Patrick Foss Johansen

• Johansen, Patrick Foss; Green, Kenneth Stanley & Thurston, Miranda (2024). Sports participation among Norwegian youth: a study of early sporting careers. Sport, Education and Society. ISSN 1357-3322. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2024.2333385.
• Barene, Svein; Ruud-Tronsmoen, Andreas & Johansen, Patrick Foss (2022). Associations between Demographic Characteristics, Lifestyle Factors and School-Related Conditions and Symptoms of Mental Health Problems in Norwegian Upper Secondary School Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 19(15). doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159575. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations between demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and school-related conditions, and symptoms of mental health problems in Norwegian upper secondary school students following the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this cross-sectional study design we used a binary logistic regression model to evaluate potential associations between the predictors and dependent variable. Results: The following six predictors had a statistically significant impact on symptoms of mental health problems; gender effect of being a girl (p < 0.001), self-perceived body image (p < 0.001), sleep problems (p < 0.001), dietary habits (p = 0.033), school satisfaction (p = 0.013), and satisfaction with physical education (PE) class participation (p = 0.025). Conclusions: Being a girl was associated with a 315% higher probability of reporting symptoms of mental health problems than boys, whereas one unit increase in sleep problems showed a 192% higher probability of symptoms of mental health problems. Furthermore, a one unit increase on the respective beneficial predictors’ scales was associated with the following percentage having a lower probability of reporting symptoms of mental health problems; self-perceived body image (59%), dietary habits (58%), school satisfaction (82%), and satisfaction with PE class participation (68%).

• Calogiuri, Giovanna; Johansen, Patrick Foss; Rossi, Alessio & Thurston, Miranda (2019). Do “Girls Just Wanna Have Fun?” Participation Trends and Motivational Profiles of Women in the Birkebeiner Races, Norway’s Ultimate Mass Participation Ski Event. Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. 10, s. 1–19. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02548. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Mass participation sporting events (MPSEs) are viewed as encouraging regular exercise in the population, but concerns have been expressed about the extent to which they are inclusive for women. This study focuses on an iconic cross-country skiing MPSE in Norway, the Birkebeiner race (BR), which includes different variants (main, Friday, half-distance, and women-only races). In order to shed light on women’s participation in this specific MPSE, as well as add to the understanding of women’s MPSEs participation in general, this study was set up to: (i) analyze trends in women’s participation, (ii) examine the characteristics, and (iii) identify key factors characterizing the motivational profile of women in different BR races, with emphasis on the full-distance vs. the women-only races. Entries in the different races throughout the period 1996–2018 were analyzed using an autoregressive model. Information on women’s sociodemographic characteristics, sport and exercise participation, and a range of psychological variables (motives, perceptions, overall satisfaction, and future participation intention) were extracted from a market survey and analyzed using a machine learning (ML) approach (n = 1,149). Additionally, qualitative information generated through open-ended questions was analyzed thematically (n = 116). The relative prevalence of women in the main BR was generally low (< 20%). While the other variants contributed to boosting women’s participation in the overall event, a future increment of women in the main BR was predicted, with women’s ratings possibly matching the men’s by the year 2034. Across all races, most of the women were physically active, of medium-high income, and living in the most urbanized region of Norway. Satisfaction and future participation intention were relatively high, especially among the participants in the women-only races. “Exercise goal” was the predominant participation motive. The participants in women-only races assigned greater importance to social aspects, and perceived the race as a tradition, whereas those in the full-distance races were younger and gave more importance to performance aspects. These findings corroborate known trends and challenges in MPSE participation, but also contribute to greater understanding in this under-researched field. Further research is needed in order to gain more knowledge on how to foster women’s participation in MPSEs.

