Scott Michael Brainerd

• Angoh, Jennifer; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2023). Forestry and environmental conditions as determinants of pine marten Martes martes occurrence in Norway. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. doi: 10.1002/wlb3.01113. Full text in Research Archive
• Jennewein, Jyoti; Hebblewhite, Mark; Mahoney, Peter John; Gilbert, Sophie Louise; Meddens, Arjan & Boelman, Natalie T. [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2020). Behavioral modifications by a large- northern herbivore to mitigate warming conditions. Movement Ecology. ISSN 2051-3933. 8(39). doi: 10.1186/s40462-020-00223-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Brainerd, Scott Michael; Söderberg, Arne; Kraabøl, Morten & Ytrehus, Bjørnar (2018). Defining animal welfare standards in hunting: body mass determines thresholds for incapacitation time and flight distance. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 8. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32102-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Brainerd, Scott Michael & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2017). Metal deposition of copper and lead bullets in moose harvested in Fennoscandia. Wildlife Society Bulletin (WSB). ISSN 0091-7648. 41(1), p. 98–106. doi: 10.1002/wsb.731.
• Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2016). Can poaching inadvertently contribute to increased public acceptance of wolves in Scandinavia? European Journal of Wildlife Research. ISSN 1612-4642. 62, p. 179–188. doi: 10.1007/s10344-016-0991-3. Show summary

  Illegal killings account for approximately one half of the total mortality of wolves in Scandinavia between 1999 and 2009. Through this period, the wolf population increased to roughly 260 individuals with an annual growth rate of 13.5 % as opposed to the potential of 29.5 %. Barring other interventions, if no poaching had occurred, the projections indicate that the population could have reached almost 1000 animals. During the same decade, attitudes in the public toward wolves have remained stable and positive. In a socio-ecological perspective, the potentially high wolf population growth rate can easily outpace the much slower social dynamics of evolving public attitudes toward wolves. We surveyed a representative sample of the Norwegian public and people living inside the designated wolf zone to ascertain whether reducing wolf population growth rates through poaching may unintentionally have contributed to allowing the public opinion to adjust to the renewed presence of wolves and maintain a high level of acceptance. Findings partly support this hypothesis but also that the greater majority of the public oppose illegal hunting. The results suggest complex links between preferences for wolf population sizes, acceptance for poaching, and beliefs about consequences of illegal hunting.We argue that attitudes are unstable and sensitive to how conflicts develop and are resolved. Scandinavian wolf populations now border on genetic unsustainability. Current policy with extremely low population goals leave minimal room for experimentation. Paradoxically, the only way to maintain positive public attitudes and reduce poaching may be to increase population sizes and simultaneously increase legal hunting quotas. Wolves . Poaching . Hunting . Scandinavia . Public attitudes

• Borg, Bridget; Brainerd, Scott Michael; Meier, Thomas J. & Prugh, Laura (2015). Impacts of breeder loss on social structure, reproduction and population growth in a social canid. Journal of Animal Ecology. ISSN 0021-8790. 84, p. 177–187. doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.12256.
• Powell, Roger A.; Lewis, Jeffrey C.; Slough, Brian G.; Brainerd, Scott Michael; Jordan, Neil R. & Abramov, Alexei V. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2012). Evaluating translocations of martens, sables, and fishers: testing model predictions with field data. In Aubry, Keith B.; Zielinski, William J.; Raphael, Martin G.; Proulx, Gilbert & Buskirk, Steven W. (Ed.), Biology and conservation of martens, sables and fishers : a new synthesis. Cornell University Press (CUP). ISSN 978-0-8014-5088-4. p. 93–137.
• Liberg, Olof; Aronson, Åke; Brainerd, Scott; Karlsson, Jens; Pedersen, Hans-Christian & Sand, Håkan [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). The recolonizing Scandinavian wolf population : research and management in two countries. In Musiani, Marco; Paquet, Paul & Boitani, Luigi (Ed.), The World of Wolves: New Perspectives on Ecology, Behaviour and Management. University of Calgary Press. ISSN 978-1552382691. p. 175–205.
• Kenward, Robert E.; Sharp, RG; Manos, B.; Arampatzis, S.; Brainerd, Scott Michael & Lecocq, Y. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2009). Conservation from use of biodiversity and ecosystem services. In Skrynnik, Y.; Bendersky, E.; Lecocq, Y.; Melnikov, V.; Petrikov, A.; Sitsko, A.; Fertikov, V. & Schramm, D. (Ed.), Proceedings of the XXIX International Union of Game Biologists Congress.. Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. ISSN 9785703521182. p. 68–83.
• Brainerd, Scott M.; Andrén, Henrik; Bangs, Edward E.; Bradley, Elizabeth H.; Fontaine, Joseph A. & Hall, Wayne [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2008). The effects of breeder loss on wolves. Journal of Wildlife Management. ISSN 0022-541X. 72(1), p. 89–98. doi: 10.2193/2006-305. Show summary

  Managers of recovering wolf (Canis lupus) populations require knowledge regarding the potential impacts caused by the loss of territorial, breeding wolves when devising plans that aim to balance population goals with human concerns. Although ecologists have studied wolves extensively, we lack an understanding of this phenomenon as published records are sparse. Therefore, we pooled data (n = 134 cases) on 148 territorial breeding wolves (75 M and 73 F) from our research and published accounts to assess the impacts of breeder loss on wolf pup survival, reproduction, and territorial social groups. In 58 of 71 cases (84%), >= 1 pup survived, and the number or sex of remaining breeders (including multiple breeders) did not influence pup survival. Pups survived more frequently in groups of >6 wolves (90%) compared with smaller groups (68%). Auxiliary nonbreeders benefited pup survival, with pups surviving in 92% of cases where auxiliaries were present and 64% where they were absent. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the number of adult-sized wolves remaining after breeder loss, along with pup age, had the greatest influence on pup survival. Territorial wolves reproduced the following season in 47% of cases, and a greater proportion reproduced where one breeder had to be replaced (56%) versus cases where both breeders had to be replaced (9%). Group size was greater for wolves that reproduced the following season compared with those that did not reproduce. Large recolonizing (>75 wolves) and saturated wolf populations had similar times to breeder replacement and next reproduction, which was about half that for small recolonizing (<= 75 wolves) populations. We found inverse relationships between recolonizing population size and time to breeder replacement (r = -0.37) and time to next reproduction (r = -0.36). Time to breeder replacement correlated strongly with time to next reproduction (r = 0.97). Wolf social groups dissolved and abandoned their territories subsequent to breeder loss in 38% of cases. Where groups dissolved, wolves reestablished territories in 53% of cases, and neighboring wolves usurped territories in an additional 21% of cases. Fewer groups dissolved where breeders remained (26%) versus cases where breeders were absent (85%). Group size after breeder loss was smaller where groups dissolved versus cases where groups did not dissolve. To minimize negative impacts, we recommend that managers of recolonizing wolf populations limit lethal control to solitary individuals or territorial pairs where possible, because selective removal of pack members can be difficult. When reproductive packs are to be managed, we recommend that managers only remove wolves from reproductive packs when pups are >= 6 months old and packs contain >= 6 members (including >= 3 ad-sized wolves). Ideally, such packs should be close to neighboring packs and occur within larger ( >= 75 wolves) recolonizing populations.

