthropocentric reasons (i.e., human consumption, human safety). Acceptability was greater among survey respondents high on the domination orientation (i.e., valuing wildlife for human benefits), and lower among those high on the mutualism orientation (i.e., valuing wildlife for its own intrinsic value). Acceptability was also positively associated with knowledge of kangaroo ecology and management. Provision of information did not impact acceptability of lethal control for any reason except for human use, which, while not significant, showed promise that acceptability of lethal control for this reason could be influential to the public. Additionally, while the acceptability of lethal control varied widely among the Australian population, there was little evidence of polarisation, suggesting that large sectors of the public may be amenable to different perspectives.Wildlife management actions are increasingly contingent on acceptance by the broader public. Consequently, understanding factors that influence acceptability of different management options is important. In Australia, kangaroos (native large herbivores, Macropus spp., Osphranter spp.) are managed using lethal control for a range of context-specific reasons. We surveyed 1293 members of the Australian public to test whether acceptability of lethal control of kangaroos depends on the reason for the control, values towards wildlife (assessed using the Wildlife Values Orientation questionnaire), and knowledge about kangaroos. We also tested whether acceptability could be shifted by providing relevant information. Lethal control of kangaroos for biocentric reasons (i. e., agricultural protection, biodiversity conservation, animal welfare) was more acceptable than lethal control of kangaroos for anthropocentric reasons (i.e., human consumption, human safety). Acceptability was greater among survey respondents high on the domination orientation (i.e., valuing wildlife for human benefits), and lower among those high on the mutualism orientation (i.e., valuing wildlife for its own intrinsic value). Acceptability was also positively associated with knowledge of kangaroo ecology and management. Provision of information did not impact acceptability of lethal control for any reason except for human use, which, while not significant, showed promise that acceptability of lethal control for this reason could be influential to the public. Additionally, while the acceptability of lethal control varied widely among the Australian population, there was little evidence of polarisation, suggesting that large sectors of the public may be amenable to different perspectives. Wildlife values orientation Population control Wildlife management Mutualism Domination Acceptability Macropod Harvest

• Bubnicki, Jakub W.; Norton, Ben; Baskauf, Steven J.; Bruce, Tom; Cagnacci, Francesca & Casaer, Jim [Show all 36 contributors for this article] (2023). Camtrap DP: an open standard for the FAIR exchange and archiving of camera trap data. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation. ISSN 2056-3485. doi: 10.1002/rse2.374. Full text in Research Archive
• Hoare, Richard; Linnell, John Durrus & Athreya, Vidya (2023). Animal capture and translocation. In Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Ed.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. p. 160–165. doi: doi.org/10.2305/YGIK2927. Show summary

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Oeser, Julian; Heurich, Marco Dietmar; Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie A.; Mattisson, Jenny; Krofel, Miha & Krojerová-Prokešová, Jarmila [Show all 40 contributors for this article] (2023). Integrating animal tracking datasets at a continental scale for mapping Eurasian lynx habitat. Diversity and Distributions: A Journal of Conservation Biogeography. ISSN 1366-9516. 29(12), p. 1546–1560. doi: 10.1111/ddi.13784. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim: The increasing availability of animal tracking datasets collected across many sites provides new opportunities to move beyond local assessments to enable detailed and consistent habitat mapping at biogeographical scales. However, integrating wildlife datasets across large areas and study sites is challenging, as species' varying responses to different environmental contexts must be reconciled. Here, we compare approaches for large-area habitat mapping and assess available habitat for a recolonizing large carnivore, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). Location: Europe. Methods: We use a continental-scale animal tracking database (450 individuals from 14 study sites) to systematically assess modelling approaches, comparing (1) global strategies that pool all data for training versus building local, site-specific models and combining them, (2) different approaches for incorporating regional variation in habitat selection and (3) different modelling algorithms, testing nonlinear mixed effects models as well as machine-learning algorithms. Results: Testing models on training sites and simulating model transfers, global and local modelling strategies achieved overall similar predictive performance. Model performance was the highest using flexible machine-learning algorithms and when incorporating variation in habitat selection as a function of environmental variation. Our best-performing model used a weighted combination of local, site-specific habitat models. Our habitat maps identified large areas of suitable, but currently unoccupied lynx habitat, with many of the most suitable unoccupied areas located in regions that could foster connectivity between currently isolated populations. Main Conclusions: We demonstrate that global and local modelling strategies can achieve robust habitat models at the continental scale and that considering regional variation in habitat selection improves broad-scale habitat mapping. More generally, we highlight the promise of large wildlife tracking databases for large-area habitat mapping. Our maps provide the first high-resolution, yet continental assessment of lynx habitat across Europe, providing a consistent basis for conservation planning for restoring the species within its former range. animal tracking, Eurasian lynx, habitat suitability, large carnivore, large-area mapping, Lynx lynx

• Tallian, Aimee Grace; Mattisson, Jenny; Samelius, Gustaf; Odden, John; Mishra, Charudutt & Linnell, John Durrus [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Wild versus domestic prey: Variation in the kill-site behavior of two large felids. Global Ecology and Conservation. ISSN 2351-9894. 47. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02650. Full text in Research Archive
• Dickman, Amy; Gonzalez-Maya, Jose; Athreya, Vidya; Linnell, John Durrus; Hedges, Simon & Roe, Dilys [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Economic incentives. In Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Ed.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. p. 196–200. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Show summary

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Roy, Sugoto; Stevens, James ; Dickman, Amy; Pooley, Simon; Hoare, Richard & Hedges, Simon [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Lethal control tools. In Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Ed.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. p. 166–173. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Show summary

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Trouwborst, Arie; Linnell, John Durrus & Sandström, Camilla (2023). Law and human-wildlife conflict. In Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Ed.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. p. 152–155. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Show summary

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Athreya, Vidya; Dhee, anon; Linnell, John Durrus; Nijawan, Sahil & Young, Juliette (2023). Traditional ecological knowledge. In Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Ed.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. p. 94–97. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Show summary

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Pooley, Simon; Hill, Catherine & Linnell, John Durrus (2023). How histories shape interactions. In Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Ed.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. p. 68–73. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Show summary

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Hill, Catherine; Athreya, Vidya; Glikman, Jenny A.; Linnell, John Durrus & Pooley, Simon (2023). Culture and wildlife. In Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Ed.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. p. 62–67. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Show summary

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Linnell, John Durrus; Thondlana, Gladman & Hedges, Simon (2023). Assessing the impacts of conflict. In Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Ed.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. p. 37–40. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Show summary

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Hill, Catherine; Athreya, Vidya; Linnell, John Durrus; McQuinn, Brian; Redpath, Steven & Young, Juliette [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). The role of the conservationist. In Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Ed.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. p. 25–27. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Show summary

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Stokes, Allan William; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Pedersen, Simen (2023). Altitude, latitude and climate zone as determinants of mountain hare (Lepus timidus) coat colour change. Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. 13(10). doi: 10.1002/ece3.10548. Full text in Research Archive
• Allen, Benjamin L.; Bobier, Christopher; Dawson, Stuart; Fleming, Peter J.S.; Hampton, Jordan & Jachowski, David [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2023). Why humans kill animals and why we cannot avoid it. Science of the Total Environment. ISSN 0048-9697. 896. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165283. Full text in Research Archive
• Angoh, Jennifer; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2023). Forestry and environmental conditions as determinants of pine marten Martes martes occurrence in Norway. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. doi: 10.1002/wlb3.01113. Full text in Research Archive
• Tucker, Marlee A.; Schipper, Aafke M.; Adams, Tempe S.F.; Attias, Nina; Avgar, Tal & Babic, Natarscha L. [Show all 82 contributors for this article] (2023). Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns. Science. ISSN 0036-8075. 380(6649), p. 1059–1064. doi: 10.1126/science.abo6499. Full text in Research Archive
• Oeser, Julian; Heurich, Marco Dietmar; Kramer‑Schadt, Stephanie; Andrén, Henrik; Bagrade, Guna & Belotti, Elisa [Show all 37 contributors for this article] (2023). Prerequisites for coexistence: human pressure and refuge habitat availability shape continental‑scale habitat use patterns of a large carnivore. Landscape Ecology. ISSN 0921-2973. 38, p. 1713–1728. doi: 10.1007/s10980-023-01645-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Context Adjustments in habitat use by large carnivores can be a key factor facilitating their coexistence with people in shared landscapes. Landscape composition might be a key factor determining how large carnivores can adapt to occurring alongside humans, yet broad-scale analyses investigating adjustments of habitat use across large gradients of human pressure and landscape composition are lacking. Objectives Here, we investigate adjustments in habitat use by Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in response to varying availability of refuge habitats (i.e., forests and rugged terrain) and human landscape modification.Methods Using a large tracking dataset including 434 individuals from seven populations, we assess functional responses in lynx habitat use across two spatial scales, testing for variation by sex, daytime, and season. Results We found that lynx use refuge habitats more intensively with increasing landscape modification across spatial scales, selecting forests most strongly in otherwise open landscapes and rugged terrain in mountainous regions. Moreover, higher forest availability enabled lynx to place their home ranges in more human-modified landscapes. Human pressure and refuge habitat availability also shaped temporal patterns of lynx habitat use, with lynx increasing refuge habitat use and reducing their use of human-modified areas during periods of high exposure (daytime) or high vulnerability (postnatal period) to human pressure. Conclusions Our findings suggest a remarkable adaptive capacity of lynx towards human pressure and underline the importance of refuge habitats across scales for enabling coexistence between large carnivores and people. More broadly, we highlight that the composition of landscapes determines how large carnivores can adapt to human pressure and thus play an important role shaping large carnivore habitat use and distributions. Animal tracking · Adjustment · Eurasian lynx · Functional response · Habitat availability · Lynx lynx

• Carter, Neil H. & Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Building a resilient coexistence with wildlife in a more crowded world. PNAS Nexus. ISSN 2752-6542. 2(3), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad030. Full text in Research Archive
• De Groeve, Johannes; Van de Weghe, Nico; Ranc, Nathan; Morellet, Nicolas; Bonnot, Nadège C. & Gehr, Benedikt [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2023). Back and forth: day–night alternation between cover types reveals complementary use of habitats in a large herbivore. Landscape Ecology. ISSN 0921-2973. 38, p. 1033–1049. doi: 10.1007/s10980-023-01594-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Context The Complementary Habitat Hypothesis posits that animals access resources for diferent needs by moving between complementary habitats that can be seen as ‘resource composites’. These movements can occur over a range of temporal scales, from diurnal to seasonal, in response to multiple drivers such as access to food, weather constraints, risk avoidance and human disturbance. Within this framework, we hypothesised that large herbivores cope with human-altered landscapes through the alternate use of complementary habitats at both daily and seasonal scales. Objectives We tested the Complementary Habitat Hypothesis in European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) by classifying 3900 habitat-annotated movement trajectories of 154 GPS-monitored individuals across contrasting landscapes. Methods We considered day-night alternation between open food-rich and closed refuge habitats as a measure of complementary habitat use. We frst identifed day–night alternation using the Individual Movement - Sequence Analysis Method, then we modelled the proportion of day–night alternation over the year in relation to population and individual characteristics. Results We found that day-night alternation is a widespread behaviour in roe deer, even across markedly diferent landscapes. Day–night alternation followed seasonal trends in all populations, partly linked to vegetation phenology. Within populations, seasonal patterns of open/closed habitat alternation difered between male and female adults, but not in juveniles. Conclusion Our results support the Complementary Habitat Hypothesis by showing that roe deer adjust their access to the varied resources available in complex landscapes by including diferent habitats within their home range, and sequentially alternating between them in response to seasonal changes and individual life history. Animal trajectories · Habitat use · IM-SAM · Resource composites · Roe deer · Sequential analysis methods · Spatio-temporal patterns · Vegetation green up

• Rosen, Tatjana; Arazmurat, Amanov; Barashkova, Anna; Dieterich, Til; Hojamuradov, Hojamurad & Hudaikuliev, Nurmuhammet [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2022). Protecting the cats of the cold winter deserts in Turkmenistan and western Kazakhstan, Proceedings from the International Cold Winter Desert Conference. Central Asian Desert Initiative 2-3 December 2021, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISSN 978-92-5-136958-6. p. 79–92. Show summary

  The Central Asian grassland, semi-desert and desert ecosystems are incredibly rich in biodiversity because of their location at the interface between different biogeographic areas and different ecological regions. These habitats are still largely continuous and interconnected and are home to wildlife assemblages that rival those of better-known regions like East Africa, with large herds of highly mobile large herbivores, rich communities of rodent herbivores, and many large, medium and small predators including mammals and birds. However, the cold deserts represent a globally unique ecosystem with rather distinctive community assemblages often consisting of both tropical and temperate species. For example, on a broad scale the wild cat community contains up to seven species: namely the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana), caracal (Caracal caracal), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), Pallas cat (Otocolobus manul), Asiatic wild cat (Felis lybica ornata),Jungle cat (Felis chaus), and sand cat (Felis margarita) (Kitchener et a. 2017). Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) was present in the ecoregion but has been extinct for >50 years (persisting today only in Islamic Republic of Iran). Unfortunately, Central Asia is currently an understudied region from the point of view of ecology and biodiversity. This is especially true in the past three decades since the post-Soviet transition. At present there is very little in the way of up-to-date information available on the status and distribution of species that can be used to inform conservation measures, such as better planning of anthropogenic development on the one hand and establishing an effective network of protected areas on the other. This task is becoming increasingly urgent as the whole region is coming under intense anthropogenic pressure from multiple sources (recreational pressures, poaching, mining, hydrocarbon extraction, renewable energy development, border security fencing, water extraction, farming and livestock grazing pressure) in addition to the ever-present specter of climate change. The objective of this communication is to summarise what is known about the status of these iconic wild cat species in Turkmenistan and southwestern Kazakhstan, presenting for the first time the results of camera-trapping and field surveys conducted during the last decade. Based on these preliminary results we present some initial recommendations for conservation actions.

