Petra Filkukova

• Akbari, Rohullah; Schroeder, Daniel Thilo; Filkukova, Petra & Langguth, Johannes (2025). Monitoring Digital Wildfires: a Large-Scale Dataset of COVID-19 Conspiracy Tweets Created via Fast NLP Inference using the Graphcore IPU. I Santambrogio, Marco D. & Kalyanaraman, Ananth (Red.), Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Workshops (IPDPSW), 3–7 June 2025, Milan, Italy. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9798331526436. s. 241–250. doi: 10.1109/IPDPSW66978.2025.00047. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Large-scale classification of social media content is a crucial technique for finding, studying, and analyzing misinformation in online social networks. Based on a manually labeled dataset of COVID-19 related conspiracy tweets, we train an NLP classifier and test methods for performing inference at scale using both GPUs as well as the Graphcore IPU AI accelerator.We apply our methods on a large dataset of about 2.5 billion tweets, demonstrating that using our methods, large scale inference is possible using affordable research infrastructures. Furthermore, we find that the IPU, due to its tile-centric design, is especially suited for such inference tasks.As a result, we obtain the AICO dataset of around 18 million tweets related to COVID-19 conspiracy theories that were posted between January 2020 and November 2021, which we make available for other researchers interested in studying the topic further under https://huggingface.co/datasets/Jlangguth/AICO.

• Gausemel, Åsmund & Filkukova, Petra (2025). Innovations in dementia screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis of virtual reality assessments. Frontiers in Psychology. 16. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1606562. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: The rising prevalence of dementia, driven by aging populations, presents a global public health challenge. Pharmacological treatments offer limited benefits unless initiated during pre-symptomatic stages, emphasizing the need for early, accurate, and cost-effective screening methods. This review investigates the diagnostic accuracy and feasibility of virtual reality-based assessments for identifying mild cognitive impairment, a prodromal stage of dementia. Methods: A systematic literature search of PubMed, PsycINFO, and IEEE Xplore was conducted to identify studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of virtual reality tools for mild cognitive impairment detection. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were calculated through meta-analysis, and methodological quality was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines. Results: Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Virtual reality-based assessments demonstrated pooled sensitivity and specificity of 0.883 and 0.887, respectively. Among 13 studies using machine learning, pooled sensitivity was 0.888 and specificity 0.885. Further sub-group analysis was done according to immersion degree, MCI-subtype and reference standard. Tools integrating machine learning with EEG or movement data showed particular promise. Conclusion: The findings of this meta-analysis indicate that virtual reality (VR) assessments have a promising level of accuracy for the detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Nevertheless, the results are preliminary, and their interpretation warrants caution due to the substantial methodological heterogeneity observed among the included studies. Despite the potential of VR as a cost-effective solution for dementia screening, its implementation faces notable barriers, including the requirement for specialized personnel and the absence of clear data regarding software and support costs.

• Lien, Stine; Skogli, Erik Winther; Abamosa, Juhar Yasin; Glomdal, Sigrid Elisabeth & Filkukova, Petra (2025). Experience and attitudes toward the use of artificial intelligence in higher education. Uniped - Tidsskrift for universitets- og høgskolepedagogikk. ISSN 1500-4538. 48(1), s. 1–17. doi: 10.18261/uniped.48.1.1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gausemel, Åsmund & Filkukova, Petra (2024). Virtual realities, real recoveries: exploring the efficacy of 3MDR therapy for treatment-resistant PTSD. Frontiers in Psychology. 15. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1291961. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Langguth, Johannes; Schroeder, Daniel Thilo; Filkukova, Petra; Brenner, Stefan; Phillips, Jesper & Pogorelov, Konstantin (2023). COCO: an annotated Twitter dataset of COVID-19 conspiracy theories. Journal of Computational Social Science (JCSS). ISSN 2432-2717. 6. doi: 10.1007/s42001-023-00200-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by a surge of misinformation on social media which covered a wide range of different topics and contained many competing narratives, including conspiracy theories. To study such conspiracy theories, we created a dataset of 3495 tweets with manual labeling of the stance of each tweet w.r.t. 12 different conspiracy topics. The dataset thus contains almost 42,000 labels, each of which determined by majority among three expert annotators. The dataset was selected from COVID-19 related Twitter data spanning from January 2020 to June 2021 using a list of 54 keywords. The dataset can be used to train machine learning based classifiers for both stance and topic detection, either individually or simultaneously. BERT was used successfully for the combined task. The dataset can also be used to further study the prevalence of different conspiracy narratives. To this end we qualitatively analyze the tweets, discussing the structure of conspiracy narratives that are frequently found in the dataset. Furthermore, we illustrate the interconnection between the conspiracy categories as well as the keywords.

