Jon Martin Arnemo

• Mayer, Martin; Fuchs, Boris; Robstad, Christian; Evans, Alina; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Rosell, Frank Narve (2026). Seasonal and diel variation in body temperature and heart rate of the Eurasian beaver. Animal Biotelemetry. 14(1). doi: 10.1186/s40317-026-00477-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Knowledge concerning diel and seasonal variation of body temperature and metabolic rates can provide useful information concerning the physiology, ecology, and behavior of animals and how they are adapted to living in cold conditions. Here, we investigated seasonal and diel variation in body temperature (Tb) and heart rate (HR) of Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) in a region characterized by cold winters. Our aims were to better understand if (1) Tb and HR vary seasonally depending on climatic conditions, (2) if these measures can be used to estimate daily activity periods, and if Tb can be used to detect (3) the timing of parturition and (4) potential stress responses to GPS-tagging. We implanted body temperature- and heart rate loggers in 28 beavers in two study areas located in southeastern Norway, obtaining usable HR data for 5 individuals and Tb data for 10 individuals. We demonstrate that beavers have pronounced diel and seasonal patterns of Tb and HR, although seasonal changes in Tb were much less pronounced than compared to hibernators. Furthermore, HR data may be used to estimate activity budgets and Tb can potentially be used to identify parturition timing, tagging effects and potentially other stressors. These findings increase our understanding of the physiology and behavior of beavers, especially when inside the lodge and during winter, when behavioral or ecological studies are limited. Moreover, they provide novel data concerning the exact date of parturition, which will be useful for wildlife management.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Leontowich, Adam F.G.; Fuchs, Boris; Hydeskov, Helle B.; Rodushkin, Ilia & Totoni, Samantha [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2026). Toxic food: commercial bear meat products are highly contaminated with lead (Pb) from hunting ammunition. Exposure and Health. ISSN 2451-9766. 18(2). doi: 10.1007/s12403-026-00752-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We assessed lead (Pb) contamination from ammunition in 59 consumer packages of hunted brown bear (Ursus arctos) vacuum-packed or canned meat products from six manufacturers in Sweden, Finland and Estonia. Medical X-ray imaging showed that 15 (34%) of 44 vacuum-packed samples contained 1–3 radiodense objects ≥ 0.1 mm assumed to be Pb fragments. Four of these samples underwent synchrotron X-ray imaging and all radiodense objects observed in the medical X-ray images were confirmed to be Pb. In one sample, eight additional Pb fragments were detected by synchrotron X-ray imaging. Inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry carried out on 39 vacuum-packed and 15 canned samples showed that 32 (59%) of these contained > 100 µg Pb/kg wet weight, which is the maximum level (ML) for meat from domestic animals in the European Union (EU). All canned bear meat samples were above the ML. The Pb concentrations were highly variable, both between and within products. In 6 of 8 product types, the mean Pb concentrations were 1.2–28.2 times higher than the ML. The Pb isotopic compositions (208Pb/206Pb vs. 207Pb/206Pb) were similar to those of Pb-based rifle hunting bullets from European manufacturers. We conclude that several types of commercial brown bear meat products on the market in Sweden, Finland and Estonia were highly contaminated with Pb from spent ammunition. Although no ML of Pb has been set for game meat in the EU, we strongly advise against consumption of bear meat products exceeding the ML for meat from domestic animals.