• Brainerd, Scott M.; Kastdalen, Leif; Seiler, Andreas & Gundersen, Hege (2007). How to allow for dependent observations by the use of Mixed Models, Brainerd, S. M., Kastdalen, L. og Seiler, A. (red.). 2007. Habitat modelling - A tool for managing landscapes? Report from a workshop held in Sunnersta, Sweden, 14-17 February 2006. -NINA Rapport 195. 81 s. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). p. 68–69.
• Solberg, Erling Johan; Grøtan, Vidar; Rolandsen, Christer M.; Brøseth, Henrik & Brainerd, Scott (2005). Change-in-sex ratio as an estimator of population size for Norwegian moose Alces alces. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. 11(2), p. 163–172. doi: 10.2981/0909-6396(2005)11%5B163:CRAAEO%5D2.0.CO;2.
• Linnell, John Durrus; Brøseth, Henrik; Solberg, Erling Johan & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2005). The origins of the southern Scandinavian wolf Canis lupus population: Potential for natural immigration in relation to dispersal distances, geography and Baltic ice. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. 11(4), p. 383–391. doi: 10.2981/0909-6396(2005)11%5B383:TOOTSS%5D2.0.CO;2.
• Linnell, John D.C.; Solberg, Erling Johan; Brainerd, Scott; Liberg, Olof; Sand, Håkan & Wabakken, Petter [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2003). Is the fear of wolves justified? A Fennoscandian perspective? Acta Zoologica Lituanica. ISSN 1392-1657. 13(1), p. 27–33. doi: 10.1080/13921657.2003.10512541.
• Brainerd, Scott M.; Liberg, Olof; Pedersen, Hans Christian; Sand, Håkan; Wabakken, Petter & Eide, Nina Elisabeth (2003). Tap av alfa-individer i en ulveflokk - effekter på flokkdynamikk og reproduksjon, Bestandsdynamikk og forvaltningsrelevant biologi. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). p. 53–89. Show summary

  Denne rapporten er en sammenfatning av tilgjengelig data og informasjon om effekten tap av alfa-ulver har på en ulveflokks reproduksjonssuksess og sosiale dynamikk. Som resultat av en litteraturgjennomgang og en gjennomgang av upubliserte data, samlet vi informasjon om 134 tilfeller der en eller begge av et par av ynglende eller potensielt ynglende ulver (n = 149) ble fjernet fra sitt revir. Datagrunnlaget omfatter ulver fra Great Lakes (n = 31) , Rocky Mountains (n = 45), Alaska (n = 37), Skandinavia (n = 20) og Hellas (n = 1). Tap av alfa-ulver skjedde hovedsakelig ved dødsfall forårsaket av mennesker (n = 84) eller av naturlige årsaker (n = 46). I 17 tilfeller var det umulig å fastslå årsaken til at alfa-ulver døde eller forsvant, mens 2 ulver forlot sine revir. Vi fant at i 80% av tilfellene der én av foreldrene ble borte, og i 70% av tilfellene der begge foreldrene ble borte, overlevde en eller flere valper. I 65 av 79 tilfeller der en ulveflokk mistet alfa-individer overlevde minst en valp fram til rekruttering. Vi fant ingen forskjell i valpenes overlevelse etter tap av en eller begge foreldre eller om det var ett-åringer og/eller voksne hjelpere i flokken. Det var imidlertid generelt sett forskjell i overlevelse knyttet til samlet flokkstørrelse etter tap av alfa-individer. This report is a synthesis of available data and information on the effect the loss of alpha wolves has on a wolf pack’s reproductive succes and social dynamics. As a result of a literature review and an e-mail survey with a query for unpublished data, we collected data on 134 cases where one or both of a pair of breeding or potentially breeding wolves (n = 149) disappeared from their territory. This data base inclused wolves from the Great Lakes (n = 31), Rocky Mountains (n = 45) and Alaska (n = 37) in the U.S. as well as Scandinavia (n = 20) and Greece (n = 1). Loss of alpha wolves were generally caused by humans (n = 84) or by natural means (n = 46). In 17 cases it was impossible to determine the reason why an alpha wolf died or disappeared, and in 2 cases wolves abandoned their territories. We found that in 80% of the cases where 1 of the the parents were removed, and in 70% of cases where both parents were removed, > 1 pup survived afterwards. In 65 of 79 cases where a pack lost an alpha individual > 1 pup survived to recruitment. We did not find any differences in this incidence of pup survival after the loss of 1 or both alphas, nor were there differences in this parameter relative to the presence of yearlings or adult helpers (auxillaries). However, there was a clear difference in the incidence of pup survival relative to the size of packs after alpha individuals were lost.

• Pedersen, Hans Christian; Brainerd, Scott M.; Hjeljord, Olav; Liberg, Olof; Sand, Håkan & Wabakken, Petter [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2003). Bestandsdynamikk og forvaltningsrelevant biologi, Bestandsdynamikk og forvaltningsrelevant biologi. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). p. 7–31. Show summary

  Ulv har gjennom tidene hatt tilhold i alle deler av Norge og Sverige, men dagens bestand er konsentrert i de sentrale og sørlige deler. I 1966 var bestanden funksjonelt utryddet i begge land, og ingen ynglinger ble påvist før i 1978, hvor en yngling ble bekreftet på svensk side. Bestanden utgjør i dag omlag 100 dyr. Disse stammer alle fra ett eneste par, og bestanden har således vært gjennom en alvorlig genetisk flaskehals Historically wolves have been present in all parts of Norway and Sweden. Today, however, the population is restricted to the sentral and southern parts. The species was functionally extinct in both countries by 1966, and no reproductions wereregistereduntil 1978, when one litter of pups was documented in Sweden. Today the population consists of about 100 wolves. All these animals originate from one single breeding pair, i.e. the pair that bred in 1983, and accordingly the population has been throughaserious genetic bottle-neck.