• Langguth, Johannes; Filkukova, Petra; Brenner, Stefan; Schroeder, Daniel Thilo & Pogorelov, Konstantin (2022). COVID-19 and 5G conspiracy theories: long term observation of a digital wildfire. International Journal of Data Science and Analytics (JDSA). ISSN 2364-415X. doi: 10.1007/s41060-022-00322-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected the lives of people worldwide, and consequently, it has dominated world news since March 2020. Thus, it is no surprise that it has also been the topic of a massive amount of misinformation, which was most likely amplified by the fact that many details about the virus were not known at the start of the pandemic. While a large amount of this misinformation was harmless, some narratives spread quickly and had a dramatic real-world effect. Such events are called digital wildfires. In this paper we study a specific digital wildfire: the idea that the COVID-19 outbreak is somehow connected to the introduction of 5G wireless technology, which caused real-world harm in April 2020 and beyond. By analyzing early social media contents we investigate the origin of this digital wildfire and the developments that lead to its wide spread. We show how the initial idea was derived from existing opposition to wireless networks, how videos rather than tweets played a crucial role in its propagation, and how commercial interests can partially explain the wide distribution of this particular piece of misinformation. We then illustrate how the initial events in the UK were echoed several months later in different countries around the world.

• Pogorelov, Konstantin; Schroeder, Daniel Thilo; Filkukova, Petra; Brenner, Stefan & Langguth, Johannes (2021). Wico text: a labeled dataset of conspiracy theory and 5g-corona misinformation tweets. OASIS '21: Proceedings of the 2021 Workshop on Open Challenges in Online Social Networks. s. 21–25. doi: https:/dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3472720.3483617. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Schroeder, Daniel Thilo; Schaal, Ferdinand; Filkukova, Petra; Pogorelov, Konstantin & Langguth, Johannes (2021). WICO Graph: A Labeled Dataset of Twitter Subgraphs based on Conspiracy Theory and 5G-Corona Misinformation Tweets. Proceedings of the International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence (ICAART). ISSN 2184-3589. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Burchard, Luk Bjarne; Schroeder, Daniel Thilo; Pogorelov, Konstantin; Becker, Soeren; Dietrich, Emily & Filkukova, Petra (2021). A Scalable System for Bundling Online Social Network Mining Research. IEEE Xplore Digital Library. doi: 10.1109/SNAMS52053.2020.9336577. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra & Langguth, Johannes (2021). An Alternative Correct Answer to the Cognitive Reflection Test. Frontiers in Psychology. 12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.662222. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) measures one’s tendency to engage in reflective deliberate System 2 thinking. The CRT consists of three mathematical tasks, which are designed to generate an intuitive wrong answer (Frederick, 2005). It requires cognitive reflection to override this intuitive answer (which is typically considered first) and come up with the correct answer. The CRT has quickly reached wide popularity and within 16 years has been cited by over 4,800 publications according to Google Scholar (∼2,000 citations in Scopus). Studies which applied the CRT focused for instance on thinking biases (Stanovich and West, 2008), time and risk preferences (Oechssler et al., 2009), fluency (Alter et al., 2007), performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks (Toplak et al., 2011), and decision-making tasks (Campitelli and Labollita, 2010). High scores on the CRT correlate positively with numeracy, actively open-minded thinking and working memory and negatively with paranormal beliefs, denominator neglect and belief bias in syllogistic reasoning tasks (Toplak et al., 2011; Baron et al., 2015; Sirota and Juanchich, 2018). The original test also inspired the development of other tests of cognitive reflection, based on the same principle of “tricky” items, which evoke an intuitive wrong answer, either numerical or verbal (e.g., Toplak et al., 2014; Thomson and Oppenheimer, 2016).

• Filkukova, Petra; Ayton, Peter & Langguth, Johannes (2021). What should I trust? Individual differences in attitudes to conflicting information and misinformation on COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology. 12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.588478. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The COVID-19 pandemic constitutes a novel threat and traditional and new media provide people with an abundance of information and misinformation on the topic. In the current study, we investigated who tends to trust what type of mis/information. The data were collected in Norway from a sample of 405 participants during the first wave of COVID-19 in April 2020. We focused on three kinds of belief: the belief that the threat is overrated (COVID-threat skepticism), the belief that the threat is underrated (COVID-threat belief) and belief in misinformation about COVID-19. We studied sociodemographic factors associated with these beliefs and the interplay between attitudes to COVID-19, media consumption and prevention behavior. All three types of belief were associated with distrust in information about COVID-19 provided by traditional media and distrust in the authorities' approach to the pandemic. COVID-threat skepticism was associated with male gender, reduced news consumption since the start of the pandemic and lower levels of precautionary measures. Belief that the COVID-19 threat is underrated was associated with younger age, left-wing political orientation, increased news consumption during the pandemic and increased precautionary behavior. Consistent with the assumptions of the theory of planned behavior, individual beliefs about the seriousness of the COVID-19 threat predicted the extent to which individual participants adopted precautionary health measures. Both COVID-threat skepticism and COVID-threat belief were associated with endorsement of misinformation on COVID-19. Participants who endorsed misinformation tended to: have lower levels of education; be male; show decreased news consumption; have high Internet use and high trust in information provided by social media. Additionally, they tended to endorse multiple misinformation stories simultaneously, even when they were mutually contradictory. The strongest predictor for low compliance with precautionary measures was endorsement of a belief that the COVID-19 threat is overrated which at the time of the data collection was held also by some experts and featured in traditional media. The findings stress the importance of consistency of communication in situations of a public health threat.