• Johansen, Patrick Foss & Green, Kenneth Stanley (2019). ‘It’s alpha omega for succeeding and thriving’: parents, children and sporting cultivation in Norway. Sport, Education and Society. ISSN 1357-3322. 24(4), s. 427–440. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2017.1401991. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  It has become increasingly apparent, internationally, that childhood is a crucial life-stage in the formation of predispositions towards sports participation and that parents are increasingly investing in the sporting capital of their children via a process of ‘concerted cultivation’. It is surprising, therefore, that parents’ involvement in the development of their children's sporting interests has received so little attention in Norway, given that sport is a significant pastime for Norwegians and participation has been steadily increasing – among youngsters, in particular – over the past several decades. Through a qualitative case study of a combined primary and secondary school in a small Norwegian city, this study sought to add to recent explorations of the role of parents in children's sporting involvement in Norway. As expected, it was evident that sport becomes taken for granted and internalised very early on in Norwegian children's lives. Less expected was the recognition that children's nascent sporting interests were often generated by sports clubs via early years schooling and, therefore, that parents played only one (albeit very important) part in the formation of their youngsters’ early sporting habits. Thus, parents, sports clubs and early years schooling appeared to form something akin to a ‘sporting trinity’ in youngsters’ nascent sporting careers. These findings may have implications for policy-makers looking towards Norway for a ‘recipe’ for sports participation.

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• Green, Kenneth Stanley; Wheeler, Sharon & Johansen, Patrick Foss (2023). Sport, Children, and Socialization. I Wenner, Lawrence A. (Red.), The Oxford handbook of sport and society. Oxford University Press. ISSN 978-0-19-751901-1. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197519011.013.32.
• Johansen, Patrick Foss; Thurston, Miranda & Green, Kenneth Stanley (2022). THE MUTABILITY OF SPORTS PARTICIPATION AND THE EMERGENCE OF INFORMAL SPORTS AMONG NORWEGIAN YOUNGSTERS.
• Green, Ken; Thurston, Miranda & Johansen, Patrick Foss (2019). Sports participation in Norway. I Maguire, Joseph; Falcous, Mark & Liston, Katie (Red.), The Business and Culture of Sports: Society, Politics, Economy, Environment. Macmillan Publishers Ltd.. ISSN 978-0-02-866498-9. s. 413–427. Vis sammendrag

  The Business and Culture of Sports: Society, Politics, Economy, Environment is a peer-reviewed, academic volume that has one Editor in Chief, Joseph A. Maguire, and two Associate Editors, Mark Falcous and Katie Liston. The Business and Culture of Sports provides global perspectives on such topics as the sustainable design of sports stadiums, the use of social media and advertising in sports marketing, the economic impact on cities hosting mega events, sports governance models, the Olympic and Paralympic Games, coaching and player development, gender representation in sports, sports violence and injury, and many others. Though aimed primarily at undergraduate students, this set is also a valuable resource for high school students as well as a general audience interested in the expanding world of sports studies.

• Calogiuri, Giovanna; Rossi, Alessio; Johansen, Patrick Foss & Thurston, Miranda (2019). GIRLS JUST WANNA HAVE FUN… OR DO THEY? A MACHINE LEARNING ANALYSIS OF WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN NORWAY’S ULTIMATE MASS PARTICIPATION SKI EVENT. Vis sammendrag