• Haaland, Hanne; Skogen, Ketil & Brainerd, Scott (2003). Jakt og konfliktreduksjon. In Brainerd, Scott (Eds.), Utredninger i forbindelse med ny rovviltmelding. Konfliktdempende tiltak i rovviltforvaltningen. NINA.
• Brainerd, Scott M. & Rolstad, Jørund (2002). Habitat selection by Eurasian pine martens Martes martes in managed forests of southern boreal Scandinavia. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. 8, p. 289–297.
• Swenson, Jon E. & Brainerd, Scott M. (1998). The influence of harvest technique on the sex ratio in hazel grouse (Bonasa bonasia) bags. Gibier Faune Sauvage. ISSN 0761-9243. 15, p. 247–257.
• Lindström, Erik R.; Brainerd, Scott Michael; Helldin, Jan-Olof & Overskaug, Kristian (1995). Pine Marten Red Fox interactions – a case of intraguild predation. Annales Zoologici Fennici. ISSN 0003-455X. 32, p. 123–130. Full text in Research Archive
• Brainerd, Scott Michael; Helldin, Jan-Olof; Lindström, Erik R.; Rolstad, Erlend; Rolstad, Jørund & Storch, Ilse (1995). Pine marten (Martes martes) selection of resting and denning sites in Scandinavian managed forests. Annales Zoologici Fennici. ISSN 0003-455X. 32, p. 151–157.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael; Helldin, Jan-Olof; Lindström, Erik R. & Rolstad, Jørund (1994). Pine marten (Martes martes L.) and "old forest" in southern boreal Scandinavia. In Buskirk, Steven W.; Harestad, Alton; Powell, Roger A. & Raphael, Martin G. (Ed.), Martens, Sables, and Fishers: Biology and Conservation.. Cornell University Press (CUP). ISSN 0801428947. p. 343–354.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (1990). The pine marten and forest fragmentation: a review and general hypothesis. In Myrberget, S. (Eds.), Transactions of the 19th International Union of Game Biologists Congress. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 8242600945. p. 421–434.

View all works in Cristin

• Douwes, Aenne; Brainerd, Scott Michael & Angoh, Siow Yan Jennifer (2023). Environmental and seasonal effects on activity pattern of pine marten (Martes martes).
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (2023). Norway: Game management and capitalism in a social democracy. Show summary

  The Scandinavian Model of Wildlife Conservation (SMWC) has many principles in common with the The Scandinavian Model of Wildlife Conservation (SMWC) has many principles in common with the North American Model (NAMWC). The primary differences between these models pertain to ownership and sale of game meat. Whereas commercial sale of meat in the USA and Canada led to the decimation of many wildlife populations over a century ago, it conversely provided economic incentives for landowners to protect and sustainably manage species that were nearly driven to extinction in Sweden and Norway around the same time. The NAWMC is a case of «Res communis», whereby wildlife is owned by the people and managed in trust by the state. In Sweden and Norway, living wildlife is owned by no one («Res nullius»), but harvested game is the property of landowners that derive economic benefit from meat sale and hunting leases. The NAMWC is a «socialistic» model where government agencies act as trust managers on behalf of public owners of wildlife, whereas the SMWC is a «capitalistic» model that provides economic incentive to landowners to sustainably manage game populations on their properties. Traditionally, hunting opportunity has been within the economic reach of most hunters in traditionally egalitarian Norway. However, management authority for game species was recently transferred from the environmental to the agricultural sector of government in order to enhance the economic potential of game resources. Will increased emphasis on free market forces undermine the democratic underpinnings of hunting in Norway, or will it enhance opportunity for all? Only time will tell.

• Brainerd, Scott Michael (2023). Wildlife Biologist Certification Program. Show summary

  The Wildlife Society Wildlife Biologist Certification Program In this talk I briefly describe The Wildlife Society certification program for wildlife biologists, and give some examples of curricula and programs at the University of Alaska and the University of Montana and how TWS certification requirements relate to bachelor’s degree requirements at those universities. I give examples of ways in which wildlife students are engaged in field activities and exercises to add real world relevance to their education. I also mention student activities at the Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences where I am currently on faculty and am the advisor for the first International Student Chapter of TWS. I share my experiences and perceptions regarding certification and education in the wildlife profession based on my own experiences over the past 46 years.

• Brainerd, Scott Michael (2023). Elgforvaltning i Alaska med store rovdyr - kontraster med rovviltområder i Skandinavia. Hjorteviltet. ISSN 1502-3729. 2023, p. 88–91.
• Angoh, Siow Yan Jennifer; Nergaard, Petter J.; Jahren, Torfinn; Odden, Morten & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2023). The influence of vole cycles, habitat parameters and environmental factors on pine marten population dynamics in south-eastern Norway. Show summary

  The pine marten Martes martes in Norway lives at the northern edge of its distribution. At these northern latitudes, regular fluctuations in population sizes of voles are common. Vole cycles may influence pine marten abundance and population dynamics since voles are major part of the pine marten diet. However, the temporal and causal relationship between pine marten and vole fluctuations has received little attention, particularly regarding how vole peaks and lows affect pine marten population dynamics. Hence, the objectives of this study are to determine if voles are a primary driver of pine marten population dynamics, and to what extent this predator-prey relationship is modulated by important habitat and environmental parameters at a regional scale. We used data from a snow tracking survey that was originally designed to monitor large carnivores in Hedmark county, Norway. We derived snow tracking indices from 618 unique line transects conducted between 2003 and 2014. To test for cyclicity in pine marten populations, we used the snow tracking indices in a Partial Rate Correlation Function. We also examined how pine marten growth pattern responded to vole fluctuations, elevation, snow depth, and human settlement density. Pine marten population dynamics displayed a strong density-dependent growth pattern and showed no signs of cyclicity. Pine martens’ growth patterns were negatively affected by variation in vole abundance and increased elevation, while positively associated with snow depth. Despite voles being a vital part of the pine marten diet, the latter species’ life history traits might explain why it is not synchronized with vole fluctuations. Food caching behaviors, shifts to alternative prey species, and intraspecific regulation could be mitigating the effects vole peaks on pine marten populations.