• Bergouignan, Audrey; Noone, John; Brun, Charlotte; Cussonneau, Laura; Geffroy, Alexandre & Coudy-Gandilhon, Cecile [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2026). The Preservation of Muscle Mitochondrial Machinery During Hypometabolic Hibernation in Scandinavian Brown Bears (Ursus arctos). Acta Physiologica. ISSN 1748-1708. 242(4). doi: 10.1111/apha.70177. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim: Unlike humans, brown bears (Ursus arctos) uniquely preserve skeletal muscle mass and function during months of hibernation despite prolonged fasting and inactivity. We investigated how mitochondrial energetics respond in skeletal muscle to support this remarkable resilience. Methods: Muscle biopsies from eight wild brown bears were collected during hibernation and again in the active summer season. We assessed mitochondrial respiration using high-resolution respirometry and evaluated changes in protein expression, enzyme activity, and mitochondrial content through proteomics, Western blotting, enzymatic assays, and DNA quantification. Results: Hibernation was associated with lower mitochondrial respiratory capacity, largely due to a reduction in mitochondrial density rather than damage or dysfunction. Despite reduced SDH subunit expression in the whole skeletal muscle, SDH activity remained stable. This likely reflects post-translational regulation and increased, or at least maintained, functional efficiency of the remaining Complex II, allowing mitochondrial respiration to shift toward Complex II-mediated electron entry during hibernation. Proteomic analyses revealed targeted adjustments that maintained energy efficiency, supported both fat and carbohydrate oxidation at low temperatures, and minimized energy loss. Additionally, selective downregulation of mitochondrial dynamic proteins may help protect against muscle degradation. Conclusion: These findings highlight a temperature-sensitive, multifaceted strategy that preserves mitochondrial energetics during prolonged inactivity, despite reduced mitochondrial density. The selective maintenance of electron flow and fuel flexibility offers novel insights for mitigating muscle wasting in sedentary or immobilized humans.

• Yamazaki, Koji; Ishizuka, Mayumi; Nakayama, Shouta M.M.; Banda, Nelly; Koike, Shinsuke & Goto, Yusuke [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2025). Lead concentration in blood of Asian black bears in two areas of Central Japan. Science of the Total Environment. ISSN 0048-9697. 980. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179555. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  To measure blood lead level, we collected a total of 88 blood samples from 66 Asian black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus) that were live-trapped in two study areas in Japan. In both areas, extensive sika deer (Cervus nippon) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) control programs and sport hunting using lead-based ammunition have been conducted. The area in the Ashio-Nikko Mountains is located near a former copper mine and smelter. The Okutama Mountains are situated in the suburbs of Tokyo, a mega-city with a population of nearly 14 million. In both study areas, the use of leaded gasoline was permitted until 1975 for regular gasoline vehicles. Our analysis revealed that Japanese black bears had higher lead compared to American black bears (U. americanus) and brown bears (U. arctos) in North America. Blood lead concentrations were higher in the Ashio-Nikko Mountains (110.4 ± 38.3 SD μg/L) than in the Okutama Mountains (49.3 ± 46.2 SD μg/L). The blood lead concentrations were particularly high in lactating females compared to most males and females. White blood cell count was decreased with increasing blood lead concentration. The source of lead contamination remains unknown at this time. However, Japanese black bears in our study areas commonly scavenge on large mammals, and lead-based ammunition could constitute a significant portion of the contamination in both areas. In addition, former mining activities could elevate the lead concentrations of bears in the Ashio-Nikko Mountains. Atmospheric lead depositions originating from former leaded gasoline use in Japan and current air pollution from the Asian continent are also potential factors in both areas. Future identification of exposure sources is necessary.

• Lian, Marianne; Morcelet, Lucile; Marmouget-Joyau, Ilona; Fuchs, Boris; Thiel, Alexandra & Græsli, Anne Randi [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2025). Whole blood selenium concentrations in four free-ranging mammal species from central Scandinavia. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica (AVS). ISSN 0044-605X. 67(1). doi: 10.1186/s13028-025-00837-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Selenium (Se) is an essential element for mammals, with a relatively narrow safety margin between deficiency and toxicity. It is involved in the function of many vital activities and systems, including antioxidants, immune system, thyroid activity, muscle metabolism, and growth by composing different proteins and enzymes. Northern Europe is a Se deficient region, and livestock have been supplemented with mineral bolus or similar for decades to counteract Se deficiency, whereas Finland even adds Se to fertilizers to supplement soil, plants, animals and humans. Relatively few studies have investigated total Se concentrations ([TSe]) in wildlife, and here we present [TSe] measured in whole blood in moose ( Alces alces ), brown bears ( Ursus arctos ), wolves ( Canis lupus ), and wolverines ( Gulo gulo ) from Norway and Sweden. Results [TSe] in whole blood increased with the trophic level of the species: herbivorous moose < omnivorous bears < carnivorous wolves < scavenging wolverines. Compared to established reference ranges of [TSe] in domesticated species, more than half of all moose sampled and 5% of brown bears were Se deficient. Surprisingly, 49% of bears, 42% wolves and 29% wolverines had [TSe] above recommended references range for domesticated species. In general, [TSe] significantly increased with age and body weight in all sampled species, whereas for most species, there was an additional association with region, year, and season sampled, reflecting variations in Se uptake caused by the element’s geochemical properties related to bedrock and soil availability and atmospheric precipitation. Conclusions Further studies should focus on a wider spatial distribution for these animals and especially include more wolverines to investigate the relatively high [TSe] observed in this species. We also emphasize the importance of measuring Se in poor regions for ecotoxicology studies, since Se deficiency can exacerbate heavy metal toxicosis.