• Oliveira, Teresa; Sanchez, David Carricondo; Mattisson, Jenny; Vogt, Kristina; Corradini, Andrea & Linnell, John Durrus [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). Predicting kill sites of an apex predator from GPS data in different multi-prey systems. Ecological Applications. ISSN 1051-0761. doi: 10.1002/eap.2778. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Kill rates are a central parameter to assess the impact of predation on preyspecies. An accurate estimation of kill rates requires a correct identificationof kill sites, often achieved by field-checking GPS location clusters (GLCs).However, there are potential sources of error included in kill-site identifica-tion, such as failing to detect GLCs that are kill sites, and misclassifying thegenerated GLCs (e.g., kill for nonkill) that were not field checked. Here, weaddress these two sources of error using a large GPS dataset of collared Eur-asian lynx (Lynx lynx), an apex predator of conservation concern in Europe, inthree multiprey systems, with different combinations of wild, semidomestic,and domestic prey. We first used a subsampling approach to investigate howdifferent GPS-fix schedules affected the detection of GLC-indicated kill sites.Then, we evaluated the potential of the random forest algorithm to classifyGLCs as nonkills, small prey kills, and ungulate kills. We show that thenumber of fixes can be reduced from seven to three fixes per night withoutmissing more than 5% of the ungulate kills, in a system composed of wild prey.Reducing the number of fixes per 24 h decreased the probability of detectingGLCs connected with kill sites, particularly those of semidomestic or domesticprey, and small prey. Random forest successfully predicted between 73%–90%of ungulate kills, but failed to classify most small prey in all systems, withsensitivity (true positive rate) lower than 65%. Additionally, removingdomestic prey improved the algorithm’s overall accuracy. We provide a setof recommendations for studies focusing on kill-site detection that can beconsidered for other large carnivore species in addition to the Eurasian lynx.We recommend caution when working in systems including domestic prey,as the odds of underestimating kill rates are higher.domestic prey, Eurasian lynx, GPS location clusters (GLCs), GPS-fix schedule, kill sites,multiprey system, random forest

• Mattisson, Jenny; Linnell, John Durrus; Anders, Ole; Belotti, Elisa; Breitenmoser-Würsten, Christine & Bufka, Ludek [Show all 25 contributors for this article] (2022). Timing and synchrony of birth in Eurasian lynx across Europe. Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. 12(8). doi: 10.1002/ece3.9147. Full text in Research Archive
• Broekman, Maarten J. E.; Hilbers, Jelle P.; Huijbregts, Mark A. J.; Mueller, Thomas; Ali, Abdullah H. & Andrén, Henrik [Show all 88 contributors for this article] (2022). Evaluating expert-based habitat suitability information of terrestrial mammals with GPS-tracking data. Global Ecology and Biogeography. ISSN 1466-822X. 31(8), p. 1526–1541. doi: 10.1111/geb.13523. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim: Macroecological studies that require habitat suitability data for many species often derive this information from expert opinion. However, expert- based informa-tion is inherently subjective and thus prone to errors. The increasing availability of GPS tracking data offers opportunities to evaluate and supplement expert- based in-formation with detailed empirical evidence. Here, we compared expert- based habitat suitability information from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with habitat suitability information derived from GPS-tracking data of 1,498 individu-als from 49 mammal species.Location: Worldwide.Time period: 1998–2021.Major taxa studied: Forty- nine terrestrial mammal species.Methods: Using GPS data, we estimated two measures of habitat suitability for each individual animal: proportional habitat use (proportion of GPS locations within a habi-tat type), and selection ratio (habitat use relative to its availability). For each individual we then evaluated whether the GPS- based habitat suitability measures were in agree-ment with the IUCN data. To that end, we calculated the probability that the ranking of empirical habitat suitability measures was in agreement with IUCN's classification into suitable, marginal and unsuitable habitat types.Results: IUCN habitat suitability data were in accordance with the GPS data (> 95% probability of agreement) for 33 out of 49 species based on proportional habitat use estimates and for 25 out of 49 species based on selection ratios. In addition, 37 and 34 species had a > 50% probability of agreement based on proportional habitat use and selection ratios, respectively.Main conclusions: We show how GPS-tracking data can be used to evaluate IUCN habitat suitability data. Our findings indicate that for the majority of species in-cluded in this study, it is appropriate to use IUCN habitat suitability data in macro-ecological studies. Furthermore, we show that GPS-tracking data can be used to identify and prioritize species and habitat types for re-evaluation of IUCN habitat suitability data expert opinion, GPS, habitat suitability, habitat type, habitat use, IUCN, mammals, movement, selection ratio, telemetry

• Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Bischof, Richard; Mattisson, Jenny; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2022). Smartphone app reveals that lynx avoid human recreationists on local scale, but not home range scale. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08468-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  utdoor recreation is increasing and afects habitat use and selection by wildlife. These efects are challenging to study, especially for elusive species with large spatial requirements, as it is hard to obtain reliable proxies of recreational intensity over extensive areas. Commonly used proxies, such as the density of, or distance to, hiking paths, ignore outdoor recreation occurring on other linear feature types. Here we utilized crowdsourced data from the Strava training app to obtain a large-scale proxy for pedestrian outdoor recreation intensity in southeast Norway. We used the proxy and GPS-tracking data from collared Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) to investigate how recreation afects habitat selection at the home range scale and local scale by lynx during summer. We ftted resource selection functions at the two scales using conditional logistic regression. Our analysis revealed that lynx avoided areas of recreational activity at the local scale, but not at home range scale. Nonetheless, lynx frequently used areas associated with recreation, and to a greater degree at night than during the day. Our results suggest that local-scale avoidance of recreation and temporal adjustments of habitat use by lynx mitigate the need for a home range-scale response towards recreation. Scale-dependent responses and temporal adjustments in habitat use may facilitate coexistence between humans and large carnivores.

• Cusack, Jeremy J.; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Israelsen, Markus Fjellstad; Andrén, Henrik; Grainger, Matthew & Linnell, John Durrus [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Quantifying the checks and balances of collaborative governance systems for adaptive carnivore management. Journal of Applied Ecology. ISSN 0021-8901. 59(4), p. 1038–1049. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.14113. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  1. Recovering or threatened carnivore populations are often harvested to minimise their impact on human activities, such as livestock farming or game hunting. Increasingly, harvest quota decisions involve a set of scientific, administrative and political institutions operating at national and sub- national levels whose interactions and collective decision- making aim to increase the legitimacy of management and ensure population targets are met. In practice, however, as-sessments of how quota decisions change between these different actors and what consequences these changes have on population trends are rare.2. We combine a state-space population modelling approach with an analysis of quota decisions taken at both regional and national levels between 2007 and 2018 to build a set of decision- making models that together predict annual har-vest quota values for Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Norway.3. We reveal a tendency for administrative decision- makers to compensate for consistent quota increases by political actors, particularly when the lynx popula-tion size estimate is above the regional target. Using population forecasts based on the ensemble of decision- making models, we show that such buffering of po-litical biases ensures lynx population size remains close to regional and national targets in the long term.4. Our results go beyond the usual qualitative assessment of collaborative gov-ernance systems for carnivore management, revealing a system of checks and balances that, in the case of lynx in Norway, ensures both multi-stakeholder participation and sustainable harvest quotas. Nevertheless, we highlight impor-tant inter- regional differences in decision- making and population forecasts, the socio- ecological drivers of which need to be better understood to prevent fu-ture population declines.5. Synthesis and applications. Our work analyses the sequence of decisions lead-ing to yearly quotas for lynx harvest in Norway, highlighting the collaborative and structural processes that together shape harvest sustainability. In doing so, we provide a predictive framework to evaluate participatory decision- making processes in wildlife management, paving the way for scientists and decision- makers to collaborate more widely in identifying where decision biases might lie and how institutional arrangements can be optimised to minimise them. We emphasise, however, that this is only possible if wildlife management decisions are documented and transparentcollaborative, decision-making, harvest, lynx, Norway, population forecast, quota, stakeholder

• Durant, Sarah M.; Marino, Agnese; Linnell, John Durrus; Oriol-Cotterill, Alayne; Dloniak, Stephanie & Dolrenry, Stephanie [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2022). Fostering Coexistence Between People and Large Carnivores in Africa: Using a Theory of Change to Identify Pathways to Impact and Their Underlying Assumptions. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.698631. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter & Linnell, John Durrus (2022). The Coexistence Potential of Different Wildlife Conservation Frameworks in a Historical Perspective. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.711480. Full text in Research Archive
• Powell, Joshua; Axmacher, Jan C.; Linnell, John Durrus & Durant, Sarah M. (2021). Diverse Locations and a Long History: Historical Context for Urban Leopards (Panthera pardus) in the Early Anthropocene From Seoul, Korea. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.765911. Full text in Research Archive
• Law, Elizabeth; Linnell, John Durrus; Van Moorter, Bram & Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland (2021). Heuristics for the sustainable harvest of wildlife in stochastic social-ecological systems. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 16(11), p. 1–21. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260159. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Sustainable wildlife harvest is challenging due to the complexity of uncertain social-ecological systems, and diverse stakeholder perspectives of sustainability. In these systems, semi-complex stochastic simulation models can provide heuristics that bridge the gap between highly simplified theoretical models and highly context-specific case-studies. Such heuristics allow for more nuanced recommendations in low-knowledge contexts, and an improved understanding of model sensitivity and transferability to novel contexts. We develop semi-complex Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE) models capturing dynamics and variability in ecological processes, monitoring, decision-making, and harvest implementation, under a diverse range of contexts. Results reveal the fundamental challenges of achieving sustainability in wildlife harvest. Environmental contexts were important in determining optimal harvest parameters, but overall, evaluation contexts more strongly influenced perceived outcomes, optimal harvest parameters and optimal harvest strategies. Importantly, simple composite metrics popular in the theoretical literature (e.g. focusing on maximizing yield and population persistence only) often diverged from more holistic composite metrics that include a wider range of population and harvest objectives, and better reflect the trade-offs in real world applied contexts. While adaptive harvest strategies were most frequently preferred, particularly for more complex environmental contexts (e.g. high uncertainty or variability), our simulations map out cases where these heuristics may not hold. Despite not always being the optimal solution, overall adaptive harvest strategies resulted in the least value forgone, and are likely to give the best outcomes under future climatic variability and uncertainty. This demonstrates the potential value of heuristics for guiding applied management.