• Angoh, Siow Yan Jennifer; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2023). Forestry and environmental conditions as determinants of pine marten (Martes martes) occurrence in Norway. Show summary

  The pine marten Martes martes is a forest denizen often associated with late seral stage stands. Earlier research indicates that this species may be negatively impacted by modern forestry practices. However, the effects of current clearcutting methods upon pine marten occurrence in conjunction with changing environmental conditions are not well known. In this study, we combined four years of countrywide data from a long-term camera trap (CT) survey in Norway. We used a multi-scale occupancy model to investigate how pine marten occurrence at multiple spatial scales is related to clearcuts and forests over 120 years old. We additionally tested how pine marten occurrence responded to factors such as habitat features and temporal changes in the environment (e.g., snow depth and temperature). We found that pine martens occurred in most Norwegian landscapes, independent of the proportions of old forest and clearcuts. However, at the habitat patch scale, we found that pine marten occurrence was positively associated with the presence of old forest and terrain ruggedness, while there were no association with (nearby) clearcuts. At CT sites near clearcuts, the detection probability (which we interpret as the intensity of use of CT sites) was negatively correlated with snow depth. In contrast, we found a positive association with snow depth at CT sites without clearcuts nearby. Furthermore, the intensity of use increased with temperature and the presence of boulders near a CT. While old forest is important for pine martens, the current level and scale of clearcutting in Norway does not appear to be detrimental to the species’ occurrence at the landscape level. Also, habitat features and structures facilitating subterranean and subnivean access may mitigate the lack of old forests attributes. Snow depth and temperature may also influence how much pine martens rely on old forests.

• Brainerd, Scott Michael (2022). Elgforvaltning med store rovdyr i Alaska: kontraster med rovviltområder i Skandinavia.
• Pain, Deborah J.; Bernhoft, Aksel; Andersen, Oddgeir; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Bellinger, David C & Binkowski, Lukasz [Show all 75 contributors for this article] (2020). Open letters from the European scientists on the risks of lead ammunition. ECHA proposal under REACH Regulations. Restriction proposal on the use of lead gunshot in or over wetlands. .
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (2020). The Making of an Ecologist: My Career in Alaska Wildlife Management and Conservation, by David R. Klein. Arctic. ISSN 0004-0843. 73(2), p. 265–266. doi: 10.14430/arctic70682.
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Kraabøl, Morten; Brainerd, Scott Michael; Söderberg, Arne; Ytrehus, Bjørnar & Stokke, Sigbjørn (2019). Kommentar til: Skadeskyting i teori og praksis. Jakt og fiske. ISSN 0800-3041. 148(6), p. 78–78.
• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Brainerd, Scott Michael; Söderberg, Arne; Kraabøl, Morten & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2019). Stokkes skadeskytingsmodell – å definere mål for dyrevelferd basert på kroppsvekt og fluktavstand.
• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Brainerd, Scott Michael; Söderberg, Arne; Kraabøl, Morten & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2018). Defining animal welfare standards for hunting based on body mass and flight distance.
• Paragi, Thomas F.; Hagelin, Julie & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2016). Wildlife-reforestation interactions and adaptive management. In Freeman, Marty & Durst, James (Ed.), Forest Resources & Practices, Region II-III Reforestation Review, Annotated Bibliography . Alaska Division of Forestry, e Region II and III Forest Practices Reforestation Science and Technical Committee. p. 117–181.
• Peirce, Joshua; Paragi, Thomas F.; Bentzen, Torsten W.; Shideler, Richard T. & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2016). Demography of black bears in remote boreal Alaska.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (2014). Hva viltet faktisk ser. Jakt og fiske. ISSN 0800-3041. 142(9), p. 18–24.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (2013). Recent pilot study on sharp-tailed grouse summer habitat selection in interior Alaska. Grouse News. p. 7–7.
• Odden, John; Andersen, Roy; May, Roelof Frans; Bruset, Bjørg; Mattisson, Jenny & Solberg, Hans Ole [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2013). Jakt på jerv i Norge. Et informasjonshefte fra Norges Jeger- og Fiskerforbund og NINA.
• Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus; Solberg, Hans Ole; Lurås, Eivind; Lundby, R & Parmann, Sigrid [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Jakt på gaupe i Norge. Et informasjonshefte fra Norges Jeger- og Fiskerforbund og NINA.
• Gardner, Craig; Shideler, Richard; Keech, Mark; Caikoski, Jason & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2012). Recent and Current Bear Studies in Interior and Arctic Alaska. International Bear News : quarterly newsletter. ISSN 1064-1564.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (2011). Research supports management. Interior Alaska Moose News. 2011, p. 10–10.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael & Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter (2010). Can we learn from the Scandinavian Model of Wildlife Conservation? . The Wildlife Professional. ISSN 1933-2866. 4(3), p. 52–56.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael & Linnell, John Durrus (2008). Å leve med ulv. Et informasjonshefte fra NINA.
• Gundersen, Hege; Rindal, Bjørn Ivar & Brainerd, Scott M. (2007). Norges Jeger- og Fiskerforbunds Testjegerprosjekt ? en vurdering av drepeevne for ulike hagltyper.
• Gundersen, Hege; Rindal, Bjørn Ivar & Brainerd, Scott (2007). Norges Jeger- og Fiskerforbunds Testjegerprosjekt - en vurdering av drepeevne for ulike hagltyper.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael; Linnell, John Durrus & Smith, Martin E (2007). Å leve med bjørn. Nationen. ISSN 0805-3782.
• Gundersen, Hege; Rindal, Bjørn Ivar & Brainerd, Scott M. (2006). Norges Jeger- og Fiskerforbunds Testjegerprosjekt - en vurdering av drepeevne for ulike hagltyper.
• Brainerd, Scott M.; Linnell, John D.C.; Brøseth, Henrik; Solberg, Erling Johan; Pedersen, Hans Christian & Liberg, Olof [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2006). Den skandinaviske ulven : utsetting eller innvandring. Villmarksliv. ISSN 0332-7442. 32(4), p. 82–85. Show summary

  Mange mener at ulven ikke kan ha kommet til de sørskandinaviske skogene uten menneskelig hjelp, og at den må være satt ut. Noen mener sågar at slik utsetting kan dokumenteres. Men så langt har ikke forskerne sett spor etter eventuell utsetting - til tross for at det er utlovet en dusør til dem som kan påvise at dette har skjedd

