Gunhild Birgitte Sætren

• Badu, James; Kruke, Bjørn Ivar & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2026). From Policy to Participation: How Trust and Communication Shape Climate Resilience in Longyearbyen, Svalbard. Environmental Communication. ISSN 1752-4032. s. 1–33. doi: 10.1080/17524032.2026.2734419. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This qualitative study examines how trust and communication shape stakeholder engagement during the energy transition in Longyearbyen, Svalbard. Drawing on semi-structured interviews and reflexive thematic analysis informed by Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT), the study explores how stakeholders perceive institutional communication in a multilingual Arctic community undergoing rapid climate and governance change. Findings suggest that top-down decision-making, limited communication channels and unclear explanations were perceived as communicative divergence, thereby weakening institutional trust and procedural legitimacy. Later efforts, including public forums, research collaboration and expanded opportunities for input, were viewed by some stakeholders as signs of communicative convergence and institutional responsiveness. These measures, however, may only partially influence trust repair, as earlier perceptions of exclusion remained influential. The study suggests that trust repair depends not simply on more communication but on accessible, responsive, respectful and consequential participation. It contributes to the climate-governance literature by explaining how communicative convergence and divergence shape legitimacy, trust repair and participatory resilience.

• Pedersen, Ingunn; Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Strandås, Maria & Lund-Kordahl, Inger (2026). Factors affecting paramedics situational awareness in out of hospital emergencies: A mixed methods systematic review. International Emergency Nursing. ISSN 1755-599X. 89. doi: 10.1016/j.ienj.2026.101894. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction Out-of-hospital emergency care is complex, time-critical, and demands rapid decisions that directly affect patient safety. Paramedics deliver life-saving treatment in unpredictable environments, requiring swift judgment and adaptability under pressure. Despite expertise, errors occur—especially under stress. Situational awareness (SA), the ability to perceive, interpret, and anticipate key elements, is vital for safe, effective care and coordination. Yet research on how paramedics develop and maintain SA in these challenging settings remains limited, leaving critical knowledge gaps. Aim This mixed methods systematic review synthesizes evidence on factors influencing paramedics' SA in out-of-hospital emergency care. Methods Following PRISMA 2020 and JBI guidelines, a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and EMBASE identified studies published from 2013 onward. Results Four recurring factors affecting SA emerged: The Individual: Cognitive Capacity & Expertise, The Systems: Information Flow & Technological Integration, The Team: Leadership & Distributed Communication, and The Context: Environmental & Scene Complexity. Conclusion SA depends on the interaction between individual cognitive capacity and expertise, system-level information flow and technological integration, team-based leadership and communication, and environmental and scene complexity. The findings demonstrate that SA is not an isolated individual skill but an emergent and fragile phenomenon shaped by cognitive, organizational, and contextual demands.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2026). Human Factors, Safety, and Technology in the High Arctic Context, Svalbard, Safety by Design: Human-Centered Approaches to AI, Automation, and Remote Operations. CRC Press. ISSN 9781003741824. s. 170–185. doi: 10.1201/9781003741824-12. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The High Arctic represents one of the most challenging environments for safe operations, characterised by rapid climate change, extreme weather, and geographical remoteness. These conditions amplify risks such as avalanches, infrastructure instability, and communication failures, while also imposing unique human factors constraints on performance and decision-making. This chapter explores how technological development and human-centred design can enhance resilience and safety in High Arctic operations. Drawing on principles of Safety by Design and human factors engineering, the interplay among environmental hazards, workload (including cognitive), and system reliability is examined. It highlights the need for robust, adaptive technologies, such as sensor-based warning systems and autonomous solutions, that maintain meaningful human control under uncertainty. By integrating insights from human performance research and resilience engineering, the High Arctic emerges as a natural testbed for designing systems that succeed under extreme conditions and inform global safety practices. © 2026 selection and editorial matter, Frøy Birte Bjørneseth, Stig Ole Johnsen, Ole Andreas Alsos, Vidar Hepsø and Gunhild Birgitte Sætren; individual chapters, the contributors.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Lund-Kordahl, Inger; Vaag, Jonas Rennemo; Lund, Mass Soldal & Badu, James (2025). Safety in the High-Arctic. I Abrahamsen, Eirik Bjorheim; Aven, Terje; Bouder, Frederic Emmanuel; Flage, Roger & Ylönen, Marja Katariina (Red.), Stavanger ESREL SRA-E 2025 Proceedings: 35th European Safety and Reliability Conference and the 33rd Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference, 15 - 19 June 2025, Norway. Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789819432813. s. 1965–1972. doi: 10.3850/978-981-94-3281-3_ESREL-SRA-E2025-P2680-cd. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Longyearbyen, the northernmost city in the world located in Svalbard, experiences the highest global impact of climate change. The city’s population is diverse, comprising approximately 40% non-Norwegian and 60% Norwegian inhabitants. Despite extreme weather conditions and significant seasonal variations, residents maintain their daily lives in this remote area. This study explored the sense of safety among Longyearbyen’s population through qualitative interviews and grounded theory analysis. We identified a core category: sense of vulnerability, and two main categories: social safety and physical safety. Social safety was influenced by strong community bonds yet threatened by new regulations that create divisions between Norwegian and non-Norwegian residents, fostering an in-group and out-group dynamic. Physical safety concerned arise from increasing natural hazards and the vulnerability of the city’s infrastructure. Overall, while residents generally feel safe and enjoy living in Longyearbyen, there is a growing awareness of both social and physical safety hazards.

• Badu, James; Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Taarup-Esbensen, Jacob & Kruke, Bjørn Ivar (2025). Trust in Risk Communication: Local versus National Responses to Climate-related Risks in Longyearbyen-Svalbard. I Abrahamsen, Eirik Bjorheim; Aven, Terje; Bouder, Frederic Emmanuel; Flage, Roger & Ylönen, Marja Katariina (Red.), Stavanger ESREL SRA-E 2025 Proceedings: 35th European Safety and Reliability Conference and the 33rd Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference, 15 - 19 June 2025, Norway. Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789819432813. s. 1981–1988. doi: 10.3850/978-981-94-3281-3_ESREL-SRA-E2025-P8367-cd. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper explores the complex relationship between local and national authorities in risk communication within Arctic communities, focusing on the town of Longyearbyen, Svalbard. Through an analysis of interview data, the study examines how inhabitants perceive and trust risk communication regarding climate-related risks such as avalanches, permafrost melting, and erosion. While local authorities are perceived as more trustworthy communicators, national authorities face significant scepticism. We argue that this scepticism stems from a perceived disconnect between national policymakers and the lived realities of Arctic life, leading to perceived conflicting messages and ineffective long-term climate related risk management. The study shows that local trust is reinforced by familiarity, transparency, and historical local knowledge, while national policies are often seen as rigid and lacking contextual sensitivity. The findings show that a more integrated communication strategy would bridge the gap between local and national authorities and emphasize the need for collaborative, context-specific approaches to enhance community resilience in the face of escalating climate-related risks. This study contributes to understanding how trust shapes the effectiveness of risk communication in remote and vulnerable regions like the Arctic.

• Saghafian, Mina; Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Moltubakk, Stine Thordarson; Bertheussen, Lene Elisabeth; Park, Jooyoung & Alsos, Ole Andreas [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Human Factors and Design Principles for Safe Remote Operations in the Petroleum Sector. I Abrahamsen, Eirik Bjorheim; Aven, Terje; Bouder, Frederic Emmanuel; Flage, Roger & Ylönen, Marja Katariina (Red.), Stavanger ESREL SRA-E 2025 Proceedings: 35th European Safety and Reliability Conference and the 33rd Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference, 15 - 19 June 2025, Norway. Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789819432813. s. 1902–1909. doi: 10.3850/978-981-94-3281-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The petroleum sector is a safety-critical sector that is increasingly investing in automation and remote operation technologies to increase the safety and efficiency of its processes. For a safe and resilient transition, the petroleum sector would benefit from integration of human factors approaches to optimize system design in complex humanautomation interactive systems. While most research focuses on the investigation of failures and accidents in complex systems, our aim in this paper is to explore the design strategies that enhance the overall system performance. We consider this a successful design. The research question that we posed was: what human factors principles can be deployed in interactive automation and remote operation systems design in the petroleum sector? This paper is part of the Meaningful Human Control (MAS) project where a larger literature review was conducted to identify successful design principles across various sectors. This article zooms in on the petroleum sector literature. Following a set of inclusion criteria, we have selected a representative sample of articles to be included in analysis. A total of nine articles were selected for full-text analysis, using the thematic analysis method. Interventions deployed and recommended in the petroleum sector were derived from the articles. The results showed the importance of predesign stage, inclusion of the right expertise early on. Furthermore, Human-Centred Design guidelines should be applied. All the stages must be peer-reviewed, and verification and validation tests must be conducted throughout the design process. Additionally, organizational human factors principles, which are key to successful automation and remote operations in the petroleum sector, should be incorporated.