• Darul, Romane; Gavashelishvili, Alexander; Saveljev, Alexander P.; Seryodkin, Ivan V.; Linnell, John Durrus & Okarma, Henryk [Show all 31 contributors for this article] (2021). Coat Polymorphism in Eurasian Lynx: Adaptation to Environment or Phylogeographic Legacy? Journal of mammalian evolution. ISSN 1064-7554. doi: 10.1007/s10914-021-09580-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We studied the relationship between the variability and contemporary distribution of pelage phenotypes in one of most widely distributed felid species and an array of environmental and demographic conditions. We collected 672 photographic georeferenced records of the Eurasian lynx throughout Eurasia. We assigned each lynx coat to one of fve phenotypes. Then we ftted the coat patterns to diferent environmental and anthropogenic variables, as well as the efective geographic distances from inferred glacial refugia. A majority of lynx were either of the large spotted (41.5%) or unspotted (uniform, 36.2%) phenotype. The remaining patterns (rosettes, small spots and pseudo-rosettes) were represented in 11.0%, 7.4%, and 3.9% of samples, respectively. Although various environmental variables greatly afected lynx distribution and habitat suitability, it was the efect of least-cost distances from locations of the inferred refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum that explained the distribution of lynx coat patterns the best. Whereas the occurrence of lynx phenotypes with large spots was explained by the proximity to refugia located in the Caucasus/Middle East, the uniform phenotype was associated with refugia in the Far East and Central Asia. Despite the widely accepted hypothesis of adaptive functionality of coat patterns in mammals and exceptionally high phenotypic polymorphism in Eurasian lynx, we did not fnd well-defned signs of habitat matching in the coat pattern of this species. Instead, we showed how the global patterns of morphological variability in this large mammal and its environmental adaptations may have been shaped by past climatic change. Camouflage · Genetic drift · Mammal coloration · Last glacial maximum · Pelage polymorphism · Habitat suitability

• Cretois, Benjamin; Simmonds, Emily Grace; Linnell, John D. C.; van Moorter, Bram; Rolandsen, Christer M. & Solberg, Erling J. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Identifying and correcting spatial bias in opportunistic citizen science data for wild ungulates in Norway. Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. 11(21), p. 15191–15204. doi: 10.1002/ece3.8200. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Many publications make use of opportunistic data, such as citizen science observation data, to infer large-scale properties of species’ distributions. However, the few publications that use opportunistic citizen science data to study animal ecology at a habitat level do so without accounting for spatial biases in opportunistic records or using methods that are difficult to generalize. In this study, we explore the biases that exist in opportunistic observations and suggest an approach to correct for them. We first examined the extent of the biases in opportunistic citizen science observations of three wild ungulate species in Norway by comparing them to data from GPS telemetry. We then quantified the extent of the biases by specifying a model of the biases. From the bias model, we sampled available locations within the species’ home range. Along with opportunistic observations, we used the corrected availability locations to estimate a resource selection function (RSF). We tested this method with simulations and empirical datasets for the three species. We compared the results of our correction method to RSFs obtained using opportunistic observations without correction and to RSFs using GPS-telemetry data. Finally, we compared habitat suitability maps obtained using each of these models. Opportunistic observations are more affected by human access and visibility than locations derived from GPS telemetry. This has consequences for drawing inferences about species’ ecology. Models naïvely using opportunistic observations in habitat-use studies can result in spurious inferences. However, sampling availability locations based on the spatial biases in opportunistic data improves the estimation of the species’ RSFs and predicted habitat suitability maps in some cases. This study highlights the challenges and opportunities of using opportunistic observations in habitat-use studies. While our method is not foolproof it is a first step toward unlocking the potential of opportunistic citizen science data for habitat-use studies. citizen science, habitat selection, opportunistic data, preferential sampling, spatial bias, ungulates

• Gervasi, Vincenzo; Linnell, John Durrus; Berce, Tomaz; Boitani, Luigi; Cerne, Rok & Ciucci, Paolo [Show all 24 contributors for this article] (2021). Ecological correlates of large carnivore depredation on sheep in Europe. Global Ecology and Conservation. ISSN 2351-9894. 30. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01798. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Sharing space with large carnivores on a human-dominated continent like Europe results in multiple conflictful interactions with human interests, of which depredation on livestock is the most widespread. We conducted an analysis of the impact by all four European large carnivores on sheep farming in 10 European countries, during the period 2010–2015. We ran a hierarchical Simultaneous Autoregressive model, to assess the influence of several ecological factors on the reported depredation levels. About 35,000 (SD = 4110) sheep kills were compensated in the ten countries as caused by large carnivores annually, representing 0.5% of the total sheep stock. Of them, 45% were recognized as killed by wolves, 24% by wolverines, 19% by lynx and 12% by bears. We found a positive relationship between wolf distribution and the number of compensated sheep, but not for the other three species. Depredation levels were lower in the areas where large carnivore presence has been continuous compared to areas where they disappeared and returned in the last 50 years. Our study shows that a few large carnivores can produce high damage, when the contribution of environmental, social, and economic systems predisposes for it, whereas large populations can produce a limited impact when the same components of the system reduce the probability that depredations occur. Time of coexistence plays in favour of a progressive reduction in the associated costs, provided that the responsible agencies focus their attention both on compensation and co-adaptation.

• Cretois, Benjamin; Linnell, John Durrus; Van Moorter, Bram; Kaczensky, Petra; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland & Parada, Jorge Sicacha [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Coexistence of large mammals and humans is possible in Europe’s anthropogenic landscapes. iScience. ISSN 2589-0042. 24(9), p. 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103083. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A critical question in the conservation of large mammals in the Anthropocene is to know the extent to which they can tolerate human disturbance. Surprisingly, little quantitative data is available about large-scale effects of human activity and land use on their broad scale distribution in Europe. In this study, we quantify the relative importance of human land use and protected areas as opposed to biophysical constraints on large mammal distribution. We analyze data on large mammal distribution to quantify the relative effect of anthropogenic variables on species' distribution as opposed to biophysical constraints. We finally assess the effect of anthropogenic variables on the size of the species' niche by simulating a scenario where we assumed no anthropogenic pressure on the landscape. Results show that large mammal distribution is primarily constrained by biophysical constraints rather than anthropogenic variables. This finding offers grounds for cautious optimism concerning wildlife conservation in the Anthropocene.

• Hofmeester, Tim R.; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2021). Camera trap records of leucistic Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) in central Norway. Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. p. 1–6. doi: 10.1002/ece3.8052. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Coat coloration plays an important role in communication, camouflage, and sexual selection in animals. Genetic mutations can lead to anomalous colorations such as melanism and leucism, where animals appear, respectively, darker or lighter than normal. Reporting abnormal coloration in wild animals is an important first step to understand the distribution, prevalence, and potential fitness consequences of these rare events. Here, we report several records of suspected leucism in the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) in a population in central Norway. Several camera traps recorded at least two leucistic individuals between 2017 and 2020. It took considerable effort, almost 400,000 camera trap nights over a period of 10 years all over Norway, to obtain a total of eleven records of leucistic badgers, indicating the rarity of this phenotype. It is unclear what has caused the presence of multiple leucistic badgers in a single population, but recent colonization and lack of predators might have played a role. Due to our observations, future studies can now be developed to study the underlying mechanisms and potential consequences of leucism in this badger population. The increasing use of networks of camera traps in wildlife research will provide new opportunities to record rare coloration in wild animals. albinism, anomalous color, Coat coloration, Mustelidae

• Esmaeili, Saeideh; Jesmer, Brett R.; Albeke, Shannon E.; Aikens, Ellen O.; Schoenecker, Kathryn A. & King, Sarah R. B. [Show all 50 contributors for this article] (2021). Body size and digestive system shape resource selection by ungulates: A cross-taxa test of the forage maturation hypothesis. Ecology Letters. ISSN 1461-023X. 24(10), p. 2178–2191. doi: 10.1111/ele.13848. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The forage maturation hypothesis (FMH) states that energy intake for ungulates is maximised when forage biomass is at intermediate levels. Nevertheless, metabolic allometry and different digestive systems suggest that resource selection should vary across ungulate species. By combining GPS relocations with remotely sensed data on forage characteristics and surface water, we quantified the effect of body size and digestive system in determining movements of 30 populations of hindgut fermenters (equids) and ruminants across biomes. Selection for intermediate forage biomass was negatively related to body size, regardless of digestive system. Selection for proximity to surface water was stronger for equids relative to ruminants, regardless of body size. To be more generalisable, we suggest that the FMH explicitly incorporate contingencies in body size and digestive system, with small-bodied ruminants selecting more strongly for potential energy intake, and hindgut fermenters selecting more strongly for surface water.

• Nair, Ramya; Dhee, anon; Patil, Omkar; Surve, Nikit; Andheria, Anish & Linnell, John Durrus [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Sharing Spaces and Entanglements With Big Cats: The Warli and Their Waghoba in Maharashtra, India. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2, p. 1–14. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.683356. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Long histories of sharing space and resources have built complex, robust, and enduring relationships between humans and wildlife in many communities across the world. In order to understand what makes it possible for humans and wildlife to share space, we have to look beyond the ecological and socio-economic study of damages caused by human-wildlife conflict and explore the cultural and societal context within which co-existence is embedded. We conducted an exploratory study on the institution of Waghoba, a big cat deity worshiped by the Indigenous Warli community in Maharashtra, India. Through our research, we found that the worship of Waghoba is highly prevalent, with 150 shrines dedicated to this deity across our study site. We also learnt that the Warlis believe in a reciprocal relationship, where Waghoba will protect them from the negative impacts of sharing spaces with big cats if the people worship the deity and conduct the required rituals, especially the annual festival of Waghbaras. We propose that such relationships facilitate the sharing spaces between humans and leopards that live in the landscape. The study also revealed the ways in which the range of institutions and stakeholders in the landscape shape the institution of Waghoba and thereby contribute to the human-leopard relationship in the landscape. This is relevant for present-day wildlife conservation because such traditional institutions are likely to act as tolerance-building mechanisms embedded within the local cosmology. Further, it is vital that the dominant stakeholders outside of the Warli community (such as the Forest Department, conservation biologists, and other non-Warli residents who interact with leopards) are informed about and sensitive to these cultural representations because it is not just the biological animal that the Warlis predominantly deal with.

• Kaczensky, Petra; Salemgareyev, Albert; Linnell, John Durrus; Zuther, Steffen; Walzer, Chris & Huber, Nikolaus [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Post-release Movement Behaviour and Survival of Kulan Reintroduced to the Steppes and Deserts of Central Kazakhstan. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.703358. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Asiatic wild ass, or kulan (Equus hemionus kulan) were once a key species of the Eurasian steppes and deserts. In Kazakhstan they went extinct by the 1930s. Early reintroductions have reestablished the species in two protected areas, but the species has reclaimed <1% of their former range and remained absent from central Kazakhstan. To initiate restoration in this vast region, we captured and transported a first group of nine wild kulan to a large pre-release enclosure in the Torgai region in 2017, and two more in 2019. We used direct observations and post-release movement data of four kulan equipped with GPS-Iridium collars to document their adaptation process in a vast novel habitat without conspecifics. For comparison with movements in the source populations, we additionally equipped two kulan in Altyn Emel National Park and six in Barsa Kelmes State Nature Reserve. The nine transported kulan formed a cohesive group with very high movement correlation in the enclosure. After release, the group initially stayed tightly together but started to break up by mid-May and all kulan travelled independently by mid-August. With 48,680–136,953 km2, the 95% Autocorrelated Kernel Density Estimation ranges of the reintroduced kulan were huge and about 10–100 times larger than those in the source populations. The reintroduced mares never reconnected, there was no evidence of successful reproduction, and two of the four collared mares were killed by poachers and one died of natural causes. At least one stallion survived in the wild, but the fate of the other uncollared animals remains unclear. We speculate that the fission-fusion dynamics and low movement correlation of kulan societies and the need for migratory movements harbours the risk that animals released into a novel environment loose contact with each other. This risk is likely enhanced in steppe habitats where movement constraining factors are absent. Further kulan reintroductions to the steppes and deserts of central Kazakhstan should aim to release larger groups and build up the free-ranging population quickly to reach a critical mass, increasing the chance of kulan encountering conspecifics to successfully breed and increase their chances of survival.

• Hofmeester, Tim R.; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Cromsigt, Joris P.G.M.; Kindberg, Jonas; Andren, Henrik & Linnell, John D. C. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Effects of camera-trap placement and number on detection of members of a mammalian assemblage. Ecosphere. ISSN 2150-8925. 12(7). doi: 10.1002/ecs2.3662. Full text in Research Archive
• Linnell, John Durrus; Mattisson, Jenny & Odden, John (2021). Extreme home range sizes among Eurasian lynx at the northern edge of their biogeographic range. Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1002/ece3.7436. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) have a wide distribution across Eurasia. The northern edge of this distribution is in Norway, where they reach up to 72 degrees north. We con-ducted a study of lynx space use in this region from 2007 to 2013 using GPS teleme-try. The home range sizes averaged 2,606 (± 438 SE) km2 for males (n= 9 ranges) and 1,456 (± 179 SE) km2 for females (n= 24 ranges). These are the largest home ranges reported for any large felid, and indeed are only matched by polar bears, arctic living wolves, and grizzly bears among all the Carnivora. The habitat occupied was almost entirely treeless alpine tundra, with home ranges only containing from 20% to 25% of forest. These data have clear implications for the spatial planning of lynx manage-ment in the far north as the current management zones are located in unsuitable habitats and are not large enough to encompass individual lynx movements.carnivore, habitat, home range, ranging behavior, scandinavia

• Gliga, Diana S.; Petrova, Natalia; Linnell, John Durrus; Salemgareyev, Albert R.; Zuther, Steffen & Walzer, Chris [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Dynamics of gastro-inestinal strongyle parasites in a group of translocated, wild-captured asiatic wild asses in Kazakhstan . Frontiers in Veterinary Science. ISSN 2297-1769. 7. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.598371. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Asiatic wild ass (Kulan, Equus hemionus) population range and numbers became severely reduced and a reintroduction project is currently aiming to re-establish a population in the Central Steppe of Kazakhstan. Pre-emptive deworming is often recommended for equid translocations but eliminating parasites prior to translocation could cause disruptions in a balanced host-parasite relationship, adding an additional stressor to an already stressful intervention involving capture, transport, and adaptation to a new environment. Following a disease risk assessment, we decided against pre-emptive deworming and focused on monitoring the first group of nine translocated kulan in a large acclimatization enclosure prior to release. Over the 5-month acclimatization period, we regularly collected fecal samples and analyzed the shedding intensity of gastro-intestinal parasite eggs, obtained time budgets through behavioral observations, and visually assessed body condition. We identified strongyles (Strongylinae and Cyathostominae) and pinworms (Oxyuris equi) in fecal samples. All individuals shed strongyle eggs and two of the nine individuals had higher shedding intensities, but rarely reached levels for which deworming is recommended. All kulan appeared healthy throughout the observation period, aggressive interactions were very rare, and time budgets were very similar and dominated by feeding. Our results suggest that in translocation projects where the risk of introducing new parasites is minimal, pre-emptive treatment in wild equids can be replaced with non-invasivemonitoring during the acclimatization period.We acknowledge that the small number of kulan, the large size of the enclosure, and the low temperatures during the animals stay in the acclimatization enclosure may all have reduced infestation pressure. Asiatic wild ass, Equus hemionus kulan, gastro-intestinal parasites, reintroduction, fecal egg count, strongyles