• Filkukova, Petra & Langguth, Johannes (2021). Blinded by emotions: The association between emotional reactivity and trust in fictitious news stories on crime. Studia psychologica (Bratislava). ISSN 0039-3320. 63(4), s. 404–416. doi: 10.31577/SP.2021.04.833. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We investigated the relation between emotional reactivity measured by Perth Emotional Reactivity Scale – Short Form (PERS-S) and trust in fictitious news stories on crime. In Study 1 we found on a sample of 508 older adults (M = 70.6 years) that their general positive and negative emotional reactivity was associated with trust in the presented misinformation, experienced negative emotions elicited by the news stories and willingness to share the news. For young adults in Study 2 (N = 186; M = 21.7) there was a weaker association between emotional reactivity and trust in misinformation, which involved only negative emo-tional reactivity. For both samples, trust in fictitious news stories was associated with trust in traditional and new media. There was no association between trust in fictitious news stories and the amount of news consumption and Internet use. Based on our findings, the focus on emotion control and critical reading seems to be important in the fight against misinformation.

• Thoma, Volker; Weiss-Cohen, Leonardo; Filkukova, Petra & Ayton, Peter (2021). Cognitive predictors of precautionary behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology. 12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.589800. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Schroeder, Daniel Thilo; Schaal, Ferdinand; Filkukova, Petra; Pogorelov, Konstantin & Langguth, Johannes (2021). WICO Graph: A Labeled Dataset of Twitter Subgraphs based on Conspiracy Theory and 5G-Corona Misinformation Tweets. Proceedings of the International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence (ICAART). ISSN 2184-3589. doi: 10.5220/0010262802570266. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Langguth, Johannes; Pogorelov, Konstantin; Brenner, Stefan; Filkukova, Petra & Schroeder, Daniel Thilo (2021). Don't Trust Your Eyes: Image Manipulation in the Age of DeepFakes. Frontiers in Communication. 6. doi: 10.3389/fcomm.2021.632317. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We review the phenomenon of deepfakes, a novel technology enabling inexpensive manipulation of video material through the use of artificial intelligence, in the context of today’s wider discussion on fake news. We discuss the foundation as well as recent developments of the technology, as well as the differences from earlier manipulation techniques and investigate technical countermeasures. While the threat of deepfake videos with substantial political impact has been widely discussed in recent years, so far, the political impact of the technology has been limited. We investigate reasons for this and extrapolate the types of deepfake videos we are likely to see in the future.

• Pogorelov, Konstantin; Schroeder, Daniel Thilo; Filkukova, Petra; Brenner, Stefan & Langguth, Johannes (2021). WICO Text: A Labeled Dataset of Conspiracy Theory and 5G-Corona Misinformation Tweets. I Guidi, Barbara (Red.), OASIS '21: Proceedings of the 2021 Workshop on Open Challenges in Online Social Networks. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). ISSN 9781450386326. s. 21–25. doi: 10.1145/3472720.3483617. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra & Jørgensen, Magne (2020). How to pose for a professional photo: The effect of three facial expressions on perception of competence of a software developer. Australian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0004-9530. 72(3), s. 257–266. doi: 10.1111/ajpy.12285. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Pogorelov, Konstantin; Schroeder, Daniel Thilo; Burchard, Luk Bjarne; Moe, Johannes; Brenner, Stefan & Filkukova, Petra [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). FakeNews: Corona Virus and 5G Conspiracy Task at MediaEval 2020. CEUR Workshop Proceedings. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Pogorelov, Konstantin; Schroeder, Daniel Thilo; Filkukova, Petra & Langguth, Johannes (2020). A System for High Performance Mining on GDELT Data. IEEE Xplore Digital Library. doi: 10.1109/IPDPSW50202.2020.00182. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Teigen, Karl Halvor; Filkukova, Petra & Hohle, Sigrid Møyner (2018). It can become 5 °C warmer: The extremity effect in climate forecasts. Journal of experimental psychology. Applied. ISSN 1076-898X. 24(1), s. 3–17. doi: 10.1037/xap0000149. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Climate projections and other predictions are often described as outcomes that can happen, indicating possibilities that are imaginable, but uncertain. Whereas the meanings of other uncertainty terms have been extensively studied, the uses of modal verbs like can and will have rarely been examined. Participants in five experiments were shown graphs and verbal statements showing projections of future global warming, sea level rise, and other climate-related issues. All studies gave support for the extremity hypothesis, which states that people use can-statements to describe the topmost values in a distribution of outcomes, regardless of their actual probabilities. Despite their extremity, outcomes that can happen are believed to have a substantial likelihood of occurrence. The extremity effect was replicated in two languages (Norwegian and English), and with several related terms (can, possible, could, may). The combination of extremity and exaggerated likelihood conveyed by such statements could lead to serious miscommunications.