• Lindheim, Catharina; Skogstad, Martin Rasmussen & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2025). Driving through the simulated night: A comparison between simulator-based and traditional night driving training. I Abrahamsen, Eirik Bjorheim; Aven, Terje; Bouder, Frederic Emmanuel; Flage, Roger & Ylönen, Marja Katariina (Red.), Stavanger ESREL SRA-E 2025 Proceedings: 35th European Safety and Reliability Conference and the 33rd Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference, 15 - 19 June 2025, Norway. Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789819432813. s. 3227–3234. doi: 10.3850/978-981-94-3281-3_ESREL-SRA-E2025-P2143-cd. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The current use of simulators in driver training in Norway is very limited. In this study, we explore how a simulatorbased night driving course compares to the current course used in Norwegian driver training. The course is very early in the process of obtaining a license and conducted before the learner drivers are allowed to drive themselves. The goal is that the learner drivers acquire knowledge on the subject of night driving. The effects are compared using multiple-choice tests on the night driving curriculum. In the experimental setup, all participants (n = 142) performed both types of training, and they were compared to a baseline group (n = 80). The simulator-based training led to larger improvements in test scores than the current training, regardless of the training order.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Vaag, Jonas Rennemo & Lund, Mass Soldal (2024). What and how to train for strategic crisis management: A systematic literature review. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management. ISSN 0966-0879. 32(2). doi: 10.1111/1468-5973.12568. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Badu, James; Kruke, Bjørn Ivar & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2024). Balancing stakeholder engagement in climate action: A symbiotic typology approach. Environmental Science and Policy. ISSN 1462-9011. 163, s. 1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103953. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Climate change presents an urgent and complex challenge, demanding immediate and effective action. This conceptual paper uses a narrative approach and a snowballing strategy to examine the intricate balance between stakeholders’ willingness to engage in climate action and their comfort with the resulting changes. We propose a novel typology that draws parallels with three types of ecological symbiotic interactions: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. This analogy helps us categorize different stakeholder responses to climate action. Within our typology, mutualism represents actions that benefit both the environment and human society, exemplifying an ideal balance in which stakeholders’ willingness to act aligns with their comfort levels. Commensalism describes scenarios where actions benefit one party without significantly harming the other, yet these actions could sometimes negatively affect stakeholders’ willingness or comfort. Parasitism, conversely, benefits one party at the significant expense of the other, leading to discomfort and reluctance among stakeholders. Our paper contributes to the broader discourse on climate change management, offering a unique lens to understand and influence stakeholder dynamics in climate action and policymaking.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Vaag, Jonas Rennemo; Saghafian, Mina; Wigum, Jan Petter & Helde, Roger (2024). Teaching advanced technology (ADAS) and use of touch screens in driver training in Norway. Cognition, Technology & Work. ISSN 1435-5558. 26, s. 523–534. doi: 10.1007/s10111-024-00766-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  As many as 4,601 people were injured or killed on the roads in Norway in 2022. This number is too high and highlights the necessity of putting road safety on the agenda. The car industry today is represented by a vast increase in advanced technology for drivers to interact with, and knowing how and when to use this technology is crucial for safe driving. Thus, our research question was: Does the Norwegian driver training industry teach advanced driver assistance technology (ADAS) and touch screens in their driver training? A survey was distributed to 1,058 driving schools in Norway, resulting in 333 responses. The results showed that driving instructors spend considerably more effort on teaching inbuilt driving assist technologies that enhance driving safety than on those that are designed to enhance safety but that, if not understood well, could lead to hazardous outcomes. Suggestions on how to improve driver training and driving instructor education are made. Research and practical implications are presented to make sure that driving education is updated and aligned with technological advancements in the automobile industry and to ensure traffic safety for all road users.

• Stenhammer, Hege Christin; Doornich, June Borge & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2023). The Role of Mentors in Safety and Crisis Management Training Exercises, Proceedings of the 33rd European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL 2023). Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789811880711. s. 1818–1823. doi: 10.3850/978-981-18-8071-1_P051-cd. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  To sustain professional safety and crisis preparedness in a high-risk context, simulation and training are imperative. Mentors who are specialists and highly experienced in their field are found to play an important role in safety and crisis management training exercises. The exercises span from mass rescue operations to oil spills, hybrid threats, and natural disasters. Students are to play out the roles of crisis management of organizations that should mobilize following the disaster, such as the police, municipalities, and other organizations. The students of the crisis preparedness and management master program at Nord University are already working in safety-critical industries but rarely have practical knowledge of their roles in the exercises and crisis management in general. Exercises are therefore conducted to bridge the gap between the students’ theoretical and practical knowledge. The research question is as follows: How can the role of mentors help optimize learning processes in safety and crisis management training? Specialists and highly experienced practitioners function as mentors who, in this research, are found to be valuable in bridging the aforementioned gap by supporting the students in their learning process through (1) facilitating reflection, (2) ensuring safe interaction and the students’ ability to feel a (3) sense of achievement. Keywords: safety, mentorship, training, safety management, crisis management, education, safety psychology.

• Wigum, Jan Petter; Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Helde, Roger; Saghafian, Mina & Vaag, Jonas Rennemo (2023). Is the education of driver instructors in Norway in line with the technological development? I Brito, Mario P.; Aven, Terje; Baraldi, Piero; Cepin, Marko & Zio, Enrico (Red.), ESREL 2023 - Proceedings of the 33rd European Safety and Reliability Conference : The Future of Safety in the Reconnected World, 3 – 7 September 2023, University of Southampton, United Kingdom. Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789811880711. s. 780–787. doi: 10.3850/978-981-18-8071-1_P117-cd. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Badu, James; Kruke, Bjørn Ivar & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2023). Crisis communication and trustworthiness among crisis actors: towards a typology of crisis management difficulties. Safety in Extreme Environments. ISSN 2524-8170. 5(2), s. 119–130. doi: 10.1007/s42797-023-00074-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The concepts of communication and trust play a central role in crisis management. There is a complex nexus between communication and trust building in crisis management, as different activities and processes result in communication and trust building in crisis management. This article argues that communication and trust are two sides of the same crisis management coin: each complements the other. To this end, we reflected on how crisis communication and trust factors could be a tool to amplify or attenuate the level of attention given to creeping crises and how such factors could influence creeping crisis management difficulties. We then proposed a crisis management typology to aid crisis managers in managing the difficulties associated with creeping crises.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Vaag, Jonas Rennemo; Hansen, Iselin Furø & Bjørnfeld, Gro Anita (2023). Situational awareness in a creeping crisis: How the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic were handled from a crisis management perspective in the Nursing Home Agency in Oslo. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management. ISSN 0966-0879. 31(3), s. 545–559. doi: 10.1111/1468-5973.12458. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In March 2020, the municipality of Oslo's Nursing Home Agency was hit by Norway's first COVID‐19 outbreak. Being responsible for a very vulnerable group, they had to deal with a situation never before encountered and of which they had very limited knowledge. In this study, we explored how situational awareness (SA) changed from a creeping to an urgent crisis. We undertook a case study of the Nursing Home Agency's top management during the initial period of the COVID‐19 pandemic (December 2019 through late March 2020). We conducted individual interviews with the management in charge of decisions. Thematic analysis yielded four main categories affecting SA: perception of event development, perception of available time, information, and cooperation and trust. We found that subjective experience of the geographical proximity of the crisis and subjective experience of time were essential in shaping SA. Perception of time was essential to the understanding of urgency, which was an important factor in reacting properly. Further, the perception of space was necessary for the crisis to be interpreted as critical. Time and space are objective factors but are perceived subjectively. Our model showed that the crisis must be perceived as urgent for proper actions to be decided upon.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Ernstsen, Jørgen; Phillips, Ross Owen; Aulie, Eir G & Stenhammer, Hege Christin (2023). Cognitive technology development and end-user involvement in the Norwegian petroleum industry – Human factors missing or not? Safety Science. ISSN 0925-7535. 170(February 2024). doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106337. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The petroleum industry is a high-hazard industry depending on reliable technical solutions. The industry tends to use increasingly advanced technologies including machine learning technology with increased difficulties for end users to keep abreast of how these technologies work. Thus, our research question was: How are end users involved in the development and implementation of cognitive technologies in the Norwegian petroleum industry to contribute to safe and reliable technical solutions? We used a qualitative explorative approach, with semistructured interviews with 31 informants from 10 companies. Thematic analysis revealed the categories ‘technology focus’, ‘understanding of end-user involvement versus end users’ actual involvement’, ‘lack of access to end users’, ‘lack of human factors methods in early phases’, and ‘lack of official rules and regulations’. Findings show that during the earlier phases of designing algorithms and training data, end users are hardly involved. Regarding later phases with offshore testing, implementation, use, and improvement, end users are much more integrated in the process.