• Teurlings, Ivonne; Melis, Claudia; Skarpe, Christina & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Lack of Cascading Effects of Eurasian Lynx Predation on Roe Deer to Soil and Plant Nutrients. Diversity. ISSN 1424-2818. 12(9). doi: 10.3390/D12090352. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study examines the extent to which above-ground trophic processes such as large carnivore predation on wild ungulates can cause cascading effects through the provision of carrion resources to below-ground ecosystem processes in the boreal forest of southeastern Norway. We measured the levels of 10 parameters in soil samples and 7 parameters in vegetation (wavy hair-grass, Avenella flexuosa, and bilberry, Vaccinium myrtillus) at 0, 0.5 and 2 m distance from 18 roe deer (Capreolus caprelous) carcasses killed by Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). We then compared these values to two control sites 20 m away from each carcass. Sampling was conducted 20–29 months after death. Neither soil nor vegetation samples showed a clear gradient in parameters (CN, NH4+, NO3−, P, PO4−, Ca, K, Mg and Na) from the center of a carcass towards the periphery. Similarly, there was no difference in the effect on soil and vegetation between winter- and summer-killed carcasses. Our results contrast with that of other studies that simulate the effect of predation with whole carcasses and which often exclude scavengers through fencing. The lack of detectable effects after about two years is likely due to the small size of roe deer carcasses and the fact that most tissues are consumed by the predator and scavengers before decomposition. View Full-Text Capreolus capreolus; carrion; decomposition; Lynx lynx; nitrogen; nutrient recycling; trophic cascade

• Teurlings, Ivonne; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Melis, Claudia (2020). Caching behavior of large prey by Eurasian Lynx: Quantifying the anti-scavenging benefits. Diversity. ISSN 1424-2818. 12(9). doi: 10.3390/D12090350. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Large solitary felids often kill large prey items that can provide multiple meals. However, being able to utilize these multiple meals requires that they can cache the meat in a manner that delays its discovery by vertebrate and invertebrate scavengers. Covering the kill with vegetation and snow is a commonly observed strategy among felids. This study investigates the utility of this strategy using observational data from Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx)-killed roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) carcasses, and a set of two experiments focused on vertebrate and invertebrate scavengers, respectively. Lynx-killed roe deer that were covered by snow or vegetation were less likely to have been visited by scavengers. Experimentally-deployed video-monitored roe deer carcasses had significantly longer time prior to discovery by avian scavengers when covered with vegetation. Carcass parts placed in cages that excluded vertebrate scavengers had delayed invertebrate activity when covered with vegetation. All three datasets indicated that covering a kill was a successful caching/anti-scavenger strategy. These results can help explain why lynx functional responses reach plateaus at relatively low kill rates. The success of this anti-scavenging behavior therefore has clear effects on the dynamics of a predator–prey system.

• Lute, Michelle L.; Carter, Neil H.; López-Bao, José V. & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Conservation professionals' views on governing for coexistence with large carnivores. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 248, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108668. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Decision-making about large carnivores is complex and controversial, and processes vary from deliberation and expert analysis to ballot boxes and courtrooms. Decision-makers range from neighboring landowners to the United Nations. Efficacy, longevity and legitimacy of policies may often depend as much on process as the policy itself. Overcoming controversy requires greater understanding of preferences for decision-makers and processes as well as deeper beliefs about human-carnivore interactions. Although academic debates are rich with recommendations for governance, practitioners' perceptions regarding decision-making processes have been rarely examined. Doing so can facilitate constructive discourses on managing and conserving carnivores across highly-variable social-ecological landscapes. To gain insight into different viewpoints on governance regarding large carnivore conservation, we asked a global community of conservation professionals (n = 505) about their preferences for governance alternatives for carnivore conservation through an online survey. Respondents agreed that government biologists should make decisions while legislators and commissions received low agreement and less consensus. Findings also indicated a general rejection of turning decision processes completely over to the general public, to courts, or to politicians who are perceived as lacking both technical knowledge and local insights. We found evidence for consensus on best management processes using a combination of science, local knowledge and participatory decision-making. According to our sample, sustainable coexistence strategies may require significant shifts in processes that remove mistrusted political influences vis-à-vis ballot boxes, courtrooms, commissions and legislative chambers. Our sample believed governance structures that combine technical expertise with local perspectives in a co-management framework may best withstand tests of time and controversy.

• Aikens, Ellen O.; Mysterud, Atle; Merkle, Jerod A.; Cagnacci, Francesca; Rivrud, Inger Maren & Hebblewhite, Mark [Show all 36 contributors for this article] (2020). Wave-like patterns of plant phenology determine ungulate movement tactics. Current Biology. ISSN 0960-9822. 30(17), p. 3444–3449. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.032. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Animals exhibit a diversity of movement tactics [1]. Tracking resources that change across space and time is predicted to be a fundamental driver of animal movement [2]. For example, some migratory ungulates (i.e., hooved mammals) closely track the progression of highly nutritious plant green-up, a phenomenon called ‘‘green-wave surfing’’ [3–5]. Yet general principles describing how the dynamic nature of resources determine movement tactics are lacking [6]. We tested an emerging theory that predicts surfing and the existence of migratory behavior will be favored in environments where green-up is fleeting and moves sequentially across large landscapes (i.e., wave-like green-up) [7]. Landscapes exhibiting wave-like patterns of greenup facilitated surfing and explained the existence of migratory behavior across 61 populations of four ungulate species on two continents (n = 1,696 individuals). At the species level, foraging benefits were equivalent between tactics, suggesting that each movement tactic is fine-tuned to local patterns of plant phenology. For decades, ecologists have sought to understand how animals move to select habitat, commonly defining habitat as a set of static patches [8, 9]. Our findings indicate that animal movement tactics emerge as a function of the flux of resources across space and time, underscoring the need to redefine habitat to include its dynamic attributes. As global habitats continue to be modified by anthropogenic disturbance and climate change [10], our synthesis provides a generalizable framework to understand how animal movement will be influenced by altered patterns of resource phenology.

• Clua, Eric E.G.; Linnell, John Durrus; Planes, Serge & Meyer, Carl G. (2020). Selective removal of problem individuals as an environmentally responsible approach for managing shark bites on humans. Ocean and Coastal Management. ISSN 0964-5691. 194. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105266. Show summary

  Selective removal of problem individuals following shark bite incidents would be consistent with current management practices for terrestrial predators, and would be more effective and more environmentally responsible than current mass-culling programs. In parallel, and in addition to traditional forensics analysis, we recommend the routine collection of shark DNA from wounds or devices following shark bite incidents in order to genetically identify the individual responsible. This approach would require creating an extensive database of shark identities in high-risk areas against which to compare DNA forensically recovered from shark bite in-cidents. At a local and regional scale, we propose utilizing existing shark tagging programs and artificial shark aggregation sites to collect DNA, behavioural and morphological data for the database, and to facilitate removal of problem individuals. In several places around the world, selective removal of problem individuals would not be significantly more expensive and definitely less environmentally-destructive than traditional approaches and would also help reconcile people and sharks by underlining individuality in shark behaviour. Human fatalities Fatal attack Culling campaigns Problem individuals DNA fingerprinting Shark food provisioning Feeding aggregation Carnivore risk management

• Salvatori, Valeria; Donfrancesco, Valerio; Trouwborst, Arie; Boitani, Luigi; Linnell, John Durrus & Álvares, Francisco [Show all 37 contributors for this article] (2020). European agreements for nature conservation need to explicitly address wolf-dog hybridisation. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 248. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108525. Show summary

  Hybridisation between wolves and dogs is increasingly reported in Europe. Nonetheless, no systematic survey has ever been attempted at the continental scale. We made the first assessment of wolf-dog hybridisation (WDH) occurrence in Europe and analysed how the phenomenon is addressed by international legislation and managed at the country level. We found that WDH is reported in all nine extant European wolf populations, and in 21 out of 28 countries for which we received information. The two main international legal instruments (i.e., the Habitats Directive and the Bern Convention) do not explicitly mention the threat posed by hybridisation but do provide guidance promoting control of free-ranging wolf-dog hybrids. However, we recorded poor compliance with such recommendations in most European countries, and a lack of coordination in addressing WDH among countries sharing the same wolf population. Alarmingly, we revealed a lack of well-designed and implemented country-wide genetic surveys to detect and monitor hybridisation, both relevant pre-requisites to effectively implement WDH management. By recommending criteria for an operative definition of “hybrid”, we also suggest improvements to enhance WDH-related policy at the EU scale. Wolf-dog hybrids Wolf Environmental legislation Habitats Directive Bern Convention

• Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter; Linnell, John Durrus & Gomez-Baggethun, Erik (2020). Can cultural ecosystem services contribute to satisfying basic human needs? A case study from the Lofoten archipelago, northern Norway. Applied Geography. ISSN 0143-6228. 120. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102229. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  There is gradual recognition that cultural ecosystem services are critical building blocks for human well-being. Cultural and provisioning services are often intertwined, difficult to separate, and play salient roles in maintaining local identities. However, multiple studies assume links between cultural ecosystem services and human well-being, without quantifying relationships. We surveyed a representative sample of the population in the Lofoten archipelago in northern Norway, a region faced with great policy challenges around resource harvesting options. Our objective was to examine how public interest in management issues and attachment to place influences the appreciation of cultural ecosystem services benefits and if these benefits can act as satisfiers of wellbeing. Findings suggest that cultural ecosystem services provide a salient contribution to quality of life in this region, and help satisfy the needs of affection, understanding, creation, subsistence, identity, freedom, participation, protection and leisure. Cultural ecosystem services also constitute salient environmental attributes which contribute to the basic needs of being, having, doing and interacting. The importance of ecosystem services benefits for well-being increases with increasing attachment to the Lofoten environment. We argue that not only the ecosystem services benefits, but the values that emanate from the relationship between people and land should be given greater attention in land use policy. Cultural ecosystem services Satisfiers Basic human needs Lofoten Well-being Resource policy

• Mattisson, Jenny; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus; Painer, Johanna; Persson, Jens & Andrén, Henrik (2020). Parturition dates in wild Eurasian lynx: evidence of a second oestrus? Mammalian Biology. ISSN 1616-5047. doi: 10.1007/s42991-020-00037-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Cretois, Benjamin; Linnell, John Durrus; Grainger, Matthew; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland & Rød, Jan Ketil (2020). Hunters as citizen scientists: Contributions to biodiversity monitoring in Europe. Global Ecology and Conservation. ISSN 2351-9894. 23. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01077. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Monitoring biodiversity characteristics at large scales and with adequate resolution requires considerable effort and resources. Overall, there is clearly a huge scope for European hunters, a special and often overlooked group of citizen scientist, to contribute even more to biodiversity monitoring, especially because of their presence across the entire European landscape. Using the Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) framework we reviewed the published and grey literature and contacted experts to provide a comprehensive overview of hunters’ contributions to biodiversity monitoring. We examined the methods used to collect data in hunter-based monitoring, the geographic and taxonomic extent of such contributions and the scientific output stemming from hunter-based monitoring data. Our study suggests that hunter-based monitoring is widely distributed across Europe and across taxa as 32 out of the 36 European countries included in our analysis involve hunters in the monitoring of at least one species group with ungulates and small game species groups which have the widest hunter-based monitoring coverage. We found that it is possible to infer characteristics on Genetic composition, Species population, Species traits and Community composition with data that are being routinely collected by hunters in at least some countries. The main types of data provided are hunting bags data, biological samples including carcasses of shot animals and non-invasive samplings and Observations for counts and indices. Hunters collect data on biodiversity in its key dimensions. Collaborations between hunters and scientists are fruitful and should be considered a standard partnership for biodiversity conservation. To overcome the challenges in the use of hunters’ data, more rigorous protocols for sampling data should be implemented and improvements made in data integration methods.