• Solberg, Olga; Filkukova, Petra; Frich, Jan C & Feragen, Kristin Judith Billaud (2018). Age at Death and Causes of Death in Patients with Huntington Disease in Norway in 1986-2015. Journal of Huntington's Disease. ISSN 1879-6397. 7(1), s. 77–86. doi: 10.3233/JHD-170270. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: The literature offers discrepant findings regarding age at death in individuals with Huntington disease (HD). Objective: To study the age at death and causes of death in males and females with a diagnosis of HD in Norway. Methods: Registry study of deaths in 1986–2015 using data from two national registries: the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry (NCDR) and the registry of the Centre for Rare Disorders (CRD), Oslo University Hospital. Results: Mean age at death for individuals with HD was found to be 63.9 years (NCDR) and 61.7 years (CRD), compared to a mean of 76.9 years in the general population (NCDR). There were no significant gender differences for age at death in individuals with HD. The significant increase in age at death within the general population from 1986 to 2015 was not observed in individuals with HD. In 73.5% of individuals with HD, the underlying cause of death was HD, followed by cardiovascular diseases, cancer and respiratory diseases. The most common immediate cause of death was respiratory diseases (44.2%). Suicide was a more common cause of death in the population with HD (2.3%) compared to the general population (1.3%). Conclusion: The age at death of individuals with HD was stable over a period of 30 years and 13.3 years lower than in the general population. Longer life expectancy for females from the general population was not found in females with HD. Suicide was more common among individuals with HD compared to the general population.

• Filkukova, Petra; Jensen, Tine; Hafstad, Gertrud; Minde, Hanne & Dyb, Grete (2016). The Relationship between Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Narrative Structure among Adolescent Terrorist Attack Survivors. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra; Jensen, Tine Kristin; Hafstad, Gertrud Sofie; Minde, Hanne Torvund & Dyb, Grete (2016). The relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms and narrative structure among adolescent terrorist-attack survivors. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 7. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v7.29551. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra; Hafstad, Gertrud Sofie & Jensen, Tine Kristin (2016). Who can I trust? Extended fear during and after the Utøya terrorist attack. Psychological Trauma. ISSN 1942-9681. 8(4), s. 512–519. doi: 10.1037/tra0000141. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Teigen, Karl Halvor; Juanchich, Marie & Filkukova, Petra (2014). Verbal probabilities: An alternative approach. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (QJEP). ISSN 1747-0218. 67(1), s. 124–146. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2013.793731. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Previous studies of verbal probabilities have tried to place expressions like a chance, possible, and certain on 0-1 numerical probability scales. We ask instead, out of a range of outcomes which outcome does a verbal probability suggest. When, for instance, a sample of laptop batteries lasts from 1.5 to 3.5 hours, what is a certain and what is a possible duration? Study 1 showed that speakers associate certain with low values and possible with (unlikely) high or maximal values. In Study 2 this methodology was applied to several positive and negative verbal probability phrases, showing a preference for high rather than low or middle values in a distribution. Study 3 showed that such maxima are not universally described by large numbers. For instance, maximum speed is often described in terms of a small number of time units. What can (possibly) happen is accordingly sometimes described with very low and sometimes with very high values, depending upon focus of interest. Finally, participants in Study 4 were given the role of hearers rather than speakers, and asked to infer outcome ranges from verbal probabilities. Hearers appeared to be partly aware of speakers’ tendencies to describe outcomes at the top of the range.

• Filkukova, Petra & Klempe, Sven (2013). Rhyme As Reason in Commercial and Social Advertising. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 54, s. 423–431. doi: 10.1002/bdm.761. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study investigated the rhyme-as-reason effect on new artificially created advertising slogans. Rhymes and non-rhymes were in Experiment 1 and 2 compared in a between-subjects design and in Experiment 3 in a within-subjects design. The quality of the form and content of the slogans was always evaluated by separate groups. In Experiment 1, we found a strong preference for rhyming slogans as opposed to their non-rhyming counterparts. Rhymes were rated as more likeable, more original, easier to remember, more suitable for campaigns, more persuasive and more trustworthy. In Experiment 2, social advertising messages were evaluated favorably in both rhyming and non-rhyming versions. However, when participants directly compared rhymes and non-rhymes on the same scale (Experiment 3), the difference between commercial and social advertising disappeared and for all slogans rhymes were clearly preferred to non-rhymes in terms of both form and content. A detailed analysis revealed that the rhymes scoring high on formal aspects were also favored in the questionnaire investigating content aspects.