• Wigum, Jan Petter & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2022). Exploring How Automated Technology and Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) Are Taught in the Norwegian Driver-Training Industry. A Qualitative Study. I Leva, Maria Chiara; Patelli, Edoardo; Podofillini, Luca & Wilson, Simon (Red.), Proceedings of the 32nd European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL 2022). Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789811851834. doi: 10.3850/978-981-18-5183-4_R03-01-009-cd. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Car technology is rapidly evolving, with advanced driver-assistance technology changing the role of the driver. This should be reflected in the teaching of learner drivers. However, little pedagogical research is available in this field for the driving-instructor industry to draw on, and little is known about how this is taught within the driving-instructor industry. Therefore, we explored the research question, How does the Norwegian driver-training industry teach advanced driver-assisted technology to learner drivers? We interviewed 10 driving instructors from different parts of Norway and used thematic analysis to analyse the data. We found that teaching does not correspond with technological developments. The driving instructors do not define learning outcomes related to new technology, and the national curriculum is not well suited for the developments in automated technology. There is a need for knowledge within the driving-instructor industry concerning developing pedagogical processes suitable for variations in technological standards in cars on the roads.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Stenhammer, Hege Christin; Andreassen, Natalia & Borch, Odd Jarl (2022). Computer‑assisted management training for emergency response professionals in challenging environments. Safety in Extreme Environments. ISSN 2524-8170. 4, s. 277–290. doi: 10.1007/s42797-022-00066-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Coordinating complex crisis responses generally requires comprehensive skills. When operating in the High Arctic, extreme environments make this task even more challenging. Training for these situations is thus of utmost importance, but such training requires extensive resources for full-scale exercises. Simulation is an alternative that can yield an effective learning process and learning outcomes. In this study, we explored how simulator-based accident training in high-risk, highly sensitive environments can be optimised. To do this, Exercise Isfjord was designed for students in the master’s Preparedness and Emergency Management programme at NORDLAB at Nord University. This exercise involved a grounded cruise ship from which passengers needed to be evacuated, in addition to a severe oil spill. Interviews with students, mentors, facilitators, and academic staff were conducted, and thematic analysis was used for analysing the data. Our findings indicate that a pedagogical wheel consisting of the six factors preparations, psychological safety, mentors, learning objectives, context realism, and evaluations promotes an optimal learning process in simulated-accident exercises in high-risk and highly sensitive environments. Thus, we recommend tailor-made simulated exercises for crisis management and emergency preparedness.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Stenhammer, Hege Christin; Doornich, June Borge; Sørnes, Jan-Oddvar & Saghafian, Mina (2022). Psychological Safety in Crisis Preparedness and Management Training Context. I Leva, Maria Chiara; Patelli, Edoardo; Podofillini, Luca & Wilson, Simon (Red.), Proceedings of the 32nd European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL 2022). Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789811851834. doi: 10.3850/978-981-18-5183-4_R19-02-147-cd. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Crisis preparedness and management training is to a large degree about training for managing the unexpected. Psychological safety is a key aspect of creating an environment that upholds the criteria for optimizing mindful organizing. This provides a learning environment in which participants are not afraid of negative feedback and that is open and trustful - criteria important in creating shared situational awareness. Thus, our research question was, Is psychological safety established in simulated crisis preparedness and management training? In this study, we interviewed 10 informants and conducted a one-day observation of an exercise. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. We found that students, academic staff and facilitators, and mentors reported behaviour and a climate that were consistent with psychological safety but that elements such as more guidance and supervision and the evaluation of the roles of mentors were aspects for improvement.

• Vaag, Jonas Rennemo; Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Halvorsen, Thomas Haugeli & Sørgård, Stine Dalen (2022). A Psychological Investigation of Selection Criteria for Learning Agents (Super Users) and Allocation of Responsibilities in the Implementation of Technological Change. Frontiers in Psychology. 13. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.928217. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: In the introduction of new technologies into organizations, there has been an increasing trend to recruit and make use of the so-called “super users” to help ensure the future use of the technology in question. Little is known about the criteria that should ideally be considered in the selection of these super users, or about the best way to carve up the roles and responsibilities in this process between super users and middle management. In this study, we investigated (1) which criteria should be emphasized in the selection of super users, and (2) how middle management and super users understand and negotiate the responsibilities of their respective roles during implementation of technological change. Methods: We conducted 10 individual semi-structured interviews and used thematic analysis of this data set to identify selection criteria, roles, and responsibilities. Results: We found that the main selection criteria for super users should be: (1) availability and local knowledge, (2) technological skills, (3) pedagogical skills, and (4) proactiveness. The main roles and responsibilities that should be carved up between management and super users can be grouped into two overarching categories, each with several subcategories. Within the Learning culture category, the responsibilities are to (1) facilitate collective learning, (2) engage with criticism, and (3) promote collective sharing; and within the Individual learning category, to (4) facilitate individual learning, (5) provide instrumental support, and (6) provide emotional support. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the findings, we propose a conceptual model of technological implementation and the construction of a culture of organizational learning, entitled ECo-System Of Learning in Organizations (ECSO-Learn); we additionally show how a learning agent (previously known as a super user) can be recruited to best fit into this model of long-term organizational learning.

• Lindheim, Catharina; Skogstad, Martin Rasmussen & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2021). Driving Factors for Driving Simulators – A Feasibility Study. I Castanier, Bruno; Cepin, Marko; Bigaud, David & Berenguer, Christophe (Red.), Proceedings of the 31st European Safety and Reliability Conference. Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789811820168. s. 2581–2588. doi: 10.3850/978-981-18-2016-8_190-cd. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Vaag, Jonas Rennemo; Pedersen, Pål Andreas; Birkeland, Toril Fagerli; Holmquist, Thor Owe & Lindheim, Catharina [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Driving Simulators in Teaching and Learning: A Qualitative Study. I Strømmen-Bakhtiar, Abbas; Helde, Roger & Suzen, Elisabeth (Red.), Supplemental instruction : volume 1: digital technologies. Waxmann Verlag. ISSN 9783830943242. s. 67–87. doi: 10.31244/9783830993247. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Different learning styles require different teaching methods, and the use of simulator as a learning tool can thus be an important contribution to driver instruction. Road traffic is a highly complex and high-risk environment. For this reason, driver training is an important factor of providing road safety. Educating professional driving instructors is an important contribution to increased road safety, and fewer dead and injured in road traffic. This study explored how simulator training in driver education could be beneficial by investigating authorized driver instructors as well as driving instructor students’ perceptions after testing the simulator. Our research question was: Which factors influence perception and use of driving simulators in teaching and learning driving skills? For this study, 28 individual semi-structured interviews were conducted of driving instructors and students of driving instructors in three rounds over a period of one year. Thematic analysis was used for analysing the data. Results: We found that perceived transferability (main category) is of importance when teaching and learning driving skills through the use of a simulator. The transferability is dependent upon two underlying factors (categories), that seems to influence the perception and use of the simulator: 1) a technological focus or 2) a pedagogical focus. While holding a mainly technological focus, the simulator is viewed as a tool or pedagogical multimedium that provide learning by itself. On the other hand, a pedagogical focus sees the simulator as a tool that should be used in a larger pedagogical context. We found that increased experience of using the simulator technology seemed to influence the instructors and instructor students to shift from a technological focus, to a more pedagogical focus. Conclusion: A driving simulator has the possibility to be beneficial for learning and teaching the complexity of driving, from technical manoeuvring to strategic decision making, but for the instructor to effectively use a simulator for teaching, there need to exist a sense of perceived transferability for the instructor. As increased use of the simulator seems to shift the instructor focus from a more technological to a pedagogical focus – experience with and use of the simulator as a pedagogical tool should be implemented in the educational program for driving instructors. Keywords: learning, simulator, driver training, driver instructor education, higher education, simulation-based teaching, experiential learning, technology acceptance

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Vaag, Jonas Rennemo & Holmquist, Thor Owe (2021). The use of driving simulator for training learner drivers belonging to a high-risk group. I Castanier, Bruno; Cepin, Marko; Bigaud, David & Berenguer, Christophe (Red.), Proceedings of the 31st European Safety and Reliability Conference. Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789811820168. doi: 10.3850/978-981-18-2016-8_013-cd. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Immigrant drivers are considered a high-risk group in traffic, especially drivers from Middle East, and Africa are represented more than other groups in road accident statistics There are several factors why this group are at a higher risk than others. First of all, this group often consist of people with another cultural understanding of risk and road safety and a significant different driver training than the Norwegian driver culture and training. In addition, the language and terminology used in driving is different from what they are familiar with. For this reason, the group is specified in the Norwegian national transport plan (NTP) as a group where research-based measures for increasing safety are in demand. Thus, our research question was: Can driving simulator be a beneficial measure for safety for the high-risk group migration driver trainers? Method: Five interviews with driver instructors who used driving simulators to train migration driver trainers were conducted in addition to observations of teaching situations. Grounded theory was used for analysis. Results: The core category was “The simulator could increase safety training” This was based on the 2 main categories “The simulator is used like a car” and “Re-creating knowledge”. The conclusion was that simulator, in addition to real life training, could be a good tool for teaching immigrants to drive according to Norwegian standards.