• Brainerd, Scott Michael; Bakka, Dag; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus (2006). Jakt på gaupe i Norge. Norges Jeger- og Fiskerforbund / Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning.
• Levin, M.; Karlsson, Jens; Brainerd, Scott Michael; Smith, Martin E. & Linnell, John Durrus (2006). Leva med björn. Biodling i björnområden. - Et faktablad fra NINA, Bioforsk og Viltskadecenter i Sverige.
• Levin, M.; Karlsson, Jens; Brainerd, Scott Michael; Smith, Martin E. & Linnell, John Durrus (2006). Leva med björn. Boende i björnområden. Et faktablad fra NINA, Bioforsk og Viltskadecenter i Sverige.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael; Levin, M.; Smith, Martin E.; Karlsson, Jens & Linnell, John Durrus (2006). Å leve med bjørn. Birøkt i bjørneområder. En informasjonsbrosjyre fra NINA, Bioforsk og Viltskadecenter i Sverige.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael; Levin, M.; Smith, Martin E.; Karlsson, Jens & Linnell, John Durrus (2006). Å leve med bjørn. For innbyggere i bjørneområde. En informasjonsbrosjyre fra NINA, Bioforsk og Viltskadecenter i Sverige.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael; Linnell, John Durrus; Smith, Martin E; Levin, M. & Karlsson, Jens (2006). Å leve med bjørn. Friluftsliv i bjørneområder. En informasjonsbrosjyre fra Viltskadecenter i Sverige, Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA) og Bioforsk - Svanhovd.
• Gundersen, Hege; Brainerd, Scott & Rindal, Bjørn Ivar (2006). Norges Jeger- og Fiskerforbunds Testjegerprosjekt: en vurdering av drepeevne for ulike hagltyper.
• Andersen, Oddgeir; Stokke, Sigbjørn; Brainerd, Scott Michael; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Aas-Aune, G. (2005). Kalibervalg og skuddatferd: Skråvinkler ikke uvanlig. Jakt og fiske. ISSN 0800-3041. 2005(5), p. 52–54.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (2004). En datarevolusjon for viltet. Jakt og fiske. ISSN 0800-3041. 133(3), p. 70–72.
• Brainerd, Scott M.; Liberg, Olof; Pedersen, Hans Christian; Sand, Håkan & Wabakken, Petter (2003). The effects of alpha wolf loss on reproductive success and pack dynamics. Show summary

  We examine the effects of the loss of alpha (breeding) wolves (n = 134 cases) on pack structure, pup survival and future reproduction within territories. We analyzed data collected from both the literature and our own unpublished studies in the United States (Great Lakes, Northern Rockies, and ALaska) and Europe (Norway, Sweden and Greece). Loss through mortality, translocation, dispersal or disappearance was attributable to human (n = 84), natural causes (n = 46) or unknown reasons (n = 4). When onealpha wolf was lost,>1 pup survived to recruitment in 82% of cases; when both alphas were lost,>1 pup survived in 70% of cases, Single pups traveling alone or with one other wolf survived in only half of the cases, whereas in larger groups of 3-5 and >6 wolves, >1 pup survived in 81% and 97% of cases, respectively. Whelping the following season occurd in about 50% of cases where one alpha wolf waslost and in only 15% of the cases where both breeders were lost. Nearly 2/3 of all wolf packs remained intact after a loss event,and of those that dissolved, about 3/¤ of pack territories were later reoccupied by wolves. In some cases packs either split or budded, and in rare situations multiple litters resulted. Intervals to alpha replacement and next whelping were shorter in saturated wolf populations than in new, recolonizing populations. For recolonizing wolves, intervals for alpha replacement and next whelping were inversely correlated with population size

• Brainerd, Scott Michael (2003). Ulvejakt. In Kirkemo, Ole (Eds.), Aschehoug og Gyldendals jakt, fiske og friluftsliv i Norge. Bind 1.. Kunnskapsforlaget. ISSN 9788257314088. p. 370–373.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (2003). Bjørnejakt. In Kirkemo, Ole (Eds.), Aschehoug og Gyldendals jakt, fiske og friluftsliv i Norge. Bind 1.. Kunnskapsforlaget. ISSN 9788257314088. p. 366–369.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2003). Berettiget ulvefrykt? Villmarksliv. ISSN 0332-7442. 2003(10), p. 22–26.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (2000). Ulvejakt en hovedutfordring i fremtiden. . Jakt og fiske. ISSN 0800-3041. 2000(8), p. 54–58.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (2000). Er ulven farlig? Jakt og fiske. ISSN 0800-3041. 2000(9), p. 56–59.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (1998). Habitat selection and range use by the Eurasian pine marten (Martes martes) in relation to commercial forestry practices in southern boreal Scandinavia. The Martes Working Group Newsletter. 1, p. 2–2.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (1997). Current challenges in Norwegian moose management. The Moose Call. 5, p. 14–15.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (1995). Handlingsplanen for hjorteviltforvaltning - en ny giv mot år 2000. . Jakt og fiske. ISSN 0800-3041. 1995(10), p. 42–43.
• Brainerd, Scott & Swenson, Jon (1995). Lokkepipa - ingen trussel for jerpebestanden. Jakt og fiske. ISSN 0800-3041. p. 18–19.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (1994). Rådyrforvaltning uten fastsettelse av minsteareal - en mulig strategi? .
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (1994). Montana - USA’s ukjente viltparadis. Jakt og fiske. ISSN 0800-3041. 1994(8), p. 58–59.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (1994). Kulde og snø holder hjorten i sjakk. Jakt og fiske. ISSN 0800-3041. 1994(1/2), p. 11–11.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (1989). Those small Montana wildcats. Montana Outdoors. ISSN 0027-0016. 1989(6), p. 21–37.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (1989). The pine marten and forest fragmentation: a review and general hypothesis.
• Paragi, Thomas F.; Hagelin, Julie & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2020). Managing Boreal Forest for Timber and Wildlife in the Tanana Valley of Eastern Interior Alaska . Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
• Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus; Solberg, Hans Ole; Lurås, Eivind; Lundby, R & Parmann, Siri [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Jakt på gaupe i Norge. Et informasjonshefte fra Norges Jeger- og Fiskeforbund og NINA.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (2013). European Charter on Fungi-gathering and Biodiversity. Council of Europe, Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, T-PVS/Inf (2013) 26.
• Paragi, Thomas F.; Hagelin, Julie & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2012). Summer habitat selection by sharp-tailed grouse in eastern Interior Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
• Sand, Håkan; Liberg, Olof; Aronson, Åke; Forslund, Pär; Pedersen, Hans Chr. & Wabakken, Petter [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2010). Den Skandinaviska vargen : en sammanställing av kunskapsläget från det skandinaviska vargforskningsprojektet SKANDULV 1998-2010 : rapport till Direktoratet for Naturforvaltning i Norge. Skandulv.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (2010). European Charter on Recreational Fishing and Biodiversity. Council of Europe Publishing.
• Nygård, Torgeir; Brainerd, Scott Michael; Brøseth, Henrik; Berntsen, Finn Erik Harald; Bjørnes, Even & Kvam, Tor [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2009). Bjørn i Nord-Trøndelag. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 978-82-426-2042-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Atten brunbjørner (åtte binner og ti hannbjørner) ble fanget i prosjektperioden 1993-2002. Alle binnene og åtte hanner ble radiomerket med VHF-halsbåndsendere For sju binner og fem hannbjørner ble det innsamlet peiledata over mer enn ett år, og disse ble brukt til å beregne størrelsen på leveområder. De ble peilet fra bakken og fly i grensetraktene mellom Snåsa og Lierne kommuner i Nord-Trøndelag fylke og Åre, Krokom og Strömsund kommuner i Jämtlands län. Mesteparten av området er halvåpent fjellterreng, med grandominert blandingsskog som har innslag av bjørk og furu i dalene. I motsetning til i Sverige, er utmarksbeite med sau om sommeren vanlig på norsk side. Basert på de radiomerka individene var forventa levealder for binner 7 år. Hvis en holder en over 25 år gammel hannbjørn utenfor, var forventa levealder til hannene 6 år. Det ble skutt ti bjørner i Nord-Trøndelag i prosjektperioden, hvorav tre binner. Radiopeilingene av bjørn ga fra ett til sju års data (N = 2064 posisjoner) for de enkelte bjørneindividene. Leveområdene til bjørnene ble beregnet ved å bruke 95% minimum konvekse polygoner (95% MCP) basert på en posisjon pr. 100 timer. Målt på årsbasis var den gjennomsnittlige størrelsen på hannbjørnenes leveområder 1017 km² (fra 518 km² til 1530 km²), mens binnenes var 336 km² (fra 119 km² til 582 km²). Unge hannbjørner hadde de største leveområdene. Det var ingen forskjell i størrelsen på leveområde mellom binner med og uten unger. Bjørnedrept sau ble påvist helt opptil 120 km fra området med ynglende binner. Dette antas å skyldes streifende hannbjørner. Vandringshastigheter på opptil 11 km i timen ble påvist, både for binner og hannbjørner. Binner uten unger forflyttet seg gjennomsnittlig raskere enn binner med unger. Hannbjørner forflyttet seg raskere enn binner, og unge hannbjørner hadde de aller raskeste forflyningshastighetene. Forflytningsavstander på opptil 9 mil i løpet av 100 timer ble påvist hos hanner. Forflytningshastighetene var høyest fra mai til juli. Dette faller sammen i tid med både bjørnens brunst og utvandring og saueslipp på norsk side. Unntaket var binner i følge med sine unger, som forflytta seg lite gjennom hele sesongen. Skremmingen av Arvasslibinna, en binne som oppholdt seg nært folk sommeren 2001, førte til økte forflytningshastigheter, men hun kom stadig tilbake etter skemming. Antall sau drept av bjørn i Lierne har ikke gått ned i takt med reduksjonen av antall sau på beite i perioden, og det prosentvise tapet av det totale slippet har derfor gått opp. brunbjørn, Nord-Trøndelag, leveområde, radiomerking, spredning, vandringer, dødelighet, predasjon, sau, tiltak, brown bear, Nord-Trøndelag, Norway, home range, dispersal, movements, mortality, predation, sheep, management