  Background Mass participation sporting events have increased in popularity in the last two decades, thought concerns have been expressed about the extent to which they are inclusive for different groups of the population, including women (Murphy & Bauman, 2015). For instance, in the iconic cross-country ski race Birkebeinerrennet (BR), women make up less than 20% of the total participants. To boost women’s participation, the event organizers have introduced a women-only race (W-BR). It is however important to shed light on the factors that encourage women’s participation in the main BR event. Using a machine learning approach, this study aims to: i) predict future trends of women’s participation rates in the BR, and ii) identify characteristics of women participating in the BR, as compared with those in the W-BR. Methods To predict future trends in women’s participation rates in the BR, a time-series analysis (i.e., autoregression) was performed on official entry records from 1996 to 2018. Secondary analysis of data from a market survey conducted in 2016 among BR and W-BR participants was also carried out in relation to women’s sociodemographic characteristics, exercise habits, motives and perceptions (n = 1187). The data were preprocessed using a recursive feature elimination with cross-validation process (RFECV) based on logistic regression to reduce the dimension of the feature set. The logistic regression was able to correctly gather the woman who took part in either the BR or W-BR (recall = 76%) with a precision of 77%. Results The time-series analysis predicted a gradual increase of women’s participation rates in the BR (MSE = 4.51%, residual error = 3.70 ± 2.58%), meaning that in 15 years the prevalence of women might match that of men. The analysis of the survey data revealed that, as compared with the W-BR, more women in the BR saw the race as a ‘motivational exercise goal’ (explained variance = 0.11; p < 0.001) and perceived themselves as ‘extreme’ and ‘fit’ (explained variance = 0.24 and 0.01; p < 0.001). At the same time, they assigned less importance to social aspects such as ‘sociability’, ‘personal tradition’, and ‘feeling part of a community’ (explained variance = 0.36, 0.09, and 0.06; p < 0.001), and were less satisfied with the race (explained variance = 0.12; p < 0.001). The likelihood of participating in the BR, as compared with the W-BR, also decreased with increasing age (explained variance = 0.02; p = 0.041). Conclusions Although women are still largely under-represented in the main BR event (as well as other mass-participation sporting events), a gradual increase is evident. This growing group appears to be primarily concerned with performance-oriented rather than social-oriented aspects. Further studies are needed to investigate the factors that might explain the lower age and satisfaction of the women in BR compared to the W-BR. References Murphy & Bauman (2015) Leisure Studies, 34(6), 758-766.

• Johansen, Patrick Foss; Calogiuri, Giovanna & Vogt, Line Fosser (2018). Birkendeltakere sparer for mye på kreftene. [Internett]. NRK Hedmark og Oppland.
• Thurston, Miranda; Green, Kenneth Stanley; Johansen, Patrick Foss & Calogiuri, Giovanna (2018). Sport for all? The public health reach of the Birkebeiner races. I Calogiuri, Giovanna & Knudsen, Per Egil (Red.), Institutt for Folkehelse - ÅRBOK 2017-2018. Høgskolen i Hedmark. s. 38–41.
• Moss, Samantha; Highton, Jamie; Johansen, Patrick Foss & Calogiuri, Giovanna (2018). Strategi for å sykle Birken raskere. BirkenesAvisa. s. 42–43.
• Thurston, Miranda; Green, Kenneth Stanley; Moss, Samantha; Highton, Jamie; Johansen, Patrick Foss & Calogiuri, Giovanna (2017). Birkebeiner: Sport for all? Part 1: The public health reach of the Birkebeiner races Part 2: Successful pacing strategies for all participants. Vis sammendrag

  Part 1: The public health reach of the Birkebeiner races Prof Miranda Thurston & Prof Ken Green Mass participation sporting events, such as the Birkebeiner races, have Not only become popular at a global level in recent years, they have also been increasingly viewed as encouraging enhanced and regular exercise in the population. However, the public health potential of mass participation sporting events, and especially the BR, remains an under-researched phenomenon. In particular, there are concerns about the extent to which BR attract people from social groups of relevance to public health and exercise promotion, such as women, older adults, and people with lower socioeconomic status. In this project we have examined the characteristics and motivations of current participants in BR. This findings provide a better understanding of the public health reach of these events, and can help maximizing their potential in the future. Part 2: Successful pacing strategies for all participants Dr Sam Moss & Dr Jamie Highton In a demanding sporting event such as the Birkebeiner races, a mindful pacing strategy, i.e. the distribution of the energetic resources, is important. Knowing how to best distribute the effort in relation with a person’s characteristics and level of experience, can help participants prepare appropriately for the race as well as increase the likelihood of positive race experiences and continuing participation. This is especially relevant for those participants who are less experienced and want to use the Birkebeiner races as a motivational strategy to become more active. In this project, we examined the pacing strategies adopted by different groups of participants in the Birkebeinerrittet: males/ females, age category, experience level, and performance standard.

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