• Rasulo, Stefania; Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte & Meer, Audrey Van der (2020). Children's development of speed perception and its effect on road traffic safety: A high-density EEG study. I Baraldi, Piero; Maio, Francesco P. Di & Zio, Enrico (Red.), e-proceedings of the 30th European Safety and Reliability Conference and 15th Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management Conference (ESREL2020 PSAM15). Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789811485930. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Bogfjellmo, Petter Helmersen & Wigum, Jan Petter (2020). Competition and its potential negative effect on safety in powered two-wheeler (PTW) training seen from a system perspective. Research in Transportation Economics. ISSN 0739-8859. 82, s. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100881. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Competition is, in many ways, a source related to quality in the sense that less competitive firms will be outdistanced through a balance in supply and demand. In high-risk industries, however, safety must be balanced with production, which is not always an easy choice. In the rider training industry, driving schools and instructors teach others how to behave and think in and relate to a complex road traffic system while being vulnerable on a powered two-wheel (PTW) vehicle. Knowing which training is optimal is not easy, but the Norwegian learner curricula and regulations serve as guidelines. However, in competition with other driving schools, this training might be adjusted because of competitive elements in addition to the intentions of the curricula. Thus, our research question is ‘How can competition affect the quality of the rider training system and thus road safety in Norway?’ For this research, sixteen interviews were conducted, and thematic analysis was used for analysing the data. The findings in this study were that competition affects three factors of the rider training system related to safety. These were (1) course-related training, (2) less strict assessment, and (3) testoriented training. The conclusion is that competition partly has a negative effect on safety in the rider training industry in Norway.

• Grinerud, Katrine; Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte & Aarseth, Wenche Kristin (2020). Buyers of Road Transport Services: Sustainability and Safety Responsibility? I Baraldi, Piero; Maio, Francesco P. Di & Zio, Enrico (Red.), e-proceedings of the 30th European Safety and Reliability Conference and 15th Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management Conference (ESREL2020 PSAM15). Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789811485930. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Wigum, Jan Petter; Bogfjellmo, Petter Helmersen & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2020). Test-oriented rider training and its effect on safety for powered two-wheeler classes in Norway – a qualitative study. I Baraldi, Piero; Maio, Francesco P. Di & Zio, Enrico (Red.), e-proceedings of the 30th European Safety and Reliability Conference and 15th Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management Conference (ESREL2020 PSAM15). Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789811485930. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Powered two-wheeler riders have a particularly high accident risk. This elevated risk has received a lot of attention both nationally and internationally, and it is a stated goal for various stakeholders that the accident rates for powered two-wheelers must be reduced. The quality of the rider training and the content of the rider test, which should reveal the level of the rider's competence, are important factors that can help reduce the risk of severe accidents. The aim of this study was to explore the extent to which today’s motorcycle rider training is in line with the curriculum ́s intentions regarding rider competence and whether there are elements that can be directly attributed to the test itself that might adversely affect riders ́ competence such that this becomes a safety risk for powered two-wheeler riders. A total of 16 rider instructors where interviewed, including 14 male instructors and 2 female instructors. The interviews were semi-structured, and the research question was: Are there elements of test-oriented training in Norwegian motorcycle rider training, and if so, how do these affect the development of rider competence and rider safety? This work is part of a larger project on risk and safety factors for motorcycle riders in Norway. Our findings were sorted into the following three themes: 1) Reason for obtaining the rider license, 2) The structure and content of the practical test, and 3) GDE-matrix relations. Our conclusion is that there are elements of test-orientation in the Norwegian motorcycle training system that might have a negative effect on rider safety (PDF) Test-oriented rider training and its effect on safety for powered two-wheeler classes in Norway -a qualitative study. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342643933_Test-oriented_rider_training_and_its_effect_on_safety_for_powered_two-wheeler_classes_in_Norway_-a_qualitative_study [accessed Nov 17 2020].

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Birkeland, Toril Fagerli; Holmquist, Thor Owe; Pedersen, Pål Andreas; Skogstad, Martin Rasmussen & Lindheim, Catharina [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Accepting driving simulators as a tool in driver instructor training. I Baraldi, Piero; Maio, Francesco P. Di & Zio, Enrico (Red.), e-proceedings of the 30th European Safety and Reliability Conference and 15th Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management Conference (ESREL2020 PSAM15). Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789811485930. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introducing driving simulators as a supplement in driver training is one contribution to reduce emissions and the number of potential accident situations on the road. In Norway, the use of simulators in driver training has not been common even though there are no rules or regulations hindering it from having a role in most parts of driver training or driver instructor education. In this study, which is a continuing work and part of a larger project on using simulators in driver training, mandatory use of simulator training was implemented for all first-year students of driver instructor education in Norway. This meant about 100 driver instructor students tried the simulator for the first time during their training. This led us to form the following research question: How do novice driver instructor students perceive a driver simulator as a pedagogical tool? The main category in our findings was “usefulness”. In this regard there were both pros and cons in accordance with the subcategories of safety, novice learner drivers, and realism. All in all, the usefulness seemed to regard the level of seriousness the students showed during their testing as well as whether the discussions among the students concerned pedagogy and learning or just the simulator itself, such as graphics. Our conclusion is that this training would benefit from a lecturer being present during this session to provide guidance in the reflection process.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Wigum, Jan Petter & Bogfjellmo, Petter Helmersen (2020). Competition in the Rider Training Industry – Beneficial or a Threat to Safety? I Baraldi, Piero; Maio, Francesco P. Di & Zio, Enrico (Red.), e-proceedings of the 30th European Safety and Reliability Conference and 15th Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management Conference (ESREL2020 PSAM15). Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789811485930. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Younger moped riders aged 16–18 are defined as a high-risk group in road traffic accidents in Norway. The license for a moped is the only one which is obtained without a practical external test, only a theoretical one, and thus it is the rider instructor who assesses whether the rider is practically fit for this license. In this industry there is competition, which might affect the quality of the moped rider training. Thus, our research question is: Is moped training operated as a course, and if so, what factors influence this organization of training, and how could it influence road safety? Our findings indicate that there are tendencies that the training is organized as a course rather than individual training and the factors influencing this on one side are parents, learner drivers and driving schools’ attitudes and norms related to efficiency, and on the other side curricula and regulations related to safety. The conclusion is that is that it seems that the change in focus from course thinking to an individual focus might be taking longer than expected, and that elements such as attitudes and norms in addition to efficiency in form of both time and money are contributing factors to this delay. There is thus room for improvement in the moped rider training industry.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Wigum, Jan Petter & Bogfjellmo, Petter Helmersen (2019). A qualitative study of the rider training system for younger riders in powered twowheelers (PTW) class AM146 and A1, and its effect on risk. I Beer, Michael & Zio, Enrico (Red.), Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference(ESREL). 22 – 26 September 2019 Hannover, Germany. Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789811127243. s. 3476–3483. doi: 10.3850/978-981-11-2724-30141-cd. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  It is widely recognized that powered two-wheeler (PTW) riders have a particularly high accident risk, but little attention has been given the rider training programs and PTW-instructors. The aim of this study was to explore factors in the rider training systems that could provide safer riders by recognizing risk factors, and particularly the age group of 16- and 17-year-olds. The research question was; How could the high accident rate for younger drivers on two-wheelers be related to the rider training system? This is a part of a larger project on risk and safety factors for PTW-riders’ in Norway. In this initiating part of the project, altogether 10 interviews with well-experienced PTW-rider instructors from different driving schools in Norway were conducted, as well as interviews with university lecturers educating PTW-rider instructors. Our findings of risk factors in PTW rider training for AM146 (moped) and A1 (light motorcycle) were (1) the number of learner riders, (2) course thinking, (3) evaluation criteria, and (4) economy. Our conclusion was that there are elements in the rider training system that could be improved. Measures such as allowing fewer learner riders per rider instructor and including a practical test for AM146 could potentially improve rider training for young riders. Additionally, this was found to be a phenomenon strongly connected with the debate of level of production versus level of safety. Keywords: Powered two-wheelers, rider training, risk, young riders, AM146, A1, moped, light motorcycle, safety.