• Thiel, Alexandra; Hertel, Anne Gabriela; Fuchs, Boris; Friebe, Andrea; Ahlqvist, David & Græsli, Anne Randi [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2025). Behavioural responses of brown bears to helicopter capture. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. 2025(6). doi: 10.1002/wlb3.01416. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Understanding the effects of capture and handling on wild animals is crucial in evaluating ethical practices in ecological research, and in avoiding biased conclusions from misinterpreting biologging data potentially affected by capture. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of helicopter capture on the behaviour of Scandinavian brown bears by comparing the expression of specific behavioural states between captured bears in spring and bears of a control group that were not captured during the same time period. We identified three different behavioural states: stationary, walking/foraging and transit. Our study revealed that captured bears were more stationary for up to four days after capture compared to bears of the control group, depending on their reproductive state. We found higher doses of the immobilizing drug, as well as abdominal surgery, to negatively impact the bears’ movement after capture, highlighting the importance of careful consideration of drug doses and invasive procedures during wildlife capture. This study advances our understanding of the impact of helicopter capture and surgery on the movement of brown bears and helps to refine capture and handling protocols to ensure well-being and welfare during wildlife capture

• Buenz, Eric J.; Parry, Gareth J.; Hunter, Simon; Powell, Garret M.; Berghamer, Dominik & Cieraad, Ellen [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). X-ray screening of donated wild game is insufficient to protect children from lead exposure. Discover Food. 4. doi: 10.1007/s44187-024-00104-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Hydeskov, Helle B.; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Mills, Chris Lloyd; Gentle, Louise K. & Uzal, Antonio (2024). A Global Systematic Review of Lead (Pb) Exposure and its Health Effects in Wild Mammals. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 60(2), p. 285–297. doi: 10.7589/JWD-D-23-00055. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Lead (Pb) is a toxic nonessential metal, known mainly for causing poisoning of humans and wild birds. However, little is known about Pb exposure and its associated health effects in wild mammals. We conducted a global systematic literature review to identify peer-reviewed studies published on Pb exposure in wild mammalian species and the health effects they identified. In total, 183 studies, conducted in 35 countries and published over 62 yr (1961–2022), were included in the review. Only 6% (11/183) of the studies were conducted in developing countries. Although 153 mammalian species were studied, most studies focused on species that are easy to access (i.e., hunted species and small mammals that are easy to trap). Therefore, carnivores and scavengers were less frequently studied than herbivores and omnivores. Despite all studies reporting Pb concentrations, only 45 (25%) studies investigated health effects and, of these 45 studies, only 28 (62%) found any health effect in 57 species. All health effects were negative and ranged from subclinical effects to fatality. Methodologies of Pb sampling and quantification and reporting of results varied widely across the studies, making both Pb concentrations and health effects difficult to compare and evaluate. Thus, there is a need for more research on Pb exposure and its health effects on wild mammals, especially as carnivores and scavengers could be used as sentinels for ecosystem health.