• Jahren, Torfinn; Odden, Morten; Linnell, John Durrus & Panzacchi, Manuela (2020). The impact of human land use and landscape productivity on population dynamics of red fox in southeastern Norway. Mammal Research. ISSN 2199-2401. doi: 10.1007/s13364-020-00494-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Athreya, Vidya; Isvaran, Kavita; Odden, Morten; Linnell, John Durrus; Kshettry, Aritra & Krishnaswamy, Jagdish [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). The impact of leopards (Panthera pardus) on livestock losses and human injuries in a human-use landscape in Maharashtra, India. PeerJ. ISSN 2167-8359. 8. doi: 10.7717/peerj.8405. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  There are many ways in which large carnivores and humans interact in shared spaces. In this study we provide insights into human-leopard relationships in an entirely modified, human-dominated landscape inhabited by dense populations of humans (266 perkm2), their livestock (162 per km2) and relatively high densities of large predators (10 per 100 km2). No human deaths were recorded, and livestock losses to leopards numbered only 0.45 per km2 per year (averaged over three years) despite the almost Complete dependency of leopards on domestic animals as prey. Predation was not the major cause of livestock mortality as diseases and natural causes caused higher losses (80% of self-reported losses). We also found that ineffective night time livestock protection and the presence of domestic dogs increased the probability of a farmer facing leopard attacks on livestock. Resident farmers faced much lower livestock losses to leopard predation in contrast to the migratory shepherds who reported much higher losses, but rarely availed of the government compensation schemes. We recommend that local wildlife managers continue to shift from reactive measures such as leopard captures after livestock attacks to proactive measures such as focusing on effective livestock protection and informing the affected communities about safety measures to be taken where leopards occur in rural landscapes. The natural causes of livestock deaths due do diseases may be better prevented by involving animal husbandry department for timely vaccinations and treatment.

• Linnell, John Durrus; Cretois, Benjamin; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Solberg, Erling Johan & Veiberg, Vebjørn [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2020). The challenges and opportunities of coexisting with wild ungulates in the human-dominated landscapes of Europe's Anthropocene. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 244:108500, p. 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108500. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The cumulative impact of human activities has driven many species into severe declines across the globe. However, the recent focus on conservation optimism has begun to highlight case studies that go against this trend. Reforestation, agricultural abandonment, reintroduction and legislative change have led to a situation where large mammals have recovered and are now widespread across the European continent. This study summarizes the knowledge about wild ungulate distribution in Europe and review the diversity of ways in which they interact with humans. Drawn from a wide range of sources, we built distribution maps of European wild ungulates. Results show that 90% of Europe is home to at least 1 species of wild native ungulate, with roe deer and wild boar occupying 74% and 64% of Europe respectively. In contrast, wild native mountain ungulates only occupy 5% of Europe, and are often associated with protected areas. The wide distribution of most European ungulates combined with the extensive human activity within Europe result in a wide range of interactions between ungulates and humans. These interactions can be classified as services or disservices depending on the value orientation and economic position of the various stakeholders perceiving this relationship. Overall, our survey highlights the success of wildlife management policies in Europe and the potential for continental scale conservation of large mammals in human-dominated landscapes. However, maintaining the success of wild ungulate conservation requires actions from national and European institutions to improve coordinated management across jurisdictional borders and sectorial coordination for the whole landscape.

• Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Bowler, Diana Elizabeth & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Exploratory and confirmatory research in the open science era. Journal of Applied Ecology. ISSN 0021-8901. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13571. Show summary

  1. Applied ecological research is increasingly inspired by the open science movement. However, new challenges about how we define our science when biodiversity data are being shared and re-used are not solved. Among these challenges is the risk associated with blurring the distinction between research that mainly seeks to explore patterns with no a-priori articulated hypotheses (exploratory research), and research that explicitly tests a-priori formulated hypotheses (confirmatory research).2. A rapid screening of a random selection of the peer-reviewed literature suggests that neither experimental protocols nor hypothesis-testing sensu stricto are com-mon in applied ecological research. In addition, most experiments are carried out on small spatial scales, which contrast with current global policy needs and research trends towards addressing large spatial and temporal scales. This latter trend makes it unfeasible for policy to rely mainly on insights gained from experimental research.3. To solve fundamental local, regional and global societal challenges, we need both exploratory and confirmatory research. However, the fundamental roles that con-firmatory research testing a-priori hypothesis play in establishing causal relation-ships need to be revaluated in applied ecological research.4. A clearer distinction between exploratory and confirmatory research is currently needed, and could be facilitated by allocating journal sections to different types of research; by embracing new tools offered by the open science era, such as pre- registration of hypothesis; by establishing new systems where post-hoc hypoth-eses emerging through exploration can also be registered for later testing; and by more broad adoption of causal inference methods that foster more structured test-ing of hypotheses about causal mechanisms from observational biodiversity data.5. Synthesis and applications. To gain the full benefits of the open science era, re-searchers, funding bodies and journal editors should explicitly consider approaches and incentives that encourage openness about methods and approaches, as well as value the plurality of scientific approaches needed to address questions in applied ecology and conservation science. causal inference, confirmatory research, exploratory research, large-scale assessment, open science, reproducible research, science philosophy

• van Beeck Calkoen, Suzanne T.S.; Mühlbauer, Lisa; Andrén, Henrik; Apollonio, Marco; Balčiauskas, Linas & Belotti, Elisa [Show all 29 contributors for this article] (2020). Ungulate management in European national parks: Why a more Integrated European policy is needed. Journal of Environmental Management. ISSN 0301-4797. 260. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110068. Show summary

  1. Primary objectives of national parks usually include both, the protection of natural processes and species conservation. When these objectives conflict, as occurs because of the cascading effects of large mammals (i.e., ungulates and large carnivores) on lower trophic levels, park managers have to decide upon the appropriate management while considering various local circumstances. 2. To analyse if ungulate management strategies are in accordance with the objectives defined for protected areas, we assessed the current status of ungulate management across European national parks using the naturalness concept and identified the variables that influence the management. 3. We collected data on ungulate management from 209 European national parks in 29 countries by means of a large-scale questionnaire survey. Ungulate management in the parks was compared by creating two naturalness scores. The first score reflects ungulate and large carnivore species compositions, and the second evaluates human intervention on ungulate populations. We then tested whether the two naturalness score categories are influenced by the management objectives, park size, years since establishment, percentage of government-owned land, and human impact on the environment (human influence index) using two generalized additive mixed models. 4. In 67.9% of the national parks, wildlife is regulated by culling (40.2%) or hunting (10.5%) or both (17.2%). Artificial feeding occurred in 81.3% of the national parks and only 28.5% of the national parks had a nonintervention zone covering at least 75% of the area. Furthermore, ungulate management differed greatly among the different countries, likely because of differences in hunting traditions and cultural and political backgrounds. Ungulate management was also influenced by park size, human impact on the landscape, and national park objectives, but after removing these variables from the full model the reduced models only showed a small change in the deviance explained. In areas with higher anthropogenic pressure, wildlife diversity tended to be lower and a higher number of domesticated species tended to be present. Human intervention (culling and artificial feeding) was lower in smaller national parks and when park objectives followed those set by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 5. Our study shows that many European national parks do not fulfil the aims of protected area management as set by IUCN guidelines. In contrast to the USA and Canada, Europe currently has no common ungulate management policy within national parks. This lack of a common policy together with differences in species composition, hunting traditions, and cultural or political context has led to differences in ungulate management among European countries. To fulfil the aims and objectives of national parks and to develop ungulate management strategies further, we highlight the importance of creating a more integrated European ungulate management policy to meet the aims of national parks.

• Hofmeester, Tim R.; Young, Sherry; Juthberg, Sonya; Singh, Navinder J.; Widemo, Fredrik & Andrén, Henrik [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Using by-catch data from wildlife surveys to quantify climatic parameters and the timing of phenology for plants and animals using camera traps. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation. ISSN 2056-3485. doi: 10.1002/rse2.136. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Gaining a better understanding of global environmental change is an important challenge for conserving biodiversity. Shifts in phenology are an important consequence of environmental change. Measuring phenology of different taxa simultaneously at the same spatial and temporal scale is necessary to study the effects of changes in phenology on ecosystems. Camera traps that take both time-lapse as well as motion-triggered images are increasingly used to study wildlife populations. The by-catch data of these networks of camera traps provide a potential alternative for measuring several climatic and phenological variables. Here, we tested this ability of camera traps, and quantified climatic variables as well as the timing of changes in plant and animal phenology. We obtained data from 193 camera-unit deployments during a year of camera trapping on a peninsula in northern Sweden aimed at studying wildlife. We estimated daily temperature at noon and snow cover using recordings provided by cameras. Estimates of snow cover were accurate, but temperature estimates were higher compared with a local weather station. Furthermore, we were able to identify the timing of leaf emergence and senescence for birches (Betula sp.) and the presence of bilberry berries (Vaccinium myrtillus), as important food sources for herbivores. These were linked to the timing of the growth of antlers and the presence of new-born young for three ungulate species as well as the presence of migratory Eurasian cranes (Grus grus). We also identified the timing of spring and autumn moulting of mountain hares (Lepus timidus) in relation to snow cover. In this novel study, we show the potential of (by-catch) data from camera traps to study phenology across a broad range of taxa, suggesting that a global network of camera traps has great potential to simultaneously track wildlife populations and the phenology of interactions between animals and plants.

• Andrén, Henrik; Hobbs, N. Thompson; Aronsson, Malin; Brøseth, Henrik; Chapron, Guillaume & Linnell, John Durrus [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Harvest models of small populations of a large carnivore using Bayesian forecasting. Ecological Applications. ISSN 1051-0761. doi: 10.1002/eap.2063. Show summary

  Harvesting large carnivores can be a management tool for meeting politically set goals for their desired abundance. However, harvesting carnivores creates its own set of conflicts in both society and among conservation professionals, where one consequence is a need to demonstrate that management is sustainable, evidence‐based and guided by science. Furthermore, because large carnivores often also have high degrees of legal protection, harvest quotas have to be carefully justified and constantly adjusted to avoid damaging their conservation status. We developed a Bayesian state‐space model to support adaptive management of Eurasian lynx harvesting in Scandinavia. The model uses data from the annual monitoring of lynx abundance and results from long‐term field research on lynx biology, which has provided detailed estimates of key demographic parameters. We used the model to predict the probability that the forecasted population size will be below or above the management objectives when subjected to different harvest quotas. The model presented here informs decision makers about the policy risks of alternative harvest levels. Earlier versions of the model have been available for wildlife managers in both Sweden and Norway to guide lynx harvest quotas and the model predictions showed good agreement with observations. We combined monitoring data with data on vital rates and were able to estimate unobserved additional mortality rates, which are most probably due to poaching. In both countries, the past quota setting strategy suggests that there has been a de facto threshold strategy with increasing proportion, which means that there is no harvest below a certain population size, but above this threshold there is an increasing proportion of the population harvested as the population size increases. The annual assessment of the monitoring results, the use of forecasting models, and a threshold harvest approach to quota setting will all reduce the risk of lynx population sizes moving outside the desired goals. The approach we illustrate could be adapted to other populations of mammals worldwide. adaptive management, Bayesian state-Space model, carnivore, Eurasian Lynx, forecating, hunting, harvest, Norway, poaching, quota, Sweden

• Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter & Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Who are legitimate stakeholders? National and local perceptions of environmental change in the Lofoten islands, Norway. Polar Geography. ISSN 1088-937X. doi: 10.1080/1088937X.2019.1648584. Show summary

  Debates on future resource policy in northern regions raises the question of who are the legitimate stakeholders to include in policy deliberations? The Lofoten archipelago in Northern Norway is a world-class nature tourism destination, the key spawning ground for North Atlantic cod as well as a reservoir of large unexploited offshore oil and gas deposits. We surveyed the resident Lofoten population and the larger Norwegian public to ascertain to what extent local and national perceptions of the value of selected environmental attributes and the importance of drivers of environmental change align across geographic scales. Lofoten residents and the national public both assign high value to environmental attributes, but local residents place more emphasis on harvesting marine and agricultural resources than the national public, which is more concerned with the status of individual species and conservation symbols. Our results show that the national public expresses so much interest in Lofoten that they should be considered a legitimate stakeholder in discussions about its future development paths, and while they relate to the area in a broadly similar way, there may be some specific areas of conflict that need to be considered. Lofoten; drivers of change; natural resources; local and national perceptions

• Dhee, anon; Athreya, Vidya; Linnell, John Durrus; Shivakumar, Shweta & Dhiman, Sat Pal (2019). The leopard that learnt from the cat and other narratives of carnivore–human coexistence in northern India. People and Nature. ISSN 2575-8314. doi: 10.1002/pan3.10039. Show summary

  1. This study explores the diversity of factors that influence human–leopard relationships in Himachal Pradesh, India. Looking beyond the socio‐economic and ecological dimensions of human–leopard conflict, it documents the multifaceted nature of human–wildlife relationships. 2. We carried out a qualitative analysis of human–leopard interactions based on interviews conducted during an ethnographic study of various stakeholders in the vicinity of a village in Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh, an area with a long history of co‐habitation between leopards and rural inhabitants. 3. We propose that the unique ways in which our participants relate with non‐human beings arose from both culturally informed and experience‐based knowledge systems. Based on the narratives of the everyday interactions between humans and leopards, we propose that the people in the landscape relate to leopards with an underlying belief that leopards are thinking beings. 4. We explore the influence of myth and storytelling in the production of narratives that define the image of the leopard in the landscape. We also underline the possible shortcomings of looking at human–animal dynamics only through the narrow lenses of ecology or socio‐economics during the production of policy and illustrate the consequence of discounting the significance of coexistence‐promoting narratives in shared landscapes. carnivore, Himachal Pradesh, India, human dimentionas of wildlife, human–human conflict, human–wildlife interaction, leopard, perception, stakeholder

• López-Bao, José Vicente; Aronsson, Malin; Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John; Persson, Jens & Andrén, Henrik (2019). Eurasian lynx fitness shows little variation across Scandinavian human-dominated landscapes. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45569-2. Show summary

  Despite extensive research on the ecology and behavioural adaptations of large carnivores in humandominated landscapes, information about the fitness consequences of sharing landscapes is still limited. We assessed the variation in three consecutive components of female fitness: the probability of reproduction, litter size and juvenile survival in relation to environmental and human factors in a solitary carnivore, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), occurring in human-dominated landscapes in Scandinavia. We used demographic data from 57 radio-collared adult females between 1995–2011 (126 radio-years). Overall, the yearly probability of female reproduction was 0.80, mean litter size was 2.34 (range 1–4) and the probability to find a female that reproduced in the spring being accompanied by at least one offspring during the subsequent winter was 0.70. We did not find evidence that food availability was a key factor influencing female fitness. Female lynx may adapt to food availability when establishing their home ranges by adopting an obstinate strategy, ensuring a minimum amount of prey necessary for survival and reproduction even during periods of prey scarcity. In human-dominated landscapes, where sufficient prey are available for lynx, mortality risk may have a larger influence on lynx population dynamics compared to food availability. Our results suggest that lynx population dynamics in human-dominated landscapes may be mainly driven by human impacts on survival.