• Wigum, Jan Petter & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2019). Teoretisk trafikal kunnskap-motivasjon hos yngre trafikanter i klassen AM 146. I Loeng, Svein; Mørkved, Britt Paula & Isachsen, Brit Solli (Red.), Studentaktiv læring - praksisnær undervisning i høyere utdanning. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202649135. s. 123–141. doi: 10.23865/noasp.72. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Sammendrag: Målet med denne undersøkelsen var å finne motivasjonen for innlæring av teoretisk trafikal kunnskap i mopedopplæring (førerkortklasse AM 146), samt å finne ut når elevene tilegner seg denne kunnskapen. AM 146 er den eneste førerkortklassen som kun krever teoretisk prøve. Indre motivasjon er ansett som viktig for å oppnå kvalitativ læring. Av den grunn ble det gjennomført en surveyundersøkelse med N = 40 ungdommer, der alle var 16 år. Kjønnsfordelingen var F = 26 (65 %) og M = 14 (35 %). Over 90 % av respondentene svarte at de forbereder seg på teorien kun før den teoretiske prøven, og at de ikke leser teori før eller i løpet av den praktiske gjennomgangen. Dette indikerer at de fleste elevene ikke leser teori før etter at den praktiske delen er ferdig, og at de sannsynligvis har en ytre motivasjon for å lese teorien til førerprøven.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Lindheim, Catharina; Skogstad, Martin Rasmussen; Pedersen, Pål Andreas; Robertsen, Rolf & Lødemel, Ståle [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Simulator versus traditional training: A comparative study of night driving training. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting.. ISSN 1071-1813. 63(1), s. 1669–1673. doi: 10.1177/1071181319631528. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In recent decades, simulators have become an increasingly accepted part of training in sectors like aviation, medicine, and the petroleum industry. Some countries like the Netherlands, the UK, and Finland have accepted simulators as a part of driver’s education, but in Norway the use of simulators is both limited and restricted. This experimental study aimed to determine whether simulatorbased training in night driving could be beneficial compared to traditional Norwegian training. Two equal-sized groups of learner drivers completed both simulator training and traditional training, and both training sessions were followed by a multiple-choice test mapping the learner drivers’ theoretical knowledge on the topic. The results show that theoretical learning outcome is higher from simulator training compared to traditional training, indicating that an increased use of simulators could be beneficial in driver training.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Birkeland, Toril Fagerli; Pedersen, Pål Andreas; Lindheim, Catharina & Skogstad, Martin Rasmussen (2019). Opportunities and limitations in use of simulators in driver training in Norway. A qualitative study. I Beer, Michael & Zio, Enrico (Red.), Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference(ESREL). 22 – 26 September 2019 Hannover, Germany. Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789811127243. s. 3518–3524. doi: 10.3850/978-981-11-2724-3_0216-cd. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Road transport is one of the leading causes of death worldwide (WHO, 2018) and considered one of the main sources of air pollution (EEA, 2008) which are both good reasons to make an attempt to move some of the driver training to driving simulators as they seem to make a safer training situation possible as well as offer good training possibilities, and are environmentally friendlier. Even though most high-risk industries use simulator training, this use is very limited in driver training in Norway. Further, most research on simulators concerns making instructor-free lessons, we would attempt to view the possibility of making the simulator a digital tool with the driver instructor present. Thus, our research question was: Can use of simulators in driver training be beneficial or not from a safety perspective? Method: five semi-structured interviews were conducted with driver instructors with experience of simulator use in driver training. Results: limitations were: (1) the learner driver would not use it, (2) difficult to use due partly to bad software, and (3) economy. The opportunities were: (1) less stressful environment for the learner driver, (2) possibility to spend more time on levels 3 and 4, (3) less hours on the road, and (4) safer work environment for the driver instructor. Our conclusion was that driver training in Norway could benefit from a well-planned use of simulators

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Pedersen, Pål Andreas; Robertsen, Rolf; Haukeberg, Per Johan; Rasmussen, Martin & Lindheim, Catharina (2018). Simulator training in driver education - potential gains and challenges. I Haugen, Stein; Barros, Anne; Gulijk, Coen van; Kongsvik, Trond & Vinnem, Jan Erik (Red.), Safety and Reliability – Safe Societies in a Changing World. Proceedings of ESREL 2018, June 17-21, 2018, Trondheim, Norway. CRC Press. ISSN 9781351174657. s. 2045–2051. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Norway is currently ranked as one of the top nations in regard to road safety. However, continued efforts are applied as we stretch towards a goal of zero deaths and serious injuries in road traffic accidents. In this paper we explore if Norwegian driver education could benefit from simulator training. Possible advantages are cost effectiveness, environmentally friendly training, repeatability, accessibility to different scenarios (accident scenarios and dangerous situations, darkness and snow outside of winter, difficult weather conditions and extreme road traffic density), the possibility to make errors in a safe environment, and interaction with new technology such as advanced driver assistant systems. However, there are challenges such as how to increase the number of simulators in Norway, and legal obstacles as current legislations require all mandatory parts of the Norwegian driver education to be conducted on the road. Our overall impression is that the driver education in Norway could have advantages in applying a more systematic approach to simulator training.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Wigum, Jan Petter; Robertsen, Rolf; Bogfjellmo, Petter Helmersen & Suzen, Elisabeth (2018). The future of driver training and driver instructor education in Norway with increasing ADAS technology in cars. I Haugen, Stein; Barros, Anne; Gulijk, Coen van; Kongsvik, Trond & Vinnem, Jan Erik (Red.), Safety and Reliability – Safe Societies in a Changing World. Proceedings of ESREL 2018, June 17-21, 2018, Trondheim, Norway. CRC Press. ISSN 9781351174657. s. 1433–1441. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Bjørneseth, Frøy Birte; Johnsen, Stig Ole; Alsos, Ole Andreas; Hepsø, Vidar & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2026). Safety by Design: Human-Centered Approaches to AI, Automation, and Remote Operations. CRC Press. ISBN 9781003741824. doi: 10.1201/9781003741824. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Safety-critical systems with more digitalization, automation, and AI require integration of human factors to ensure safety, efficiency, and meaningful human control. Across sectors such as aviation, maritime, energy, transportation, and remote operations, accident investigations repeatedly show that failures often stem not from technology alone but from inadequate scoping, poor human-centered design, alarm overload, fragmented automation, and organizational conditions that leave operators unprepared during critical situations. Disasters such as the Boeing 737 MAX accidents demonstrate how safety can be compromised when humans and systems are misaligned, while successful recoveries (such as the US Airways Flight 1549 landing on the Hudson River) show the vital role of design-supported human performance in demanding conditions. Safety by Design: Human-Centered Approaches to AI, Automation, and Remote Operations explores the relationship between human capabilities, organizational readiness, and complex technical systems. It offers best practices for designing safety-critical systems that integrate human factors from concept to operation. The book introduces Meaningful Human Control, a framework ensuring humans retain authority, awareness, and intervention ability, aligning with emerging EU AI regulations. Readers will learn practical methods to design systems with usability, transparency, and oversight, alongside insights into automation, accident analysis, and supporting operators under stress. These principles help create safer, more resilient, and trustworthy systems. This book has been written for human factors students and specialists, system designers, engineers, safety professionals, regulators, and project managers working on safety-critical applications involving automation, AI, or remote operations.

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2026). Nyhetsmorgen - TV: I dag · Trump med gjentatte krav om Grønland. Føler folk på Svalbard seg også truet? [TV]. NRK . doi: https:/tv.nrk.no/serie/nyhetsmorgen-tv/sesong/202601/episode/NNFA05010826. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Intervju om Trump, Grønland og Russland relatert til Svalbard med Professor og Leder Arctic Safety Centre

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2025). BBC World Service - CrowdScience, How do we adapt to the cold? doi: https:/www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct6sts. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Why do people react so differently to cold weather? People have been living in cold environments for thousands of years. So why do some of us seem to cope with the freezing temperatures better than others?

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2025). 14K views · 327 reactions | En flott start på dagen med de flotteste folka i God Morgen Norge. Det må jeg si altså. Topp stemning selv om temaet er litt alvorspreget. #livetsomprofessor #sikkerhet God morgen Norge, TV 2 | Gunhild B Sætren. [TV]. TV2 . Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  En flott start på dagen med de flotteste folka i God Morgen Norge. Det må jeg si altså. Topp stemning selv om temaet er litt alvorspreget....

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2025). Her er de nominerte til Årets navn i akademia. [Journal]. Khrono. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Blir det Simen Velle, Morten Oksvold, Curt Rice eller Peter C. Frølich? Eller blir det en annen av de 37 kandidatene som er foreslått? Nå starter juryens arbeid med å peke ut tre finalister.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2025). (+) Nominert til formidlingspris. [Journal]. Svalbardposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Leder Gunhild Sætren ved Arktisk sikkerhetssenter på Unis er nominert til Årets navn i akademia 2025.