• Teigen, Karl-Halvor & Filkukova, Petra (2013). Can > Will: Predictions of What Can Happen Are Extreme, But Believed to Be Probable. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. ISSN 0894-3257. 26(1), s. 68–78. doi: 10.1002/bdm.761. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Predictions of uncertain events are often described in terms of what can or what will happen. How are such statements used by speakers, and what are they perceived to mean? Participants in four experiments were presented with distributions of variable product characteristics and were asked to generate natural, meaningful sentences containing either will or can. Will was typically associated with either low or intermediate numeric values, whereas can consistently suggested high (maximum) values. For instance, laptop batteries lasting from 1.5 to 3.5{\hspace{0.167em}}hours will last for 1.5{\hspace{0.167em}}hours or for 2.5{\hspace{0.167em}}hours, but they can last for 3.5{\hspace{0.167em}}hours. The same response patterns were found for positive and negative events. In will-statements, the most frequent scalar modifiers were at least and about, whereas in can-statements, the most frequent modifier included up to. A fifth experiment showed that will indicates an outcome that may be certain but more often simply probable. Can means possible, but even can-statements are perceived to imply probable outcomes. This could create a communication paradox because most speakers use can to describe outcomes that because of their extremity are at the same time quite unlikely.

• Teigen, Karl Halvor & Filkukova, Petra (2013). Can > will: Predictions of what "can" happen are extreme, but believed to be probable. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. ISSN 0894-3257. 26(1), s. 68–78. doi: 10.1002/bdm.761. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Predictions of uncertain events are often described in terms of what can or what will happen. How are such statements used by speakers, and what are they perceived to mean? Participants in four experiments were presented with distributions of variable product characteristics, and asked to generate natural, meaningful sentences containing either will or can. Will was typically associated with either low or intermediate numeric values, whereas can consistently suggested high (maximum) values. For instance, laptop batteries lasting from 1.5 to 3.5 hours “will” last for 1.5 hours or for 2.5 hours, but they “can” last for 3.5 hours. The same response patterns were found for positive and negative events. In will-statements, the most frequent scalar modifiers were “at least” and “about”, whereas can-statements included “up to” as the most frequent modifier. A fifth experiment showed that will indicates an outcome that may be “certain”, but more often simply “probable”. Can means “possible”, but even can-statements are perceived to imply “probable” outcomes. This could create a communication paradox since most speakers use “can” to describe outcomes that because of their extremity are at the same time quite unlikely.

• Filkukova, Petra & Klempe, Sven Hroar (2013). Rhyme as reason in commercial and social advertising. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 54(5), s. 423–431. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12069. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study investigated the rhyme-as-reason effect on new artificially created advertising slogans. Rhymes and non-rhymes were in Experiment 1 and 2 compared in a between-subjects design and in Experiment 3 in a within-subjects design. The quality of the form and content of the slogans was always evaluated by separate groups. In Experiment 1, we found a strong preference for rhyming slogans as opposed to their non-rhyming counterparts. Rhymes were rated as more likeable, more original, easier to remember, more suitable for campaigns, more persuasive and more trustworthy. In Experiment 2, social advertising messages were evaluated favorably in both rhyming and non-rhyming versions. However, when participants directly compared rhymes and non-rhymes on the same scale (Experiment 3), the difference between commercial and social advertising disappeared and for all slogans rhymes were clearly preferred to non-rhymes in terms of both form and content. A detailed analysis revealed that the rhymes scoring high on formal aspects were also favored in the questionnaire investigating content aspects.

• Nafstad, Hilde; Blakar, Rolv; Botchway, Albert; Bruer, Erlend; Filkukova, Petra & Rand-Hendriksen, Kim [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Communal Values and Individualism in Our Era of Globalization: a Comparative Longitudinal Study of Three Different Societies. s. 51–69. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra; Teigen, Karl-Halvor & Parianou, K. (2012). Interpretations of "can" and "will" in Consumer Communication About Risks and Benefits. I Knutsen, Karen S. Patrick; Kvam, Sigmund; Langemeyer, Peter Hans; Solfjeld, Kåre & Parianou, Anastasia (Red.), Narratives of Risk: Interdisciplinary studies. Waxmann Verlag. ISSN 9783830928034. s. 275–305. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Marketers frequently promote products through statements about what the product can or will do; they are also obliged to report what kind of adverse side effects a product can have. How strong, and how pervasive, are such effects perceived to be? And how persuasive are such messages? In five experiments, participants were asked to estimate the frequencies (prevalences) implied by can- and will-statements about the risks and benefits associated with various products, including cosmetics and drugs. The results showed that negative side effects that can happen were considered more frequent than positive intended effects, whereas positive and negative side effects were considered to have a more equal likelihood of occurrence. Positive statements containing can were generally viewed as more persuasive than statements describing corresponding numerical frequencies. On the other hand, negative can-statements were seen as less discouraging than corresponding statistical statements about the risks involved. We conclude that can is a powerful rhetorical device, which allows the speaker to describe the ability of a product to attain desirable results, while not ruling out the possibility of minor drawbacks.