• Høy-Petersen, Jennifer; Lemiere, Lucie; Thompson, Dan P.; Thiel, Alexandra; Crouse, John A. & Ropstad, Erik [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Vaginal temperature and collar activity variations in relation to fecal progestagens of captive moose. Animal Biotelemetry. 11(1). doi: 10.1186/s40317-023-00345-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Timing of reproductive events can be crucial for a species’ population growth and stability. Accurate detection of reproductive phenology presents a challenge to scientists studying wild species, including moose (Alces alces). Currently, there are several established methods for monitoring reproductive activity and events in domestic ruminants, including the use of biologging devices. The main objective of this study was to determine whether female moose display a distinct thermal and activity pattern associated with luteal activity during the estrous cycle, which could be used to determine the onset of their breeding season. We deployed biologging devices and collected fecal samples from 12 captive female moose on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, USA to explore variation in vaginal temperature and collar activity and the relationship between these variables and fecal progestagen concentrations. Fecal samples were collected from mid-August to mid-October and analyzed using radioimmunoassay to determine the concentration of fecal progestagens to classify luteal activity. Results Captive female moose displayed an identifiable thermal pattern during the onset of luteal activity from mid-September to mid-October, associated with the initial estrous cycle of their breeding season. In contrast, we did not observe a distinct pattern in activity during this period. Recurring patterns in both vaginal temperature and activity were identified between mid-October and mid-November, however, which were likely associated with subsequent estrous cycles but not included in our fecal sampling period. Conclusions This study supports that female moose display an identifiable pattern in vaginal temperature which is associated with luteal activity of the initial estrous cycle of the breeding season. An identifiable pattern was observed for both vaginal temperature and activity registrations at the presumed timing of subsequent estrous cycle of the breeding season.

• Thiel, Alexandra; Hertel, Anne Gabriela; Giroud, Sylvain; Friebe, Andrea; Fuchs, Boris & Kindberg, Jonas [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). The cost of research: Lasting effects of capture, surgery and muscle biopsy on brown bear (Ursus arctos) movement and physiology. Animal Welfare. ISSN 0962-7286. 32. doi: 10.1017/awf.2023.95. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Animal models are a key component of translational medicine, helping transfer scientific findings into practical applications for human health. A fundamental principle of research ethics involves weighing the benefits of the research to society against the burden imposed on the animals used for scientific purposes. The utilisation of wild animals for research requires evaluation of the effects of capture and invasive sampling. Determining the severity and duration of these interventions on the animal’s physiology and behaviour allows for refining study methodology and for excluding or accounting for biased data. In this study, 39 Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos) captured either while hibernating in winter or via helicopter in summer and that underwent surgery as part of a human health project had their movement, body temperature and timing of onset of hibernation compared with those of 14 control bears that had not been captured during the same period. Bears captured in winter and summer showed decreased movement from den exit until late summer, compared to those in the control group. Bears captured in summer showed reduced movement and body temperature for at least, respectively, 14 and 3 days, with an 11% decrease in hourly distance, compared to pre-capture levels, but did not differ in the timing of hibernation onset. We reveal that brown bear behaviour and physiology can be altered in response to capture and surgery for days to months, postcapture. This has broad implications for the conclusions of wildlife studies that rely upon invasive sampling. animal welfare; body temperature; capture effects; ecophysiology; hibernation; movement

• Hampton, Jordan O.; Pain, Deborah J.; Buenz, Eric; Firestone, Simon M. & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2023). Lead contamination in Australian game meat. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. ISSN 0944-1344. 30, p. 50713–50722. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-25949-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Lead-based ammunition (gunshot and bullets) frequently leaves small lead fragments embedded in the meat of wild-shot game animals. Australia produces several commercial game meat products from wild animals harvested with lead-based ammunition and has a growing population of recreational hunters. However, no studies have previously investigated the frequency of lead fragments or lead concentrations in Australian game meat. We examined 133 Australian minced game meat items of four types for evidence of lead contamination. Samples were meat from kangaroos (Macropus and Osphranter spp.; n=36) and Bennett’s wallabies (Notamacropus rufogriseus; n=28) sold for human consumption, and deer (‘venison’; multiple spp.; n=32) and stubble quail (Coturnix pectoralis; n=37) harvested for private consumption by recreational hunters. All packages were studied by digital radiography to detect the presence of radio-dense fragments, assumed to be lead fragments from ammunition. Visible fragments were absent in commercially available kangaroo products, but were present in 4%, 28% and 35% of wallaby, venison and quail, respectively. Mean meat lead concentrations (mg/kg wet weight) were 0.01 ± 0.01 for kangaroo, 0.02 ± 0.01 for wallaby, 0.12 ± 0.07 for venison, and 1.76 ± 3.76 for quail. The Australian food standards threshold for livestock meat (0.1 mg/kg w.w.) was not exceeded by any kangaroo or wallaby products but was exceeded by 53% and 86% of venison and quail, respectively. Radiography only detected 35% of samples that were above the food safety threshold. While average lead concentrations in commercially available macropod (kangaroo and wallaby) meat were low, those in recreationally harvested game meat may pose health risks for hunters and associated consumers.