• Pedersen, Ingunn; Lund-Kordahl, Inger; Strandås, Maria & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2025). Paramedicine and Safety from a Human Factors Perspective (PARASAFE). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background and aims: Situational awareness (SA) is a foundational cognitive process required for effective decision-making in high-stakes environments like prehospital emergency medicine. SA involves perceiving, understanding, and anticipating events, enabling paramedics to adapt and respond quickly in dynamic, stressful conditions (Endsley, 1995). Research in emergency settings has shown that maintaining SA is crucial for patient safety and operational success, particularly in situations characterized by high operational stress (Levin et al., 2012). Within the field of SA in paramedicine, there is a gap in the literature. Thus, the aim of the project is to gain deeper knowledge about paramedics’ s SA, and to identify and analyze the factors that shape the situational awareness and subsequent actions of paramedics during the clinical decision-making process. Methods: This PhD project applies a mixed methods design to explore factors influencing paramedics’ situational awareness. The study includes a mixed methods systematic review integrating qualitative and quantitative evidence, semi-structured interviews with paramedic students, and structured quantitative field observations from simulations. The combined approach enables a comprehensive understanding of situational awareness in prehospital settings. Results and main contribution: The data collection for studies two and three will be conducted in the spring of 2025. Conclusions: No conclusions yet. Implications: Multidisciplinary non-technical team training may help to develop situation awareness. Enhanced situation awareness has the potential to improve decision-making quality and ultimately improve clinical outcomes for patients. Education programs should consider incorporating situation awareness training into curricula.

• Landrø, Markus; Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte & Andersen, Sigmund Fredrik (2025). Bidra med snøskredobservasjoner – sammen gjør vi varslingen bedre! [Journal]. Svalbardposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  – Et bilde av et ferskt skred eller dokumentasjon på snømengder i de forskjellige dalene er svært nyttig, skriver Markus Landrø ved Snøskredvarslingen / Varsom.no.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2025). Stort prosjekt skal sikre Arktis mot klimakatastrofar. [Journal]. Svalbardposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2025). Frå trafikklæraropplæring til isbjørnkurs på Svalbard. [Journal]. Khrono. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2025). Verdifull erfaringsutveksling i forkant av høysesongen. [Internet]. Svalbardposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Herlingshaw, Katie & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2025). Fulgte Mikkelsens oppskyting fra Svalbard: – Nå kan vi starte forskningsprosjektet. [Internet]. NRK Troms og FInnmark. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Herlingshaw, Katie & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2025). Norges første astronaut ut i bane. [TV]. NRK Nyhetsmorgen TV. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2024). Jeg måtte jo sjekke hva det var. [Journal]. Svalbardposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Gunhild Birgitte Sætren er den nye lederen for Arctic Safety Centre. SoMe-doktoren Gunhild: – Jeg måtte jo sjekke hva det var Gunhild skulle bare ta med barna på høstferie til Svalbard. Sommeren etter flyttet hele familien opp og hun begynte i ny jobb ved Unis.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2024). How do arctic communities protect themselves from avalanches? [Internet]. BBC World. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Badu, James; Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Kruke, Bjørn Ivar & Taarup-Esbensen, Jacob (2024). Longyearbyen ved et veiskille. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  https://www.svalbardposten.no/miljo/longyearbyen-ved-et-veiskille/552753

• Badu, James; Taarup-Esbensen, Jacob; Kruke, Bjørn Ivar; Johannessen, Stig Andreas & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2024). Session 2.4.2 Climate Change Adaptation in the Arctic: Adaptation Strategies for Arctic Indigenous Communities. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Session description: The Arctic region is experiencing the profound impacts of climate change, with rising temperatures, weather extremes, changing precipitation patterns, and ecosystem shifts. Among the most vulnerable populations in the Arctic are the indigenous communities, who have lived in harmony with their environment for millennia. However, the rapid changes brought about by the effects of climate change threaten the fabric of their traditional way of life, culture, and subsistence practices. This conference session aims to shed light on the challenges faced by Arctic indigenous communities that are experiencing the effects of climate change and explore the adaptation strategies they employ to cope with these unprecedented changes. By presenting research findings, case studies, and firsthand experiences, the session seeks to foster a better understanding of the critical issues these communities confront and provide a platform to discuss effective adaptation measures, which takes indigenous knowledge into account. This session aims to provide an opportunity for the researchers to share and exchange their knowledge and experience in fields relevant to climate adaptation strategies in Arctic indigenous communities. Key focus areas include, but are not limited to 1) Climate change impacts on Arctic indigenous communities; 2) Local knowledge in climate governance; 3) Community-led adaptation initiatives; 4) Collaboration and partnership for resilience; 5) Policy and governance for adaptation; 6) Building climate adaptation capacity and empowerment.

• Badu, James; Kruke, Bjørn Ivar & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2024). Advancing Local Climate Action: Strategies for Implementing Long-Term Measures. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study examines how the continuing progression of climate change necessitates urgent and broadened situational awareness by authorities to address its threats. A key challenge is the identification and implementation of climate measures, hindered by socio-cultural, political, and economic influences that affect stakeholders' willingness and comfort in adopting adaptation and mitigation strategies. This study focused on two primary questions: 1) How do 'willingness and comfortability' influence the effectiveness of long-term climate measures? 2) What is the role of trust and communication in the implementation of these measures? Utilizing a qualitative methodology, we conducted semi-structured interviews with residents of Longyearbyen-Svalbard. Findings reveal that residents are more inclined to adapt to climate change measures that are effectively communicated to them. Crucially, economic, socio-cultural, and political factors play a significant role in shaping their willingness to engage with adaptation measures. Additionally, the perception of authorities as trustworthy communicators emerged as vital for residents' readiness to implement both short- and long-term measures. The study underscores the importance of authorities being seen as credible and reliable communicators to effectively reduce the climate footprint in Arctic communities. It also highlights the need for a balanced approach that considers economic, socio-cultural, and political aspects, as these significantly influence people's willingness and comfort in adhering to climate measures.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Vaag, Jonas Rennemo; Saghafian, Mina; Wigum, Jan Petter & Helde, Roger (2023). Teaching technology in driver training in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Meer, Audrey Lucia Hendrika van der & Rasulo, Stefania (2023). Barn og unges sikkerhet når de ferdes til fots og på sykkel. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Stenhammer, Hege Christin; Doornich, June Borge & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2023). The role of mentors in safety and crisis management training exercises. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2023). Skjermbruk og human factors. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Badu, James; Kruke, Bjørn Ivar & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2023). Local climate adaptation: How can we progress on long-term adaptation measures. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Lund, Mass Soldal & Vaag, Jonas Rennemo (2023). Developing training for strategic crisis management. A systematic literature review. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2023). De Regionale Sikkerhetsdagene. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2023). Human factors og mennesket i bil. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Wigum, Jan Petter; Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Saghafian, Mina; Helde, Roger & Vaag, Jonas Rennemo (2023). Is the education of driver instructors in Norway in line with the technological development? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2023). 14 nye meritterte undervisere ved Nord universitet. [Journal]. Khrono. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  14 ansatte ved Nord universitet har kommet gjennom nåløyet og fått heder og ære som meritterte undervisere i 2023.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte & Antonsen, Stian (2022). Fremtidens risiko. Samfunssikkerhet og beredskap. [Radio]. NRK P1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte & Wigum, Jan Petter (2022). Ny teknologi i bil ignoreres i trafikkskolen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Dagens biler er avanserte. Den teknologiske utviklingen er drevet av mange faktorer, eksempelvis trafikksikkerhet, mobilitetshensyn og markedsmessige gevinster, for å nevne noen. Vi vet at dagens biler har mye teknologi. Ja, de mest avanserte bilene styrer til tider seg selv. Likevel er det til syvende og sist en fører som skal håndtere bilen. Men, kan vedkommende nok om hvordan teknologien i akkurat denne bilen fungerer, eller hvordan hen best skal samhandle med den? Dette har vi undersøkt, og svaret er ganske nedslående.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Stenhammer, Hege Christin; Doornich, June Borge; Sørnes, Jan-Oddvar & Saghafian, Mina (2022). Psychological Safety in Crisis Preparedness and Management Training Context. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Badu, James & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2022). Møtt av regn og plussgrader. [Journal]. Svalbardposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Ghanesiske James Badu skriver doktorgrad om arktisk sikkerhet. Da er et Svalbard-besøk nærmest obligatorisk.