• Filkukova, Petra & Teigen, Karl Halvor (2012). Interpretations of can and will in consumer communication about risks and benefits. I Knutsen, Karen S. Patrick; Kvam, Sigmund; Langemeyer, Peter Hans; Solfjeld, Kåre & Parianou, Anastasia (Red.), Narratives of Risk: Interdisciplinary studies. Waxmann Verlag. ISSN 9783830928034. s. 275–305. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Narratives of Risk: Interdisciplinary Studies is the result of an international project involving authors from institutions of higher education in Denmark, Greece, Malta and Norway. Twenty-one contributors, partly in German and partly in English, discuss stories of risk circulating within different fields of research: linguistics, translation studies, comparative literature, rhetoric, education, theology, psychology, sociology and political science. The concept of risk is multi-faceted. As these articles illustrate, stories can be about risk, but they can also be risky in themselves. For example, a technical manual can help people avoic dangerous situations; however, a faulty translation can lead to injury or even death. Likewise, a novel for young adults can persuade them to avoid risky behavior, while another may actually encourage them to take chances.

• Nafstad, Hilde Eileen; Blakar, Rolv Mikkel; Botchway, Albert; Bruer, Erlend Sand; Filkukova, Petra & Rand-Hendriksen, Kim (2012). Communal values and individualism in our era of globalization: A comparative study of three different societies. I Knoop, Henrik H. & Fave, Antonella Delle (Red.), Well-Being and Culture: Cross-Cultural Advancements in Positive Psychology. Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. ISSN 9789400746114. s. 51–69. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4611-4_4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Teigen, Karl-Halvor & Filkukova, Petra (2011). Are Lies More Wrong Than Errors? Accuracy Judgments of Inaccurate Estimates. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 52(1), s. 8–20. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  People are often mistaken when estimating and predicting quantities, and sometimes they report values that they know are false: they lie. There exists, however, little research devoted to how such deviations are being perceived. In four vignette studies, participants were asked to rate the accuracy of inaccurate statements about quantities (prices, numbers and amounts). The results indicate that overstatements are generally judged to be more inaccurate than understatements of the same magnitude; self-favorable (optimistic) statements are considered more inaccurate than unfavorable (pessimistic) statements, and false reports (lies) are perceived to be more inaccurate than equally mistaken estimates. Lies about the future did not differ from lies about the past, but own lies were perceived as larger than the same lies attributed to another person. It is suggested that estimates are judged according to how close they come to the true values (close estimates are more correct than estimates that are less close), whereas lies are judged as deviant from truth, with less importance attached to the magnitude of the deviation.

• Teigen, Karl Halvor & Filkukova, Petra (2011). Are lies more wrong than errors? Accuracy judgments of inaccurate statements. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 52(1), s. 8–20. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00843.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  People are often mistaken when estimating and predicting quantities, and sometimes they report values that they know are false: they lie. There exists, however, little research devoted to how such deviations are being perceived. In four vignette studies, participants were asked to rate the accuracy of inaccurate statements about quantities (prices, numbers, and amounts. The results indicate that overstatements are generally judged to be more inaccurate than understatements of the same magnitude; self-favourable (optimistic) statements are considered more inaccurate than unfavourable (pessimistic) statements, and false reports (lies) are perceived to be more inaccurate than equally mistaken estimates. Lies about the future did not differ from lies about the past, but own lies were perceived as larger than the same lies attributed to another person. It is suggested that estimates are judged according to how close they come to the true values (close estimates are more correct than estimates that are less close), whereas lies are judged as deviant from truth, with less importance attached to the magnitude of the deviation.

• Teigen, Karl Halvor & Filkukova, Petra (2011). Can > will: Predictions of what "can" happen are extreme, but believed to be probable. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. ISSN 0894-3257. doi: 10.1002/bdm.761. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Predictions of uncertain events are often described in terms of what can or what will happen. How are such statements used by speakers, and what are they perceived to mean? Participants in four experiments were presented with distributions of variable product characteristics, and asked to generate natural, meaningful sentences containing either will or can. Will was typically associated with either low or intermediate numeric values, whereas can consistently suggested high (maximum) values. For instance, laptop batteries lasting from 1.5 to 3.5 hours “will” last for 1.5 hours or for 2.5 hours, but they “can” last for 3.5 hours. The same response patterns were found for positive and negative events. In will-statements, the most frequent scalar modifiers were “at least” and “about”, whereas can-statements included “up to” as the most frequent modifier. A fifth experiment showed that will indicates an outcome that may be “certain”, but more often simply “probable”. Can means “possible”, but even can-statements are perceived to imply “probable” outcomes. This could create a communication paradox since most speakers use “can” to describe outcomes that because of their extremity are at the same time quite unlikely.