• Hartel, Tibor; Scheele, Ben C.; Vanak, Abi Tamim; Rozylowicz, Laurențiu; Linnell, John Durrus & Ritchie, Euan G. (2019). Mainstreaming human and large carnivore coexistence through institutional collaboration. Conservation Biology. ISSN 0888-8892. doi: 10.1111/cobi.13334. Show summary

  Achieving coexistence between large carnivores and humans in human-dominated landscapes (HDLs) is a key challenge for societies globally. This challenge cannot be adequately met with the current sectoral approaches to HDL governance and an academic community largely dominated by disciplinary sectors. Academia (universities and other research institutions and organizations) should take a more active role in embracing societal challenges around conservation of large carnivores in HDLs by facilitating crosssectoral cooperation to mainstream coexistence of humans and large carnivores. Drawing on lessons from populated regions of Europe, Asia, and South America with substantial densities of large carnivores, we suggest academia should better embrace the principles and methods of sustainability sciences and create institutional spaces for the implementation of transdisciplinary curricula and projects; reflect on research approaches (i.e., disciplinary, interdisciplinary, or transdisciplinary) they apply and how their outcomes could aid leveraging institutional transformations for mainstreaming; and engage with various institutions and stakeholder groups to create novel institutional structures that can respond to multiple challenges of HDL management and human–large carnivore coexistence. Success in mainstreaming this coexistence in HDL will rest on the ability to think and act cooperatively. Such a conservation achievement, if realized, stands to have far-reaching benefits for people and biodiversity. apex predator, environmental policy, human–wildlife conflict, leverage points, sustainability science, transdisciplinary, wildlife management

• Trajçe, Aleksandër; Ivanov, Gjorge; Keçi, Erjola; Majic, Aleksandra; Melovski, Dime & Mersini, Kujtim [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2019). All carnivores are not equal in the rural people's view. Should we develop conservation plans for functional guilds or individual species in the face of conflicts? Global Ecology and Conservation. ISSN 2351-9894. 19. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00677. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We tested differences in attitudes towards bears, wolves and lynx among the rural public in Albania and Macedonia through information collected from a questionnaire survey (n ¼ 759).Wolves were the species with the least positive attitudes among the rural public and had the lowest support for conservation compared with bears and lynx. In addition, conflict perception of wolves was higher than for bears and lynx. We argue that, based on species specific differences in public attitudes, conservation initiatives and management plans for large carnivores should deal with wolves separately from bears and lynx, as lower public support for wolves might jeopardise the conservation of the two other large carnivores. Bears and lynx can be potentially treated together in conservation initiatives based on the similar levels of public support for conservation, however, from a conflictmanagement point of view, all three species need to be addressed separately. © 2019 The Authors.

• Carter, Neil H.; Bruskotter, Jeremy T.; Vucetich, John A.; Crabtree, Robert; Jaicks, Hannah & Karns, Gabriel [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Towards human-wildlife coexistence through the integration of human and Natural systems. The case of grey wolves in the Rocky Mountains, USA. In Frank, Beatrice; Glikman, Jenny A. & Marchini, Silvio (Ed.), Human-Wildlife interactions. Turning conflict into coexistence. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781108416061. p. 384–413. doi: 10.1017/9781108235730.021.
• Bowler, Diana Elizabeth; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Bischof, Richard; OHara, Robert Brian; Yu, Thin Thin & Oo, Tun [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Integrating data from different survey types for population monitoring of an endangered species: the case of the Eld’s deer. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44075-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Despite its value for conservation decision-making, we lack information on population abundances for most species. Because establishing large-scale monitoring schemes is rarely feasible, statistical methods that combine multiple data sources are promising approaches to maximize use of available information. We built a Bayesian hierarchical model that combined different survey data of the endangered Eld’s deer in Shwesettaw Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) in Myanmar and tested our approach in simulation experiments. We combined spatially-restricted line-transect abundance data with more spatially-extensive camera-trap occupancy data to enable estimation of the total deer abundance. The integrated model comprised an ecological model (common to both survey types, based on the equivalence between cloglog-transformed occurrence probability and log-transformed expected abundance) and separate observation models for each survey type. We estimated that the population size of Eld’s deer in SWS is c. 1519 (1061–2114), suggesting it is the world’s largest wild population. The simulations indicated that the potential benefits of combining data include increased precision and better sampling of the spatial variation in the environment, compared to separate analysis of each survey. Our analytical approach, which integrates the strengths of different survey methods, has widespread application for estimating species’ abundances, especially in information-poor regions of the world.

• Donfrancesco, Valerio; Ciucci, Paolo; Salvatori, Valeria; Benson, David J.; Andersen, Liselotte Wesley & Bassi, Elena [Show all 46 contributors for this article] (2019). Unravelling the scientific debate on how to address wolf-dog hybridization in Europe. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2296-701X. 7. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00175. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Anthropogenic hybridization is widely perceived as a threat to the conservation of biodiversity. Nevertheless, to date, relevant policy and management interventions are unresolved and highly convoluted. While this is due to the inherent complexity of the issue, we hereby hypothesize that a lack of agreement concerning management goals and approaches, within the scientific community, may explain the lack of social awarenesson this phenomenon, and the absence of effective pressure on decision-makers. By focusing on wolf x dog hybridization in Europe, we hereby (a) assess the state of the art of issues on wolf x dog hybridization within the scientific community, (b) assess the conceptual bases for different viewpoints, and (c) provide a conceptual framework aiming at reducing the disagreements.We adopted the Delphi technique, involving a three-round iterative survey addressed to a selected sample of experts who published at Web of Science listed journals, in the last 10 years on wolf x dog hybridization and related topics. Consensus was reached that admixed individuals should always be defined according to their genetic profile, and that a reference threshold for admixture (i.e., q-value in assignment tests) should be formally adopted for their identification. Tomitigate hybridization, experts agreed on adopting preventive, proactive and, when concerning small and recovering wolf populations, reactive interventions. Overall, experts’ consensus waned as the issues addressed became increasingly practical, including the adoption of lethal removal. We suggest three non-mutually exclusive explanations for this trend: (i) value-laden viewpoints increasingly emerge when addressing practical issues, and are particularly diverging between experts with different disciplinary backgrounds (e.g., ecologists, geneticists); (ii) some experts prefer avoiding the risk of potentially giving carte blanche to wolf opponents to (illegally) remove wolves, based on the wolf x dog hybridization issue; (iii) room for subjective interpretation and opinions result from the paucity of data on the effectiveness of different management interventions. These results have management implications and reveal gaps in the knowledge on a wide Spectrum of issues related not only to the management of anthropogenic hybridization, but also to the role of ethical values and real-world management concerns in the scientific debate. conservation, delphi technique, genetic admixture, introgression, lethal removal, management, ethics, values in science

• Hofman, M. P. G.; Hayward, M.W.; Heim, Morten; Marchand, P.; Rolandsen, Christer Moe & Mattisson, Jenny [Show all 118 contributors for this article] (2019). Right on track? Performance of satellite telemetry in terrestrial wildlife research. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 14:e0216223(5), p. 1–26. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216223. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Satellite telemetry is an increasingly utilized technology in wildlife research, and current devices can track individual animal movements at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions. However, as we enter the golden age of satellite telemetry, we need an in-Depth understanding of the main technological, species-specific and environmental factors that determine the success and failure of satellite tracking devices across species and habitats. Here, we assess the relative influence of such factors on the ability of satellite telemetry units to provide the expected amount and quality of data by analyzing data from over 3,000 devices deployed on 62 terrestrial species in 167 projects worldwide. We evaluate the success rate in obtaining GPS fixes as well as in transferring these fixes to the user and we evaluate failure rates. Average fix success and data transfer rates were high and were generally better predicted by species and unit characteristics, while environmental characteristics influenced the variability of performance. However, 48% of the unit deployments ended prematurely, half of them due to technical failure. Nonetheless, this study shows that the performance of satellite telemetry applications has shown improvements over time, and based on our findings, we provide further recommendations for both users and manufacturers.

• Linnell, John Durrus & Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter (2019). Institutions for achieving human–wildlife coexistence: The case of large herbivores and large carnivores in Europe . In Frank, Beatrice; Glikman, Jenny A. & Marchini, Silvio (Ed.), Human-Wildlife interactions. Turning conflict into coexistence. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781108416061. p. 288–310. doi: 10.1017/9781108235730.017.

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• Aukenthaler, Heinrich; Aukenthaler, Heinrich; Hofer, Alberich; Linnell, John Durrus; Mettler, Daniel & Miller, Christine [Show all 27 contributors for this article] (2022). Der Wolf im Visier - Konflikte und Lösungsansätze. Athesia Tappeiner Verlag. ISBN 978-88-6839-569-8. 351 p.

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• Linnell, John Durrus (2024). Wolf conservation in Europe - how to live with conservation success?
• Linnell, John Durrus & Stockwell, Billy (2024). Europe saved its bears from extinction. Now some countries want more rights to shoot them. [Internet]. CNN.com.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Koch, Julia (2024). Schützen oder Töten: Das Märchen vom bösen Wolf. [Internet]. Spiegel Wissenschaft.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Krumenacker, Thomas (2023). Weg frei für die Jagd auf Wölfe in Europa? [Internet]. Spektrum.de.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). The EU Review of Wolf Protection Status. [Internet]. Tommy's Outdoors Podcast.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Nadotti, Cristina (2023). Fermi tutti, babbo natale nqn ha quasi piu renne. [Newspaper]. Il Venerdi.
• Panzacchi, Manuela & Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Fermi tutti, Babbo Natale non ha quasi più renne. [Newspaper]. Il Venerdi di Repubblica.
• Linnell, John Durrus & García-Ajforín, Lola (2023). La Europa de los muros. [Internet]. El Confidencial.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Reconnectiong people and nature. What is the apropriate relationship between humans and wildlife?
• Linnell, John Durrus & Brevik, Hilde-Christine (2023). Snøhvit eller Hvitveis? Se navneforslagene og stem fram det navnet du liker best. [Internet]. Tønsbergs Blad Pluss.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Living with success in wildlife conservation: does coexistence require active management?
• Linnell, John Durrus & Nadotti, Cristina (2023). L'Ue rivede lo status di protezione dei lupi, ma l'obiettivo non è la conservazione. [Newspaper]. La Repubblica.
• Zimmermann, Alexandra; Pooley, Simon; Linnell, John Durrus; Glickman, Jenny A.; Marchini, Silvio & Hill, Catherine [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Human-wildlife conflict: a global conservation challenge. In Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Ed.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. p. 2–9. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Show summary

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Linnell, John Durrus & Gjerstadberget, Kari (2023). Ikke rør disse, selv om de ligger i hagen din! [Newspaper]. Glåmdalen.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Kjærnli Kristiansen, Emelie (2023). Jaktet tiur - fanget gaupe. [Newspaper]. Adresseavisen.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Mæhre Vold, Liv Maren (2023). Ulveangrepet: - Veldig spesiell hendelse. [Internet]. Tynsetingen Pluss.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Lahn, Knut-Erik (2023). Dette synet fikk Eivind til å sperre opp øynene - Veldig spesielt. [Newspaper]. Tønsberg Blad.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Geelen, Jean-Pierre (2023). Europese hekken tegen mensen belemmeren ook dieren, en dat is mogelijk in strijd met Europese regels. [Newspaper]. de Volkskrant.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Hillsdon, Mark (2023). Could biodiversity be a key to better forest carbon storage in Europe? [Internet]. Mongabay.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Misicka, Susan (2023). When it’s legal to shoot the wrong wolf. [Internet]. SWI swissinfo.ch.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Scillitani, Laura (2023). La prima conferenza mondiale per la coesistenza con la fauna. [Internet]. Scienzainrete.it.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Stakeholders and marine restoration.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Multiple dimensions of sustainability.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Birte, Bredow (2023). Drei tote Schafe – was über den Bären in Bayern bekannt ist. [Journal]. Spiegel Panorama.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Games without frontiers?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Samfunnsutviklingen - betydning for hjorteviltforvaltningen.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Wolves and livestock: stakeholders and science.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). What future for large carnivores in Europe? Chasing the elusive state of coexistence.
• Angoh, Siow Yan Jennifer; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2023). Forestry and environmental conditions as determinants of pine marten (Martes martes) occurrence in Norway. Show summary