• Rasulo, Stefania; Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte & Meer, Audrey Van der (2022). Speed perception and its implications in road safety: a high-density EEG study. I Leva, Maria Chiara; Patelli, Edoardo; Podofillini, Luca & Wilson, Simon (Red.), Proceedings of the 32nd European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL 2022). Research Publishing Services. ISSN 9789811851834. s. 121–122. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Badu, James & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2022). Ble møtt av regn og plussgrader. Ghanesiske James Badu skriver doktorgrad om arktisk sikkerhet. Da er et Svalbard-besøk nærmest obligatorisk. [Internet]. Svalbardposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Wigum, Jan Petter & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2022). Exploring how automated technology and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) are taught in the Norwegian driver-training industry. A qualitative study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rasulo, Stefania; Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte & Meer, Audrey Van der (2022). Speed perception and its implications in road safety: a high-density EEG study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Stenhammer, Hege Christin; Andreassen, Natalia & Borch, Odd Jarl (2021). Computer-assisted management training for professionals in High Arctic SAR -operations. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper takes as a starting point the competence needs of managers responsible for the complex crisis response operations in a High Arctic setting. We elaborate on the need for competence on multi-organizational cooperation and coordination at tactical and operational management levels in maritime mass rescue operations (MRO). We look into the special context of High Arctic environments with remoteness, cold climate and a vulnerable environment. Even though the risk of severe accidents in this region is low the consequences may be severe with the loss of life and health when large vessels with a lot of passengers and crew are involved. In this paper we focus on the relation between competence needs and adequate training schemes for key personnel responsible for coordinating a mass rescue operation in this environment. We illuminate how simulator training may increase the competence related to the managerial roles and especially the coordination of a large number of units and agencies. We in particular emphasize training for management at tactical level (on-scene coordination) involving both the vessel in distress and samaritan vessels, and operational level coordination involving SAR mission controllers and crises response agencies such as the police. We illuminate the contributions that simulator-based training may have with data from the Exercise Isfjord run annually at NORDLAB for students from Norwegian crisis response agencies. Data from qualitative semi-structured interviews with students, mentors and academic staff revealed the importance of proper preparations of the participant group and the process of building trust among the participants to build a temporary shared situational awareness. Further, increased context-realism and simulator-assisted exercise was found to have a positive effect on the safety training outcome. The simulator created realism and the mentors could add knowledge on the system and best practices. Previous knowledge and trust among the actors were found important as well as adapting the exercise to previous knowledge on both operational context and the emergency response system. This underlines the need for meeting arenas and tailor-made training schemes, including the right composition of the groups training together. The results reveal that simulation-based exercises with high degree of context-reality as well as realism in the sense of human actions and interactions may provide advanced safety training outcomes. This could meet a broad range of crises as it promotes efficient collaboration between the involved parties, including both public and private.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Stenhammer, Hege Christin; Andreassen, Natalia & Borch, Odd Jarl (2021). Adventure-based cruise tourism and emergency response -training for increased polar-water emergency management competence. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Nature-based tourism has increased significantly in recent years. The special segment adventure travel has doubled in size, from 10 to 20 percent of the international tourism market. This type of tourism is characterized by visiting remote and spectacular areas, and uniqueness. One of the most popular type of adventure based travel is so-called expedition cruise. The number of cruise vessels is increasing and a significant numbers of new vessels are contracted. This includes the number of cruise vessels visiting the High North and Svalbard. The polar regions are characterized by challenging weather, cold climate, a lack of infrastructure and equipment as well as a vulnerable environment. The polar regions are also political sensitive areas. Accidents in this area demand fast response from the responsible government. This is why there has to be constant focus on risk reducing efforts including both increased safety and preparedness and reduction of consequences if and accident should happen. Polar water competence is a very important factor for safe operation and an efficient emergency response. This paper highlights how personnel from both cruise vessels and the emergency response agencies can train to meet risks of life and environment in the case of cruise ship accidents with the need for mass evacuation. The paper builds upon the experience from computer-assisted exercises (CAX) of key crisis management personnel. This included the use of simulator training at NORDLAB the Nord university emergency management laboratory. New concept for management and cross-agency cooperation was included. The exercise included mentors from the emergency response agencies and students with background from companies, the government emergency response agencies. The findings reveal the importance of increased realism through simulator-support combined with mentors from the emergency response system. The simulator runs created realism and the mentors could add knowledge on the system and best practices. Previous knowledge and trust among the actors were found important as well as adapting the exercise to previous knowledge on both operational context and the emergency response system. This underlines the need for meeting arenas and tailor-made training schemes, including the right composition of the groups training together. Conclusion: Training for managing large scale accidents is crucial for saving life, environment and values in the demanding polar context. Tailor-made computer assisted exercises with simulators and active use of mentors were found to be an efficient combination for advanced learning to meet a broad range of crises and to collaborate efficiently with both vessel crew and involved companies and agencies.

• Rasulo, Stefania; Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte & Meer, Audrey Van der (2021). Development of motion speed perception in children and its effect on road traffic safety: A high-density EEG study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lindheim, Catharina; Skogstad, Martin Rasmussen & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2021). Driving Factors for Driving Simulators – A Feasibility Study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2021). Etter fire års forskning på bruk av simulator er konklusjonen klar. [Internet]. Trønder Avisa. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Har forsket på kjøretrening i simulator: Gir bedre trafikkopplæring Veldig få trafikkskoler bruker det, men nå har forskere ved Nord universitet i Stjørdal slått fast at bruk av kjøresimulator bidrar til en bedre og tryggere opplæring for nye sjåfører. - En av hovedkonklusjonene våre er at bruk av simulator som et pedagogisk verktøy i trafikkopplæringen er et nyttig supplement til vanlig bil, sier Gunhild B. Sætren, som er førsteamanuensis ved Nord universitet.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2021). Bilkjøring i simulator gir bedre trafikkopplæring. [Internet]. Forskning.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Øvelseskjøring i simulator i kombinasjon med vanlig kjøring kan gi bedre og tryggere opplæring.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2021). Øvelseskjøring i simulator i kombinasjon med vanlig kjøring kan gi en bedre og tryggere opplæring. [Internet]. Nord.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Bruk av simulator i trafikkopplæringen er det forsket lite på i Norge. Nå har forskere testet teknologien. – Dette er den første store studien om bruk av simulator for de som skal lære å kjøre bil her i landet, opplyser førsteamanunesis Gunhild B. Sætren ved Nord universitet.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2021). Her blir ferske sjåfører tryggere bak rattet. [Journal]. Stjørdalens Blad. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Vaag, Jonas Rennemo & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2021). SUPER USERS AS LEARNING AGENTS IN ORGANIZATION’S ECO-SYSTEM OF LEARNING? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: Even though there are numerous attempts of clarifying crucial factors for successfully implementing technological changes in organizations, research shows that such processes very often are considered unsuccessful (e.g. Dwivedi et al., 2015). Recruiting and using so-called super users when introducing new technology in organizations, has become a common trend (Sitthidah & St-Mauritz, 2016). However, little is known about the criteria that optimally should ground the specifics for choosing a super user. From a safety aspect, having well founded process on how a super user should teach staff how to use new technology, is of utterly importance, as wrong understanding of how it works could potentially have fatal outcome. Research question: Which criteria should be emphasized when selecting super users? Method: 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The results were that criteria for super users should be (1) availability and local knowledge (2) technological skills (3) pedagogical skills), and (4) proactiveness. Conclusion: Based on a safety aspect, recruiting a super user internally would help provide the important understanding of local knowledge. Further, recruiting internal staff would provide learning on an organizational level. This is demonstrated by a model called the organization’s eco-system of learning (Ecso-Learn).