• Brainerd, Scott; Kastdalen, Leif & Seiler, Andreas (2007). Habitat modelling - A tool for managing landscapes? Report from a workshop held in Sunnersta, Sweden, 14-17 February 2006. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 9788242617552. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A sustainable landscape management requires tools for assessment of impacts caused by changes in land use, infrastructure and human settlement. These tools must help to compare alternative scenarios and evaluate their consequences for e.g. biodiversity. Habitat suitability models, based on empirical or expert knowledge can provide such tools. Various types of models have been developed and are used in ecological sciences already. However, their implementation in regional planning in Scandinavia is still very limited. The Mistra program INCLUDE, together with the Norwegian SatNat program, a user program financed by the Norwegian Space Agency and the Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management (DN) organized a workshop on applied habitat modelling which was held during February 14-17, 2006 at Sunnersta Herrgård in Uppsala. A total of 23 experts from Norway and Sweden attended this workshop and discussed different modelling approaches and how these can be improved and implemented. It was concluded that the dialogue between researchers and users needs considerable improvement. Researchers must learn more about user requirements, whereas users need a better understanding of the possibilities and constraints in modelling tools. Model validation and quality control are necessary requirements to be met prior to implementation. Relevant background data must be made easily available. Developments in remote sensing techniques and satellite imagery have already produced highly improved landscape information, although there is still a need for improved access to biological data. In addition, better knowledge is required regarding parameters which should be included in modelling approaches. Web-based metadata on spatial and biological data could help to make these more widely available. However, applicable tools for landscape management must combine biological data with data from the disciplines of economics and social sciences. The participants of this workshop propose therefore a series of interdisciplinary seminars on landscape modelling to be organized and held by interested end-users. habitat modelling, Geographic Information Systems, GIS, remote sensing, biodiversity, conservation, landscape, nature planning, resource management, habitatmodellering, GIS, fjernanalyse, biodiversitet, landskap, arealplanlegging, naturforvaltning

• Hind, Liv Jorunn; Hansen, Inger; Brainerd, Scott Michael & Smith, Martin (2007). El-sikring av bigårder mot bjørnegrep. Evaluering av behov for utforming av egen standard for elektriske gjerder innen vandrebirøkt. . Bioforsk. ISSN 978-82-17-00304-5.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (2007). European Charter on Hunting and Biodiversity . Council of Europe Publishing.
• Brainerd, Scott M.; Bakka, Dag; Swenson, Jon E. & Brunberg, Sven (2006). Jakt på bjørn i Norge. Norges Jeger- og Fiskerforbund og Norsk institutt for naturforskning.
• Pedersen, Hans Christian; Wabakken, Petter; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Brainerd, Scott M.; Brøseth, Henrik & Gundersen, Hege [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2006). Rovvilt og Samfunn (RoSa). Det skandinaviske ulveprosjektet - SKANDULV: Oversikt over gjennomførte aktiviteter i 2000-2004. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 8242616655.
• Gundersen, Hege; Rindal, Bjørn Ivar & Brainerd, Scott (2006). Norwegian Association of Hunters and Anglers’ test hunter project – an evaluation of killing efficiency for different shot types. Høgskolen i Hedmark. ISSN 82-7671-550-8. Show summary