• Filkukova, Petra (2009). Girls' magazine reading and attitudes of early adolescent girls. Interjuli: Internationale Kinder- und Jugendliteraturforschung. ISSN 1868-2049. 1(1), s. 23–36. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra (2007). Impacts of Television Violence on Children. Academic Review of Norway. 5, s. 9–14. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The impacts of media violence on children are the most heavily researched issue in the field of media effect studies. The aim of this article is to summarize and confront the theories of media violence, which have been developed so far, highlighting shortcomings of the studies on which these theories are based. I discuss the general methodological difficulties of studying impacts of media violence, thus trying to provide an explanation, why after decades of intensive research there is no final answer to the question of television violence yet.

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• Filkukova, Petra (2025). Perception of development of life quality and environmental quality. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra (2025). Attitudes to AI in academia. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra; Lien, Stine; Skogli, Erik Winther; Glomdal, Sigrid Elisabeth & Abamosa, Juhar Yasin (2024). AI in Norwegian academia: Attitudes of students and teachers. International Journal of Psychology (IJP). ISSN 0020-7594. 59(S1), s. 24–24. doi: https:/onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ijop.13167. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra & Soleim, Sara (2024). The association between empathy and social media use. International Journal of Psychology (IJP). ISSN 0020-7594. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra; Ayton, Peter & Langguth, Johannes (2023). Motivated reasoning in the evaluation of news quality. International Journal of Psychology (IJP). ISSN 0020-7594. 58(S1), s. 692–693. doi: https:/onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ijop.13040. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Schroeder, Daniel; Schaal, Ferdinand; Filkukova, Petra; Pogorelov, Konstantin & Langguth, Johannes (2021). WICO Graph: a Labeled Dataset of Twitter Subgraphs based on Conspiracy Theory and 5G-Corona Misinformation Tweets. doi: 10.5220/0010262802570266. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, a surge of misinformation has flooded social media and other internet channels, and some of it has the potential to cause real-world harm. To counteract this misinformation, reliably identifying it is a principal problem to be solved. However, the identification of misinformation poses a formidable challenge for language processing systems since the texts containing misinformation are short, work with insinuation rather than explicitly stating a false claim, or resemble other postings that deal with the same topic ironically. Accordingly, for the development of better detection systems, it is not only essential to use hand-labeled ground truth data and extend the analysis with methods beyond Natural Language Processing to consider the characteristics of the participant's relationships and the diffusion of misinformation. This paper presents a novel dataset that deals with a specific piece of misinformation: the idea that the 5G wireless network is causally connected to the COVID-19 pandemic. We have extracted the subgraphs of 3,000 manually classified Tweets from Twitter's follower network and distinguished them into three categories. First, subgraphs of Tweets that propagate the specific 5G misinformation, those that spread other conspiracy theories, and Tweets that do neither. We created the WICO (Wireless Networks and Coronavirus Conspiracy) dataset to support experts in machine learning experts, graph processing, and related fields in studying the spread of misinformation. Furthermore, we provide a series of baseline experiments using both Graph Neural Networks and other established classifiers that use simple graph metrics as features. The dataset is available at https://datasets.simula.no/wico-graph

• Filkukova, Petra & Langguth, Johannes (2021). How adolescents and senior citizens evaluate fake news. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra; Ayton, Peter & Langguth, Johannes (2021). Sociodemographic attributes, media consumption and susceptibility to fake news. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra; Ayton, Peter & Langguth, Johannes (2021). Motivated reasoning in the evaluation of news quality. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Langguth, Johannes; Filkukova, Petra; Schroeder, Daniel Thilo & Pogorelov, Konstantin (2021). Will technical means help in preventing digital wildfires? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Burchard, Luk; Schroeder, Daniel; Pogorelov, Konstantin; Becker, Soeren; Filkukova, Petra & Langguth, Johannes (2020). A Scalable System for Bundling Online Social Network Mining Research. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Online social networks such as Facebook and Twitter are part of the everyday life of millions of people. They are not only used for interaction but play an essential role when it comes to information acquisition and knowledge gain. The abundance and detail of the accumulated data in these online social networks open up new possibilities for social researchers and psychologists, allowing them to study behavior in a large test population. However, complex application programming interfaces (API) and data scraping restrictions are, in many cases, a limiting factor when accessing this data. Furthermore, research projects are typically granted restricted access based on quotas. Thus, research tools such as scrapers that access social network data through an API must manage these quotas. While this is generally feasible, it becomes a problem when more than one tool, or multiple instances of the same tool, is being used in the same research group. Since different tools typically cannot balance access to a shared quota on their own, additional software is needed to prevent the individual tools from overusing the shared quota. In this paper, we present a proxy server that manages several researchers' data contingents in a cooperative research environment and thus enables a transparent view of a subset of Twitter's API. Our proxy scales linearly with the number of clients in use and incurs almost no performance penalties or implementation overhead to further layer or applications that need to work with the Twitter API. Thus, it allows seamless integration of multiple API accessing programs within the same research group.