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Vaag, Jonas Rennemo & Holmquist, Thor Owe (2021). The use of driving simulator for training learner drivers belonging to a high-risk group. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Immigrant drivers are considered a high-risk group in traffic, especially drivers from Middle East, and Africa are represented more than other groups in road accident statistics There are several factors why this group are at a higher risk than others. First of all, this group often consist of people with another cultural understanding of risk and road safety and a significant different driver training than the Norwegian driver culture and training. In addition, the language and terminology used in driving is different from what they are familiar with. For this reason, the group is specified in the Norwegian national transport plan (NTP) as a group where research-based measures for increasing safety are in demand. Thus, our research question was: Can driving simulator be a beneficial measure for safety for the high-risk group migration driver trainers? Method: Five interviews with driver instructors who used driving simulators to train migration driver trainers were conducted in addition to observations of teaching situations. Grounded theory was used for analysis. Results: The core category was “The simulator could increase safety training” This was based on the 2 main categories “The simulator is used like a car” and “Re-creating knowledge”. The conclusion was that simulator, in addition to real life training, could be a good tool for teaching immigrants to drive according to Norwegian standards.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2021). Ny forskning i Stjørdal: Her blir ferske sjåfører tryggere bak rattet. [Internet]. Stjørdalens Blad. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Stenhammer, Hege Christin & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2021). CHALLENGES OF SAFETY – AND CRISIS MANAGMENET TRAINING DURING COVID19. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Simulation based training is a common way of training for effective learning for high-risk contexts. COVID19 changed large parts of the education and training of safety- and risk management at Nord University in Norway. The training and education have been based on theoretical lectures prior to simulated practical exercises at the university’s emergency preparedness laboratory, NORDLAB. Here, academic staff, mentors, facilitators, and the students cooperated prior to, during and after exercises in order to provide an optimal learning context. However, this cooperation required close contact which suddenly ended when COVID19 hit, due to infection control. This resulted in challenges including how to uphold the learning outcome for based on the theoretical foundation of Kolb’s (2014) experiential learning, which is the foundation NORDLAB is based on, while changing the form of training on a short notice. The learning context was changed to net-based training and exercises using the software zoom, with all participants geographically spread all over Norway. Thus, our research question was: Which challenges in use of simulation and lab exercises in safety management education during COVID19 are central, and how could they be solved? The challenges identified were 1) student’s lack of ability to actively participate 2) mentors’ lack of technological flexibility 3) inability to share the lab’s simulation technology with zoom 4) novice students difficulties of forming and interacting in digital teams 5) zoom fatigue 6) the need for increased administrative and technological support 7) low body language feedback 8) lack of visualization of injects. Solving the challenges were defiant and elements we used in this case were 1) on-boarding 2) table top exercises 3) video recorded lectures 4) flipped classroom 5) gaming simulated exercises 6) podcasts 7) shorter training sessions We would like to discuss how and if the solutions matched the challenges for safety training in regard to the expected learning outcome for students who were to enter practical emergency preparedness and safety management.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2021). Opplæring i simulator gjør nye førere bedre. [Journal]. Trønder Avisa. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Vaag, Jonas Rennemo & Holmquist, Thor Owe (2021). Driver training using driving simulator for immigrants to learn how to drive Norwegian style. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Outside the major cities, Norway is characterized by sparsely population and long distances to commercial and public services. Mobility is therefore an important factor in the integration process for immigrants. As part of the integration policy, driving a car and being able to get around in the community, is of importance. However, immigrated men from Middle East and Africa are overrepresented in the road accident statistics. In order to prevent this, learning the Norwegian way of driving is important. In cooperation with the adult learning for immigrants office, Nord University organized a project where final-year driving teacher students provided virtual simulated learning for immigrants considered at risk. In this article, we explore what this form of simulated training provide to the participants of the project. Method: Due to the explorative nature of this topic, qualitative approach was chosen and five individual interviews with driver instructor students were conducted. Additional five interviews are planned conducted in February. Thematic analysis is used for analysis. Preliminary results: The main preliminary category is “The simulator could increase safety training”. The preliminary sub-categories were: “integrating theory and praxis”, “pedagogy like in a car”, “learning specific terminology”, “self-insight and risk perception”. The findings indicate that the simulator seem to be well-suited for integrating theory and praxis of learning context specific skills in a safe environment. The preliminary conclusion is that the use of a simulator in migration driver training could be used to increase safety during driver training and give the migration learner driver an in-depth understanding of how to drive safely in a Norwegian context. This should be further investigated using prospective designs.

• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2020). Forskningsfrokost - Hvor gode er digitale læringsverktøy? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Meer, Audrey Van der; Rasulo, Stefania & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2020). Barn feilberegner fart i trafikken. [Journal]. Aftenposten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Meer, Audrey Van der; Rasulo, Stefania & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2020). Barn feilberegner fart i trafikken. [Internet]. aftenposten.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Meer, Audrey Van der & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2020). Ny forskning: - Ikke lurt å la 6-åringene sykle til skolen. [Journal]. Stjørdalens Blad. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Meer, Audrey Van der & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2020). Unik hjerneforskning retta mot trafikksikkerheit for barn. [Internet]. nord.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2020). Ny forskning: – Ikke lurt å la 6-åringene sykle til skolen. [Journal]. Stjørdalens Blad. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Rasulo, Stefania & Meer, Audrey Van der (2020). Barneskolebarns hjerne har ikke utviklet en god forståelse for fart. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Meer, Audrey Van der & Rasulo, Stefania (2020). Nye funn om barns forståelse av hastighet: -Overraskende. [Journal]. Trønder Avisa. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Meer, Audrey Van der & Rasulo, Stefania (2020). Forskning: Ikke lurt å la 6-åringer sykle alene til skolen. [Internet]. Rana.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Blackett, Claire; Wigum, Jan Petter & Eriksson, Alexander Olof (2019). Benefits of using driving simulators when training for automation. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Lindheim, Catharina; Skogstad, Martin Rasmussen; Pedersen, Pål Andreas; Robertsen, Rolf & Lødemel, Ståle [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Simulator versus traditional training: A comparative study of night driving training. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte & Lindheim, Catharina (2018). Simulatortrening i Trafikkopplæring. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Badu, James; Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Borch, Odd Jarl & Kruke, Bjørn Ivar (2026). Trust, Communication, and Stakeholder Engagement in Managing the Creeping Climate Change Crisis in Longyearbyen. Nord universitet. ISSN 9788294093182. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This dissertation investigates how trust, communication, and stakeholder engagement shape the management of the creeping climate crisis, with a particular focus on Longyearbyen, Svalbard. The overarching research question for the dissertation is: How do trust, communication, and stakeholder engagement influence the management of the creeping climate crisis in Longyearbyen, and what insights can be drawn for effective climate governance? Four sub-questions are addressed through a combination of conceptual and empirical studies. These sub-questions are: RQ1: How do trust and communication interact in shaping crisis management, and what typologies can help understand the governance of creeping crises? RQ2: How can local leaders maintain and improve trust while managing the creeping climate crisis in Longyearbyen? RQ3: How do institutional communication practices influence trust, legitimacy, and community participation in climate governance in Longyearbyen? RQ4: How can the balance between stakeholders’ willingness towards and comfort with climate action be conceptualised to develop more inclusive and effective climate strategies? Each sub-question is presented as a separate article. The first article (RQ1) develops a typology of governance settings—controllable, uncertain, complex, and uncontrollable—based on varying levels of trust and communication. Here, it is argued that these factors jointly determine whether creeping crises attract sustained attention or are disregarded. The second article (RQ2) explores leadership in Longyearbyen, showing that local leaders sustain trust through transparency, competence, and inclusiveness, though structural constraints such as limited autonomy could render trust fragile. The third article (RQ3) examines institutional communication in the town’s energy transition, finding that top-down, opaque communication could erode trust, while dialogic and participatory practices could foster resilience. The final article (RQ4) broadens the scope, introducing a symbiotic typology—mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism—to conceptualise how willingness and comfort shape stakeholder engagement in climate action. Synthesising these findings, the dissertation highlights three cross-cutting insights: trust is fragile yet renewable; communication is relational rather than informational; and stakeholder engagement requires balancing ambitious climate goals with societal acceptability. Furthermore, the dissertation highlights that governing climate change as a creeping crisis depends not only on technical solutions but also on relational mechanisms that sustain legitimacy, cooperation, and resilience over time. The dissertation contributes theoretically by advancing the concept of relational governance in creeping crises, and empirically by offering an in-depth Arctic context with global relevance. Practically, the dissertation provides actionable insights for policymakers and practitioners by highlighting the need to design climate strategies that are not only environmentally sustainable but also socially inclusive and legitimate, in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Moreover, the dissertation demonstrates that effective climate governance requires sustained investment in trust-building, dialogic and participatory forms of communication, and meaningful stakeholder engagement. Such relational practices are essential to enable societies to adapt to long-term disruptions while preserving both institutional legitimacy and social cohesion.

• Grinerud, Katrine; Aarseth, Wenche Kristin & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2022). Road traffic safety for work-related driving with heavy goods vehicles - it’s a shared responsibility. Nord universitet. ISSN 9788292893869. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ernstsen, Jørgen; Aulie, Eir G; Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte; Stenhammer, Hege Christin & Phillips, Ross Owen (2021). Et menneskesentrert perspektiv på kognitiv teknologi i petroleumsindustrien. Hovedrapport ST-16407-2. Safetec. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Holmquist, Thor Owe; Birkeland, Toril Fagerli & Sætren, Gunhild Birgitte (2020). Veiledning til bruk av kjøresimulator i trafikklærerutdanningen. Nord universitet. ISSN 9788274568341. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Kjøresimulator er implementert i trafikklærerutdanningen. Som et resultat fireårig forskning i SiT-prosjektet er det nå utarbeidet en norsk veileder for studenter, praksisveiledere trafikklærere og andre interesserte for bruk av simulatoren i læring og undervisning på bakgrunn av de vitenskapelige publikasjoner i prosjektet.

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