  The pine marten Martes martes is a forest denizen often associated with late seral stage stands. Earlier research indicates that this species may be negatively impacted by modern forestry practices. However, the effects of current clearcutting methods upon pine marten occurrence in conjunction with changing environmental conditions are not well known. In this study, we combined four years of countrywide data from a long-term camera trap (CT) survey in Norway. We used a multi-scale occupancy model to investigate how pine marten occurrence at multiple spatial scales is related to clearcuts and forests over 120 years old. We additionally tested how pine marten occurrence responded to factors such as habitat features and temporal changes in the environment (e.g., snow depth and temperature). We found that pine martens occurred in most Norwegian landscapes, independent of the proportions of old forest and clearcuts. However, at the habitat patch scale, we found that pine marten occurrence was positively associated with the presence of old forest and terrain ruggedness, while there were no association with (nearby) clearcuts. At CT sites near clearcuts, the detection probability (which we interpret as the intensity of use of CT sites) was negatively correlated with snow depth. In contrast, we found a positive association with snow depth at CT sites without clearcuts nearby. Furthermore, the intensity of use increased with temperature and the presence of boulders near a CT. While old forest is important for pine martens, the current level and scale of clearcutting in Norway does not appear to be detrimental to the species’ occurrence at the landscape level. Also, habitat features and structures facilitating subterranean and subnivean access may mitigate the lack of old forests attributes. Snow depth and temperature may also influence how much pine martens rely on old forests.

• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Killing wolves - why, or why not?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Overvåkning av gaupe med viltkamera.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Rewilding with large carnivores?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Potential for tourism based on large carnivores in Norway.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). What is happening with Norwegian nature.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Managing wildlife in multi-use landscapes: Human-Wildlife Conflicts and Coexistence .
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). 30 years of lynx research in Norway: relevance for reintroduction in Scotland.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Large predator management in Norway.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Management of problem predators in terrestrial ecosystems.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Restoring large mammals to the European landscape: Rewilding or building novel ecosystems? .
• Linnell, John Durrus & Sesana, Ilaria (2022). L’impatto delle barriere europee anti-migranti sulla biodiversità. [Newspaper]. Altreconomia.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Managing wildlife in multi-use landscapes: Human-Wildlife Conflicts & One Health .
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Sustainability and wildlife management.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Balancing development and conservation on Norwegian islands.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Czermak, Natalia (2022). Forskare i öppet brev: Polsk mur mot Belarus kan leda till naturkatastrof. [Internet]. SVT Nyheter.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Syverhuset, Anne Olga (2022). Få modeller for viltforvaltning egner seg i dagens verden. [Internet]. nina.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Syverhuset, Anne Olga (2022). Få modeller for viltforvaltning egner seg i dagens verden. [Internet]. Hjortevilt.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Halvorsen, Ola Jordheim (2022). Overskuddsfenomenet. [Newspaper]. Dagens Næringsliv.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Rønning, Asle Olav (2022). Store ideer. Trange nåløyer. [Business/trade/industry journal]. Forskerforum.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Skjelten, Peder (2022). Kan bambi-effekten redde truga artar? [Newspaper]. Nationen.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Rønning, Asle Olav (2022). De søkte om forskningens toppmodell, men må nå vende tilbake til hverdagen. [Business/trade/industry journal]. Forskforum.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Enger, Morten (2022). Pulsen steg noen hakk da jeg så den. [Newspaper]. Adresseasen Pluss.
• Linnell, John Durrus & HENRIKSEN, CHRISTER ANDRÉ (2022). Se hva som dukket opp i Kåfjord. [Newspaper]. Framtid i Nord.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Tales that were not included in the Jungle Book! World Development Perspectives. ISSN 2468-0532. 26. doi: 10.1016/j.wdp.2022.100420.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Halvorsen, Ola Jordheim (2022). Sjakalen: norges nye rovdyr. [Newspaper]. Dagens Næringsliv.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Folkeopplysningen - Ulv. [TV]. Folkeopplysningen NRK TV.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jacobsen, Rolf (2022). Leve med ulven 4. [Radio]. NRK Innlandet.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jacobsen, Rolf (2022). Leve med ulven 3. [Radio]. NRK Innlandet.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jacobsen, Rolf (2022). Leve med ulven 2. [Radio]. NRK Innlandet.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jacobsen, Rolf (2022). Leve med ulven 1. [Radio]. NRK Innlandet.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Wolff, Reinhard (2022). Wölfe gegen Regiering 2:0. [Newspaper]. TAZ.de.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Mitts-Smith, Debra (2022). What big teeth you have: wolf attacks on humans. [Business/trade/industry journal]. International Wolf.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Livestock farming and large carnivores in Europe: discussing a way forward.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Pearce, Fred (2022). Fenced In: How the Global Rise of Border Walls Is Stifling Wildlife. [Internet]. Yale Environment 360.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Pearce, Fred (2022). How national border walls are splitting ecosystems apart. [Internet]. BBC.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Weston, Phoebe (2022). The return of the wolf: how much do they help rebuild ecosystems? [Internet]. The Guardian.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Ulven i verden - om å leve med store rovdyr.
• Linnell, John Durrus; Blanchard, Ingrid & Han, Isabelle (2022). Mausund: an island at a turning point regarding its tourism strategy. [Internet]. Once upon an island - Green Tourism Podcast.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Coexisting with Europe's large carnivores. [Internet]. Rewildology Podcast www.rewildilogy.com.
• Oliveira, Teresa; Carricondo-Sanchez, David; Mattisson, Jenny; Voigt, Kristina; Corradini, Andrea & Linnell, John Durrus [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). Predicting kill sites from an apex predator(Lynx lynx) in different multi-prey systems.
• Odden, John; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Bahlk, Sunniva Helene; Kindberg, Jonas; Hofmeester, Tim R. & Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Lynx monitoring with camera traps in Norway.
• Mattisson, Jenny; Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2022). Timing and synchrony of birth in Eurasian lynx across Europe.
• Stokes, Allan; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Odden, John; Odden, Morten & Linnell, John Durrus [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). The timing of mountain hare (Lepus timidus) coat colour change is determined by elevation, latitude and local climate.
• Stokes, Allan; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Odden, John; Odden, Morten & Linnell, John Durrus [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). The timing of mountain hare (Lepus timidus) coat colour change in Norway is determined by elevation and latitude.
• Mattisson, Jenny; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Påvirker forskningsresultat rovviltforvaltningen? .
• Pooley, Simon; Linnell, John Durrus; Münster, Ursula Margarete; Van Dooren, Thom & Zimmermann, Alexandra (2022). Editorial: Understanding Coexistence With Wildlife. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 3. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.830971. Full text in Research Archive
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Coexisting with large carnivores. [Internet]. Tommy's Outdoors Podcast.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Main, Douglas (2022). Poland's border wall to cut through Europe's last old growth forest. [Internet]. National Geographic.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Moe, Erling (2021). Ulven er omstridt i hele Europa, men aller mest i Norge. [Internet]. forskning.no.
• Rosen, Tatjana; Kaczensky, Petra & Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Protecting the cats of the cold winter deserts in Turkmenistan and western Kazakhstan.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). The Norwegian large carnivore damage compensation scheme: a critical analysis.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Rovdyr i Europa.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Hatlevik, Svein Egil (2021). Rovdyrforsker John Linnell vil ikke mene noe om hvor mange ulver det bør være i Norge. [Internet]. www.rovdyr.org.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Norway in context: how the rest of Europe manages large carnivore populations.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). EU legislation and transboundary conservation of large carnivores in Europe.
• von Arx, Manuela; Kaczensky, Petra; Linnell, John Durrus; Lanz, Tabea; Breitenmoser-Würsten, Christine & Boitani, Luigi [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Conservation status of the Eurasian lynx in West and Central Europe. Cat News. ISSN 1027-2992. p. 05–08.
• Kaczensky, Petra & Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Distribution of large carnivores in Europe 2012 - 2016: Distribution maps for Brown bear, Eurasian lynx, Grey wolf, and Wolverine. Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.pc866t1p3.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Surprising successes and failures in wildlife conservation: can we develop a theory of coexistence?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Knowledge needs for large carnivore conservation in Europe: how to train a new generation of conservationists.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Large carnivore conservation in Europe: understanding conflicts.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Setting realistic goals for restoration in human-dominated landscapes.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Illegal killing of wolves: opening perspectives.
• Olsen, Siri Lie; Bartlett, Jesamine; Davey, Marie Louise; Fossøy, Frode; Linnell, John Durrus & Nordén, Jenni [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Kartlegging og overvåking av biologisk mangfold med ny teknologi: miljø-DNA og kamerafeller.
• Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Linnell, John Durrus; Teien, Kristin Thorsrud & Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon (2021). Revisjon av viltloven: Innspill fra naturforskningen.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Krumenacker, Thomas (2021). Der wolf ist kein Dämon. [Newspaper]. Süddeutsche Zeitung.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jørn, Fremstad (2021). Er ulven farlig for mennesker? [Internet]. www.forskning.no.
• Blakely, Rhys & Linnell, John Durrus (2021). DNA list aims to save swimmers from killer sharks. [Newspaper]. The Times.
• Nark, Jason & Linnell, John Durrus (2021). The problem with problem sharks. [Internet]. The New York Times.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Monitoring Persian leopards in Turkmenistan: next steps.
• Dykes, Jacob & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Bringing back the beast: rewilding projects are expanding European carnivore ranges. [Business/trade/industry journal]. Geographical Magazine.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2020). What type and quality of data are needed for LC monitoring: design and implementation of survey and monitoring schemes .
• Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Coordinating diversity in large carnivore management.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2020). SCANDLYNX og SCANDCAM.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Kaczensky, Petra (2020). Reintroduction, persistence and local extinction of Central Asian kulan in Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan .
• Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Human wildlife conflicts and coexistence: cases from India and Brazil.
• Kopperud, Audun Fegran & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Ingen ny ulvejakt: – Den kan være hvor som helst. [Newspaper]. Lindesnes.
• Stensrud, Kenneth & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Den tråkker stadig vekk innom hyttetomter når folk ikke er der. [Newspaper]. Moss Dagblad.
• Eilevstjønn, Line Omland & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Mann (72) angripen av ulv i Canada. [Internet]. www.nationen.no.
• Hatlevik, Svein Egil & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Forsker ikke spesielt overrasket over manglende økosystemeffekter fra gaupedrepte rådyr. [Internet]. www.rovdyr.org.
• Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus; Skogen, Ketil; Mattisson, Jenny; Krange, Olve & Støen, Ole-Gunnar (2020). Små forvaltningsregioner for rovdyr er en dårlig idé. Aftenposten Viten. ISSN 2464-3033. p. 32–32.
• Ryland, Ørjan & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Unik naturopplevelse - fikk skikkelig puls. [Internet]. Dagbladet.no.
• Cretois, Benjamin & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Coexisting with large mammals in the human-dominated landscape of Europe’s Anthropocene.
• Grainger, Matthew; Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John & Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland (2019). Is cryptic poaching a threat to Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) populations? .
• Law, Elizabeth; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Van Moorter, Bram & Linnell, John Durrus (2019). How useful is monitoring for achieving sustainable wildlife management under harvest in uncertain environments? .
• Fremstad, Jørn & Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Rådyr gikk tvers over Skandinavia. [Internet]. www.hjortevilt.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus; Kaczensky, Petra; Salemgareyev, Albert R.; Zuther, Steffen; Rustamov, Eldar & Karryeva, Shirin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Reintroduction, persistence and local extinction of central Asian kulan in Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.
• Mattisson, Jenny; Walton, Zea Ann; Linnell, John Durrus; Stien, Audun & Odden, John (2019). The cost of migratory prey:seasonal changes in semi-domestic reindeer distribution influences breeding success of Eurasion lynx in northern norway.
• Mattisson, Jenny; Rauset, Geir Rune; Odden, John; Andrén, Henrik; Linnell, John Durrus & Persson, Jens (2019). Predation or scavenging? Reindeer body condition influences decision making in the wolverine.
• Hayward, Matt W.; Jachowski, David S.; Bugir, Cassandra K.; Clulow, John; Krishnamurthy, Ramesh & Griffin, Andrea S. [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2019). The search for novelty continues for rewilding. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.041.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Immerzeel, Bart (2023). The potential for large carnivore-based wildlife tourism in Norway: a critical review. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-4960-7. Show summary

  wildlife, large carnivore, bear, wolf, lynx, wolverine, tourism, conflict

• Odden, John; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Tvete, Karl Ove; Bahlk, Sunniva Helene & Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Intensiv overvåking av gaupe med kamerafeller på Nordmøre 2022 . Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-5101-3. Show summary