  Due to its toxicity, Norway imposed a general ban on hunting with lead shot from 1 January 2005. Since lead has long been the most common form of shotgun ammunition used in hunting, this ban has necessitated an evaluation of the killing efficiency of non-toxic alternatives now available to Norwegian hunters. In the Norwegian Association of Hunters and Anglers’ test hunter project, the killing characteristics of different ammunition substances were tested in the field by hunters on a number of game birds and mammals. All shot substances tested had killing efficiencies close to 100% for game mammals, which indicates that all alternatives tested were satisfactory for hunting game mammals such as red fox, roe deer and mountain hare. Normally, such game mammals are shot in situations where they are relatively slow-moving or standing still, with large vital areas that are relatively easy to hit. These results effectively dispel the notion held by many hunters that steel shot in particular is a poor alternative for hunting these species. For bird species, we also see that non-toxic shot types have similar killing efficiencies relative to lead shot, providing the proper shot sizes are utilized. For willow and rock ptarmigan (for which we had a large sample size for a specific species group), bismuth No. 6 and 7, Steel No. 2 and Hevi-Shot No. 5 were equivalent to lead in their killing efficiency, while Steel No. 4 and possibly No. 3 were also good alternatives. Although our sample size for wood pigeons was somewhat limited (n = 145), it appears that steel shot 5-7 and bismuth 5-7 were the most effective ammunition types. For forest grouse, bismuth No. 5 and 7, Tungsten-Matrix No. 5, and Steel No. 5 (and possibly Steel No. 3) were effective loads. For water birds, we found that Hevi-Shot No. 4, Tungsten-Matrix No. 1 and 2, along with bismuth No. 2, 4 and 5 and Steel No. 5 were performed satisfactorily. Since grouse and water birds vary greatly in size, hunters will naturally have to choose larger shot sizes for larger birds and the converse for smaller birds. Of course, there are also other factors in addition to killing efficiency which hunters must take into account when selecting ammunition. For example, hard shot types such as Hevi-Shot and steel ricochet more than the other alternatives, and should therefore not be used in areas with a preponderance of exposed rock surfaces. Steel shot is also problematic for the lumber industry due to damage to saws, and may be locally banned by some forest owners, as is the case in Denmark. In addition, different shot substances produce varying shot patterns with different weapons. Therefore, hunters should test their guns with different cartridges on paper targets before going afield in order to determine which loads perform best for them. Of course, hunters will always have to select the shot size which yields optimum results for a given game species. If hunters use ammunition composed of different substances for different purposes, it is important that they understand differences in ballistics associated with these and adapt their shooting accordingly. We are confident that experience and training over time will ensure that hunters both old and new will be equally proficient in humanely killing game as they were before the lead shot ban was imposed. For most game species, we demonstrated a negative correlation between killing efficiency and shooting distances. In controlled experiments using stationary subjects, the literature indicates that killing efficiency is stable up to 35 meters independent of the shot substance used. Thus, the ability of shooters to hit game apparently decreased as distance increased in our study. Since different shot types have different weights and velocities, these will effect deflection angles (leading distance) as well as shot patterns produced by different weapons. As such, reduced killing power is also an indirect result of the substance shot is composed of.

• Brainerd, Scott M.; Pedersen, Hans Christian; Kålås, John Atle; Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Hoem, Stein & Storaas, Torstein [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2005). Lokalforankret forvaltning og nasjonal overvåking av småvilt : en kunnskapsoppsummering med anbefalinger for framtidig satsing. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 8242615624. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Lokal forvaltning av utmarksressurser og nasjonal overvåking av det biologiske mangfoldet er i dag viktige målsettinger for norsk naturforvaltning. Vi har lang tradisjon for taksering av småvilt i Norge, der årlige tellinger gjennomføres med forskjellige metoder til ulike årstider mange steder i landet. Disse tellingene blir vanligvis utført av jegere i nært samarbeid med rettighetshavere, ofte med tilskudd fra offentlig forvaltning. Denne til dels omfattende aktiviteten er p.d.d. ikke koordinert eller standardisert, og det finnes et stort potensial for videreutvikling av både metoder og gjennomføring. Dette kan danne et grunnlag for en bedre og bredere utnyttelse av innsamlede data til forvaltning og overvåking av småviltressursene på ulike nivåer. I denne rapporten presenterer vi en oversikt over kunnskap vedrørende takseringsmetoder, overvåkingsprogrammer og databaseløsninger med siktemål for å utvikle et nasjonalt system for forvaltning og overvåking av utvalgte småviltarter i Norge. I tillegg presenteres en gjennomgang av den nasjonale strategien for lokal forvaltning av vilt- og fiskeressursene med en oversikt over de forskjellige aktørers tiltenkte roller i forbindelse med småviltakseringer. Det anbefales standardiserte metoder til taksering av småviltarter basert på tilgjengelig kunnskap og praktiske erfaringer fra Norge og utlandet. For hønsefuglartene anbefales tellinger i august langs transkektlinjer etter den såkalte Distance-, eller avstandstakstmetoden. Denne metoden beregner tettheter basert på oppdagbarhetsfunksjoner som tar utgangspunkt i den vinkelrette avstanden fra observerte individer til transektlinjen. Metoden ansees som fullgod til telling av lirype (Lagopus lagopus) og også for fjellrype (L. mutus) under visse forhold. Forskningsresultater viser at metoden underestimerer tettheter av orrfugl (Tetrao tetrix) og storfugl (T. urogallus), slik at estimatene må justeres ved hjelp av korreksjonsfaktorer. For mindre pattedyr som inkluderer rødrev (Vulpes vulpes), mår (Martes martes), røyskatt (Mustela erminea) og hare (Lepus timidus) anbefaler vi indekstellinger av spor langs takseringslinjer på sporsnø vinterstid. Videre anbefaler vi at et EDB-basert system utvikles for datafangst på lokalt nivå, tilrettelegge disse dataene for bearbeiding på regionalt nivå og til overvåking og forskning på regionalt og nasjonalt nivå. Et slikt system bør ta utgangspunkt i eksisterende teknologi og databaseløsninger og være brukervennlig, ha funksjoner for automatisk kvalitetssikring av data og gi rask tilbakemelding til lokale forvaltere og rettighetshavere. Today, local management of natural resources and national monitoring of biodiversity are important national goals in Norwegian natural resource management. There is a long tradition for inventorying small game in Norway, with annual counts conducted with various methods at different times of the year many places in the country. Such counts are conducted by hunters or other volunteers in close cooperation with landowners, often with financial support from management authorities. However, this activity is at present not coordinated or standardized, and there is a great potential for developing systems and methodology which would allow for better and broader application of this large data set. A standardized system for small game inventory will greatly enhance the application of data collected through these efforts for management and monitoring of these resources at many scales. In this report we review existing census methodology, monitoring programs and data base solutions with a view to developing a national scheme for monitoring and management of small game resources in Norway. In addition, we present a synopsis of the national strate