• Langguth, Johannes; Schroeder, Daniel; Pogorelov, Konstantin & Filkukova, Petra (2020). Graph Structure Based Monitoring of Digital Wildfires. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Langguth, Johannes & Filkukova, Petra (2019). Don't Trust Your Eyes: Manipulation of Visual Media in the Age of Deepfakes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In 2017, a large number of internet users were shocked to discover that using deep learning technology, realistically looking videos depicting an arbitrary person performing arbitrary actions can be created easily using nothing but a modern personal computer. In 2018, it quickly became clear that such videos could fool all but the most alert observers. Since most people tend to trust video recordings over most other media, DeepFakes represent a dangerous new tool for manipulating public opinion and thus undermining democracy. In this study, we give an accessible introduction to the technological details that make DeepFakes possible. In the second part, we discuss technological countermeasures as well as the wider implications of this technology and its significance for public opinion in democratic countries.

• Filkukova, Petra; Ayton, Peter & Langguth, Johannes (2019). When sharing is not caring: Individual differences in the evaluation of news quality. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra & Sloman, Steven (2019). Truth is in the eye of the beholder: Factors impacting fake news recognition. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra & Teigen, Karl-Halvor (2017). Predictions of development of life quality and environmental quality. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra & Jørgensen, Magne (2017). What it actually is a working hour? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra; Hafstad, Gertrud Sofie & Jensen, Tine Kristin (2016). Who can I trust? Extended fear during and after the Utøya terrorist attack. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra (2016). Utøya: De som var mest redde, fikk flest plager. [Internet]. Forskning.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra; Hjemdal, Ole Kristian & Thoresen, Siri (2016). Reactions, attitudes and media consumption in the aftermath of terror. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra; Hafstad, Gertrud Sofie & Jensen, Tine Kristin (2015). Who can I trust? Circles of distrust during and after the Utøya terrorist attack. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra & Jørgensen, Magne (2014). The effect of facial expression on evaluation of competence: Keep smiling! Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra (2013). Aggression in television broadcasting for children: Czech fairytale vs. Japanese anime. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra & Teigen, Karl Halvor (2013). The effect of nutrition label format on perception of products. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Teigen, Karl Halvor & Filkukova, Petra (2012). Risk communication: Words vs. numbers. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Teigen, Karl Halvor; Filkukova, Petra & Juanchich, Marie (2012). Possibilities are rare: A pragmatic approach to verbal probabilities. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra & Klempe, Sven (2011). Rhyme As Reason in Commercial and Social Advertising. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Teigen, Karl Halvor & Filkukova, Petra (2011). Predictions of what can and what will happen: A matter of probability or extremity? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra & Klempe, Sven Hroar (2011). Rhyme as reason in commercial and social advertising. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra & Teigen, Karl Halvor (2011). Can- vs. will-statements in the context of consumer communication. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nafstad, Hilde Eileen; Blakar, Rolv Mikkel; Botchway, Albert; Bruer, Erlend Sand; Filkukova, Petra & Rand-Hendriksen, Kim (2010). Cross-cultural studies of communal values: A post-communist East-European republic, a Nordic welfare state and a modern West-African society. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Teigen, Karl Halvor; Filkukova, Petra; Kanten, Alf Børre & Terum, Jens Andreas (2010). Det som kan skje er lite sannsynlig: Om tenkning i ytterligheter. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra & Teigen, Karl Halvor (2010). Perception of product information: How people understand descriptions of uncertain effects. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra & Teigen, Karl Halvor (2009). How wrong is a lie? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra & Teigen, Karl Halvor (2009). Perception of product information. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra (2008). The Relationship Between Girls' Magazines Reading and Attitudes of Early Adolescent Girls. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra (2008). Girls’ magazine reading and attitudes of early adolescent girls. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra (2008). The relationship between girls’ magazine reading and attitudes of early adolescent girls. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra (2008). The relationship between girls' magazine reading and attitudes of pubescent girls. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Filkukova, Petra (2013). Embellishing the truth: Language effects in consumer communication. University of Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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