  Gaupe, Lynx lynx, overvåking, kamerafeller, viltkamera. Møre- og Romsdal, Trøndelag

• Boitani, Luigi; Kaczensky, Petra; Álvares, Francisco; Andren, Henrik; Balys, Vaidas & Blanco, Juan Carlos [Show all 42 contributors for this article] (2022). Assessment of the conservation status of the wolf (Canis lupus) in Europe. Standing Commitee of the Bern Convention.
• Kavčič, Irena; Álvares, Francisco; Boitani, Luigi; Borgna, Irene; Iliopoulos, Yorgos & Krofel, Miha [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2022). Non-consumptive use of wolves in tourism: guidelines for responsible practices [Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe IUCN/SSC Specialist Group] Specialist Group. University of Ljubljana. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In many early European cultures, humans shared an overall positive view of the wolf (Boitani, 1995; Boitani and Ciucci, 2009). But this changed with the anthropocentric view of nature brought about by Christianity as well as with the process of domestication and the advent of extensive animal husbandry (Boitani, 1995). Wolves were then strongly persecuted, leading to their extirpation in almost all their former range across the continent. In the last few decades, however, wolves have returned to many parts of Europe from which they had been absent for centuries. Their recovery impacts a range of human activities and interests and is accompanied by a variety of social conflicts and diverging points of view on how wolves should be managed (Boitani and Linnell, 2015; Linnell and Cretois, 2018). Conflicts and the negative economic impacts of wolf damage to livestock are the most pressing problems for wolf management today. Public debate and academic research on wolf–human relations tend to focus on these issues (Rode et al., 2021). The ecological roles of wolves in ecosystem structure and functioning are increasingly recognized (Hebbelwhite et al., 2005; Kuijper et al., 2013). However, although predator-prey interactions are highly contextdependent, most studies on this topic have been undertaken in large, natural landscapes. In most of Europe, human actions attenuate the ecological effects of large carnivores (Kuijper et al., 2016). Nevertheless, new values and the potential social benefits of human–wolf coexistence are underappreciated. Wolves are an important generator of culture, ethnography and tradition (Álvares et al., 2011) and their presence brings educational and research benefits, income from regional and product marketing, as well as socio-economic benefits from wildlife tourism (Rode et al., 2021). Different forms of tourism associated with wolves, such as wolf watching, photographing, or observing signs of their presence have already been practiced for a couple of decades in North America (Wilson and Heberlein, 1996) and to a lesser extent in Europe (Koščová and Koščová, 2016; Bavo and Villar Lama, 2020; Notaro and Grilli, 2021). Although tourism can increase the value of the species locally, such activities can also have negative impacts on wolves and their habitat, especially with the growing demand for wildlife tourism (Curtin and Kragh, 2014). The following guidelines were prepared by members of the LIFE WOLFALPS EU project group and the Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe expert group of the IUCN/SSC to set specific recommendations for responsible non-consumptive use of wolves in tourism which has as little impact on wolves as possible. The aim of these guidelines is to promote tourism activities that go beyond direct sightings of wildlife by focusing on wolf presence and wolf-related cultural heritage, creating economic opportunities for local communities in areas with wolves and consequently leading to increased tolerance towards this species.

• Odden, John; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Tvete, Karl Ove; Røragen, Sondre; Bahlk, Sunniva Helene & Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Intensiv overvåking av gaupe med kamerafeller på Nordmøre 2021. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-4928-7. Show summary

  NINA fikk i 2021 i oppdrag fra Statsforvalterne og Rovviltnemnda i rovviltregion 6 å teste ut en intensiv overvåking av gaupe med hjelp av kamerafeller i kommunene Surnadal, Heim, Tingvoll og Sunndal. Målsettingen var å identifisere antall familiegrupper og totalt antall gauper i området basert på bilder fra kamerafeller gjennom et utstrakt samarbeid med lokale hjelpere og svært intensiv datainnsamling. Prosjektet ble gjennomført i et område på 1 500 km2 i perioden juli 2021 til desember 2021. Studieområdet ble delt inn i et rutenett på 5x5 km med en observasjonspost med to viltkamera innenfor hver rute. Til sammen ble det satt opp 120 kamerafeller på 60 lokaliteter ved hjelp av lokale krefter. Gjenkjenning av individer på bilder fra kamerafeller er en metode som er lite benyttet i Skandinavia. Vi fikk derfor hjelp fra to erfarne forskere fra Sveits og Østerrike som har lang erfaring med metoden. Det ble registrert gaupe på kamerafellene 86 ganger på totalt 31 av de 60 lokalitetene. Ti av de 86 observasjonene ble vurdert som ikke identifiserbare. Dette var bilder av gauper i bevegelse og/eller i mørket der flekkmønsteret ikke kom tydelig fram. Fra de 76 observasjonene som ble identifisert, kom identifiseringen fram til at det var 14 voksne gauper og fem unger. Vi beregnet tetthet av voksne gauper til å være 4,7 gauper per 1000 km2. Denne tettheten er noe høyere enn det vi har sett i andre studieområder tidligere i Skandinavia. Vi registrerte tre familiegrupper på kamerafellene. Alle tre familiegruppene ville blitt registrert av det ordinære overvåkingssystemet. Gruppering av antall familiegrupper ved hjelp av flekkmønster ga det samme resultat som en gruppering ved hjelp av avstandskriteriene. Dette studiet, og flere tidligere studier, viser at dagens overvåking av familiegrupper ser ut til å fungere godt. Avstandskriteriene som benyttes av Rovdata til å beregne antall familiegrupper av gaupe er basert på hvor langt radiomerkede hunngauper forlytter seg. Det finnes ikke data på forflytning hos hunngauper i fra kystområdene på Nordmøre og Trøndelag. Det kan derfor være av interesse å få merket hunngauper med GPS-sender også i dette området i framtiden. Identifisering av gauper basert på flekkmønster er tid- og ressurskrevende, dette gjør metoden lite egnet over store arealer i Skandinavia. Det kan være nyttig å utføre intensive studier med identifisering i områder der det er stor konflikt rundt antall familiegrupper av gaupe. Vi har ikke funnet studier som har validert identifisering av gauper basert på flekkmønster. Vi anbefaler derfor at metoden valideres, og at data og resultater fra studier som baserer seg på individgjenkjenning av flekkmønster tolkes med omhu før feilmarginer ved metoden undersøkes.

• Cretois, Benjamin; Rød, Jan Ketil; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland & Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Transforming the use of citizen science data for biodiversity conservation at different scales. NTNU. ISSN 978-82-326-5528-1.
• Olsen, Siri Lie; Bartlett, Jesamine; Davey, Marie Louise; Fossøy, Frode; Linnell, John Durrus & Nordén, Jenni [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Kartlegging og overvåking av biologisk mangfold med ny teknologi: miljø-DNA og kamerafeller. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-4741-2. Show summary

  Norge har forpliktet seg til å stanse tap av biologisk mangfold. Å ivareta det biologiske mangfoldet krever imidlertid kunnskap om hvor artene befinner seg. For mange arter har vi god kunnskap om utbredelse og bestandsstørrelse, mens for andre arter er dette dårlig kjent. Det gjelder blant annet arter som lever skjult i jord og død ved, og mobile arter med lav tetthet. De siste tiårene har ny teknologi som bruk av miljø-DNA og kamerafeller, åpnet for påvisning av «skjult» biologisk mangfold, samt kostnadseffektiv kartlegging av andre artsgrupper. For å kunne utnytte ny teknologi i kartlegging og overvåking av biologisk mangfold, er det imidlertid nødvendig å identifisere de beste og mest kostnadseffektive metodene. Vi har derfor testet ut ulike metoder for bruk av ny teknologi i kartlegging av terrestrisk biologisk mangfold i Norge. Dette omfatter registrering av artsmangfold i jord og død ved hjelp av miljø-DNA og artsmangfold og fenologi hos pattedyr ved hjelp av kamerafeller. Våre resultater viser at analyser av miljø-DNA fra relativt enkle jord- og vedprøver kan være et nyttig verktøy for kartlegging og overvåking av biologisk mangfold. Vi bekrefter egnetheten til genetiske markører for planter, sopp og leddormer i jord, samt sopp i død ved. For disse artsgruppene fant vi at metoden fanger opp viktige forskjeller i artssamfunnet mellom natur- og substrattyper uavhengig av prøvetakings- og ekstraksjonsmetode. Sannsynligheten for deteksjon av arter var også relativt lik for ulike metoder. Vi kan derfor anbefale bruk av de enkleste og mest kostnadseffektive metodene. Resultatene for planter var sammenlignbare med tradisjonell kartlegging i regi av ANO. Foreløpige tester av markører for spretthaler, rundormer, edderkoppdyr, insekter og vertebrater resulterte i relativt få arter. Våre funn viser at dersom formålet er å overvåke artsrikdom eller artssammensetning på generelt nivå, er miljø-DNA en egnet metode. Dersom målet isteden er å registrere alle arter, og særlig rødlistearter, er trolig en kombinasjon av tradisjonell kartlegging og bruk av miljø-DNA det beste. Vårt arbeid med bruk av kamerafeller til kartlegging og overvåking av store og mellomstore pattedyr viser at dette kan benyttes til overvåking av antall og tetthet av dyr, utbredelse av både stedegne og fremmede arter, sammensetning av pattedyrsamfunn, noen sykdommer og fenologi, for eksempel vintersøvn hos grevling, pelsskifte hos hare og gevirsyklus hos rådyr. Bildedata fra kamerafeller har med andre ord en rekke bruksområder, også utover registrering av forekomst. Bruk av miljø-DNA fanget ikke opp pattedyrarter som ble påvist ved hjelp av kamerafeller. Denne rapporten bidrar med kunnskap om hvordan ny teknologi kan inngå i overvåkingen av biologisk mangfold i norsk natur. Videre arbeid med bruk av miljø-DNA bør omfatte valg av riktig sekvensdybde, videre uttesting av genetiske markører og alternative metoder for innsamling av miljø-DNA. Videre arbeid med kamerafeller bør omfatte utvikling av ulike bestandsindekser og uttesting av modifiserte kamerafeller til overvåking av smågnagere. En kombinasjon av en rekke metoder, både nye og tradisjonelle, vil være nødvendig for en helhetlig overvåking av biologisk mangfold av ulike artsgrupper.

• Linnell, John Durrus; Kovtun, Ekaterina & Rouart, Ive (2021). Wolf attacks on humans: an update for 2002–2020. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-4721-4.
• Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John & Kindberg, Jonas (2021). Første bekreftede observasjon av gullsjakal i Norge. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-4759-7. Show summary

  I februar 2021 dukket det opp en serie bilder fra i Lakselv, Finnmark som var tatt i 2019 og 2020. Disse bildene viste det som potensielt var en gullsjakal. Bildene ble sendt ut til seks internasjonale eksperter for å bekrefte den foreløpige identifikasjonen av arten. Alle de internasjonale ekspertene var enige om at bildene viste en gullsjakal. Dette er den første bekreftede observasjonen av arten i Norge. Denne rapporten gir en kort oppsummering av ekspansjonen av sjakal over hele Europa. Nylige observasjoner fra Østersjøregionen og Finland indikerer at individet mest sannsynlig har kommet til Norge som et resultat av den pågående naturlige spredningen av arter. Gullsjakal, Golden jackal, Canis aureus

• Eriksen, Ane; Willebrand, Maria Hörnell; Zimmermann, Barbara; Wikenros, Camilla; Åkesson, Mikael & Backer, Inge Lorange [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2020). Assessment of the Norwegian part of the Scandinavian wolf population, phase 1. Høgskolen i Innlandet. ISSN 2535-5678.
• Kaczensky, Petra; Salemgareyev, Albert R.; Zuther, Steffen; Suttibayev, Mukhit; Adilbekova, Fariza & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Reintroduction of kulan into the central steppe of Kazakhstan: Field Report for 2018-2019. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-4539-5.
• Kaczensky, Petra; Rustamov, E.; Karryeva, S.; Iankov, P.; Hudaykuliev, N. & Saparmyadov, J. [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2019). Rapid assessments of wildlife in Turkmenistan 2018. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-3446-7. Show summary

  Although Turkmenistan supports many wildlife species there is very little up-to-date and acces-sible information on its status. Since 2014 we have been conducting a series of expeditions to protected areas throughout the country. The primary objective has been to clarify the status of Turkmen kulan (Equus hemionus), however, we have also had a secondary focus on other large mammals, especially the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus) and its potential prey species, urial (Ovis orientalis), goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa), markhor (Capra falconeri), bezoar (Capra aegagrus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa). In addition, several expeditions have been ac-companied by ornithologists and herpetologists availing of the platform to obtain up-to-date rec-ords of these species. Finally, the expeditions have been used to assist networking and experi-ence exchange between the staff of the different protected areas.

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