• Gardoni, Nino; Björck, Sven; Morelli, Jacopo; Evans, Alina; Barros, Daniela Sá Braz & Wiklund, Rikard [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Arterial oxygenation and acid–base status before and during oxygen supplementation in captive European bison (Bison bonasus) immobilized with etorphine-acepromazine-xylazine. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 10. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1125919. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Chemical immobilization of captive European bison (Bison bonasus) is often required for veterinary care, transportation, or husbandry practices playing an important role in conservation breeding and reintroduction of the species. We evaluated the efficiency and physiological effects of an etorphine-acepromazine-xylazine combination with supplemental oxygen in 39 captive European bison. Animals were darted with a combination of 1.4 mg of etorphine, 4.5 mg of acepromazine, and 20 mg of xylazine per 100 kg based on estimated body mass. Arterial blood was sampled on average 20 min after recumbency and again 19 min later and analyzed immediately with a portable i-STAT analyzer. Simultaneously, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were recorded. Intranasal oxygen was started after the first sampling at a flow rate of 10 mL.kg−1.min−1 of estimated body mass until the end of the procedure. The initial mean partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) was 49.7 mmHg with 32 out of 35 sampled bison presenting with hypoxemia. We observed decreased respiratory rates and pH and mild hypercapnia consistent with a mild respiratory acidosis. After oxygen supplementation hypoxemia was resolved in 21 out of 32 bison, but respiratory acidosis was accentuated. Bison immobilized with a lower initial drug dose required supplementary injections during the procedure. We observed that lower mean rectal temperatures during the immobilization event were significantly associated with longer recovery times. For three bison, minor regurgitation was documented. No mortality or morbidity related to the immobilizations were reported for at least 2 months following the procedure. Based on our findings, we recommend a dose of 0.015 mg.kg−1 etorphine, 0.049 mg.kg−1 acepromazine, and 0.22 mg.kg−1 xylazine. This dose reduced the need for supplemental injections to obtain a sufficient level of immobilization for routine management and husbandry procedures in captive European bison. Nevertheless, this drug combination is associated with development of marked hypoxemia, mild respiratory acidosis, and a small risk of regurgitation. Oxygen supplementation is strongly recommended when using this protocol.

• Brown, Ludovick; Fuchs, Boris; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Kindberg, Jonas; Rodushkin, Ilia & Zedrosser, Andreas [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Lead exposure in brown bears is linked to environmental levels and the distribution of moose kills. Science of the Total Environment. ISSN 0048-9697. 873. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162099. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Lead (Pb) is heterogeneously distributed in the environment and multiple sources like Pb ammunition and fossil fuel combustion can increase the risk of exposure in wildlife. Brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Sweden have higher blood Pb levels compared to bears from other populations, but the sources and routes of exposure are unknown. The objective of this study was to quantify the contribution of two potential sources of Pb exposure in female brown bears (n = 34 individuals; n = 61 samples). We used multiple linear regressions to determine the contribution of both environmental Pb levels estimated from plant roots and moose (Alces alces) kills to blood Pb concentrations in female brown bears. We found positive relationships between blood Pb concentrations in bears and both the distribution of moose kills by hunters and environmental Pb levels around capture locations. Our results suggest that the consumption of slaughter remains discarded by moose hunters is a likely significant pathway of Pb exposure and this exposure is additive to environmental Pb exposure in female brown bears in Sweden. We suggest that spatially explicit models, incorporating habitat selection analyses of harvest data, may prove useful in predicting Pb exposure in scavengers. Ursus arctos Pb Scavenger Slaughter remain Resource selection function