• Pedersen, Hans Christian; Wabakken, Petter; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Brainerd, Scott M.; Brøseth, Henrik & Hjeljord, Olav [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2005). Det skandinaviske ulveprosjektet SKANDULV. Oversikt over gjennomførte aktiviteter i 2000-2004. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 8242616655.
• Pedersen, Hans Chr.; Wabakken, Petter; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Brainerd, Scott; Brøseth, Henrik & Gundersen, Hege [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2005). Rovvilt og Samfunn (RoSa). Det skandinaviske ulveprosjektet – SKANDULV. Oversikt over gjennomførte aktiviteter i 2000-2004. Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning. ISSN 82-426-1665-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne rapporten oppsummerer kort hovedaktivitetene vi har hatt i perioden 2000-2004 i for-bindelse med ulveforskning gjennom prosjektet Rovvilt og Samfunn (RoSa). Prosjektet har mottatt økonomisk støtte fra Norges forskningsråd, Direktoratet for naturforvaltning, Fylkes-mennene i Hedmark, Oslo/Akershus og Østfold, Stor-Elvdal, Åmot, Trysil, Elverum, Våler, Ås-nes, Grue, Kongsvinger og Eidskog kommuner, Borregaard Skoger AS, Glommen Skogeierfo-rening, Norges Skogeierforbund, Norskog, Åmot Utmarksråd, Sve-Nor-Älg og TRÅ elgregioner. Rapporten er først og fremst en tilbakerapportering til disse. Etter at ulvebestanden vokste utover på 1990-tallet ble det stadig mer aktuelt å starte opp mer koordinert ulveforskning både i Norge og Sverige. Fordi den norsk-svenske riksgrensa skjærer tvert gjennom ulvebestandens kjerneområde, og problemer knyttet til ulv finnes på begge sider av grensa, innså man at påbegynt ulveforskning i de to landene burde samordnes og styrkes. I 2000 opprettet man derfor Det skandinaviske ulveforskningsprosjektet, med kortnavnet SKANDULV. Forskere fra 7 ulike vitenskapelige institusjoner arbeider innen SKANDULV; Norsk institutt for naturforskning, Høgskolen i Hedmark, Universitetet for miljø- og biovitenskap, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Grimsö forskningsstation, Universitetet i Uppsa-la og Universitetet i Lund. Det overordnede mål med SKANDULVs virksomhet er å framskaffe faktaunderlag for en opti-mal forvaltning av ulv i Norge og Sverige, samt å bidra til spredning av informasjon om ulvens biologi og forvaltning til et bredt publikum. En del av resultatene som har framkommet i dette prosjektet ble rapportert i forbindelse med utarbeidelse av ny rovviltmelding i 2003 (jf. St. meld. Nr. 15 (2003-2004) Rovvilt i norsk natur). Mye innsamlet data er ennå ikke ferdig analysert og flere av konklusjonene som framkommer her vil derfor ikke være endelige. Selv om mye feltarbeid videreføres også utover 2004, har 2005 vært preget av oppsummering og analysering av allerede tilgjengelig data. Dette vil gjen-speiles i en økende publiseringstakt av vitenskapelige og mer populærvitenskapelig artikler i årene som kommer.

• Pedersen, Hans Christian; Brainerd, Scott M.; Liberg, Olof; Sand, Håkan & Wabakken, Petter (2003). Utredninger i forbindelse med ny rovviltmelding : ulv - bestandsdynamikk, levedyktighet og effekter av uttak. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 8242613591. Show summary

  Ulv har gjennom tidene hatt tilhold i alle deler av Norge og Sverige, men dagens bestand er konsentrert i de sentrale og sørlige deler. I 1966 var bestanden funksjonelt utryddet i begge land, og ingen ynglinger ble påvist før i 1978, hvor en yngling ble bekreftet på svensk side. Bestanden utgjør i dag omlag 100 dyr. Disse stammer alle fra ett eneste par, og bestanden har således vært gjennom en alvorlig genetisk flaskehals. Throughout the history wolves have been present in all parts of Norway and Sweden. Today, however, the population is restricted to the sentral and southern parts. The species was functionally extinct in both countries by 1966, and no reproductions wereregistered until 1978, when one litter of pups was documented in Sweden. Today the population consists of about 100 wolves. All these animals originate from one single breeding pair, and accordingly the population has been through a serious genetic bottle-neck.

• Solberg, Erling Johan; Sand, Håkan; Linnell, John Durrus; Brainerd, Scott M.; Andersen, Reidar & Odden, John [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2003). Utredninger i forbindelse med ny rovviltmelding. Store rovdyrs innvirkning på hjorteviltet i Norge: Økologiske prosesser og konsekvenser for jaktuttak og jaktutøvelse. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 82-426-1361-3. Show summary

  Denne rapporten utgjør en del av underlagsmaterialet for kommende Stortingsmelding om store rovdyr. Hensikten med rapporten er å vise hvordan store rovdyr som ulv, bjørn og gaupe innvirker på hjortevilt som elg, hjort, villrein og rådyr i Norge, og hvasom vil bli effekten ved økende antall rovvilt. Samtidig ønsker vi å på peke hvilke konsekvenser dette vil ha for jaktuttak og jaktutøvelse, og vise til noen avbøtende tiltak som kan iverksettes.

• Andersen, Reidar; Bjerke, Tore; Bruteig, Inga E.; Brainerd, Scott M.; Brøseth, Henrik & Gjershaug, Jan O. [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2003). Utredninger i forbindelse med ny rovviltmelding: Fremtidige FoU-oppgaver knyttet til store rovdyr i Norge. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. ISSN 82-426-1366-4.
• Skogen, Ketil; Haaland, Hanne; Krange, Olve; Brainerd, Scott & Hustad, Håkon (2003). Utredninger i forbindelse med ny rovviltmelding. Lokale syn på rovvilt og rovviltforvaltning. En undersøkelse i fire kommuner: Aurskog-Høland, Lesja, Lierne og Porsanger. NINA. ISSN 82-426-1369-9.
• Brainerd, Scott (2003). Utredninger i forbindelse med ny rovviltmelding. Konfliktdempende tiltak i rovviltforvaltningen. NINA.
• Andersen, Reidar; Linnell, John Durrus; Hustad, Håkon & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2003). Large predators and human communities in Norway. A guide to coexistence for the 21st century. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 82-426-1454-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Braa, Jørund; Brainerd, Scott Michael; Brøseth, Henrik; Knutsen, Eivind & Linnell, John Durrus (2000). Forslag til Nasjonalt overvåkingsprogram for store rovdyr. Utredning for DN 2000-1.
• Brainerd, Scott M. (1997). Habitat selection and range use by the Eurasian pine marten (Martes martes) in relation to commercial forestry practices in southern boreal Scandinavia. Norges landbrukshøgskole. ISSN 82-575-0320-7.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (1986). Dall's porpoise project observer report - Nojima Maru Fleet. Report to the Dall's Porpoise Project, National Marine Mammal Laboratory. National Marine Fisheries Service.
• Brainerd, Scott Michael (1985). Reproductive ecology of bobcats and lynx in western Montana. University of Montana.

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