• Fuchs, Boris; Joly, Kyle; Hilderbrand, Grant V.; Evans, Alina; Rodushkin, Ilia & Mangipane, Lindsey S. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2023). Toxic elements in arctic and sub-arctic brown bears: Blood concentrations of As, Cd, Hg and Pb in relation to diet, age, and human footprint. Environmental Research. ISSN 0013-9351. 229. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115952. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Contamination with arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) is a global concern impairing resilience of organisms and ecosystems. Proximity to emission sources increases exposure risk but remoteness does not alleviate it. These toxic elements are transported in atmospheric and oceanic pathways and accumulate in organisms. Mercury accumulates in higher trophic levels. Brown bears (Ursus arctos), which often live in remote areas, are long-lived omnivores, feeding on salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and berries (Vaccinium spp.), resources also consumed by humans. We measured blood concentrations of As, Cd, Hg and Pb in bears (n = 72) four years and older in Scandinavia and three national parks in Alaska, USA (Lake Clark, Katmai and Gates of the Arctic) using high-resolution, inductively-coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry. Age and sex of the bears, as well as the typical population level diet was associated with blood element concentrations using generalized linear regression models. Alaskan bears consuming salmon had higher Hg blood concentrations compared to Scandinavian bears feeding on berries, ants (Formica spp.) and moose (Alces). Cadmium and Pb blood concentrations were higher in Scandinavian bears than in Alaskan bears. Bears using marine food sources, in addition to salmon in Katmai, had higher As blood concentrations than bears in Scandinavia. Blood concentrations of Cd and Pb, as well as for As in female bears increased with age. Arsenic in males and Hg concentrations decreased with age. We detected elevated levels of toxic elements in bears from landscapes that are among the most pristine on the planet. Sources are unknown but anthropogenic emissions are most likely involved. All study areas face upcoming change: Increasing tourism and mining in Alaska and more intensive forestry in Scandinavia, combined with global climate change in both regions. Baseline contaminant concentrations as presented here are important knowledge in our changing world.

• Brown, Ludovick; Zedrosser, Andreas; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Fuchs, Boris; Kindberg, Jonas & Pelletier, Fanie (2023). Landscape of fear or landscape of food? Moose hunting triggers an antipredator response in brown bears. Ecological Applications. ISSN 1051-0761. 33(4). doi: 10.1002/eap.2840. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hunters can affect the behavior of wildlife by inducing a landscape of fear, selecting individuals with specific traits, or altering resource availability across the landscape. Most research investigating the influence of hunting on wildlife resource selection has focused on target species and less attention has been devoted to nontarget species, such as scavengers that can be both attracted or repelled by hunting activities. We used resource selection functions to identify areas where hunters were most likely to kill moose (Alces alces) in southcentral Sweden during the fall. Then, we used step-selection functions to determine whether female brown bears (Ursus arctos) selected or avoided these areas and specific resources during the moose hunting season. We found that, during both day and nighttime, female brown bears avoided areas where hunters were more likely to kill moose. We found evidence that resource selection by brown bears varied substantially during the fall and that some behavioral changes were consistent with disturbance associated with moose hunters. Brown bears were more likely to select concealed locations in young (i.e., regenerating) and coniferous forests and areas further away from roads during the moose hunting season. Our results suggest that brown bears react to both spatial and temporal variations in apparent risk during the fall: moose hunters create a landscape of fear and trigger an antipredator response in a large carnivore even if bears are not specifically targeted during the moose hunting season. Such antipredator responses might lead to indirect habitat loss and lower foraging efficiency and the resulting consequences should be considered when planning hunting seasons. behavior, disturbance, human–wildlife interactions, risk perception, scavenger, step-selection function, Ursus arctos

• Græsli, Anne Randi; Thiel, Alexandra; Beumer, Larissa Teresa; Fuchs, Boris; Stenbacka, Fredrik & Neumann, Wiebke [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Thermal and behavioural responses of moose to chemical immobilisation from a helicopter. European Journal of Wildlife Research. ISSN 1612-4642. 69(3). doi: 10.1007/s10344-023-01673-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Instrumentation and sample collection for wildlife research and management may require chemical immobilisation of animals, which may entail physiological and behavioural efects on them. It is therefore important to evaluate the immobilisation protocols to reduce the risk of mortality and morbidity of the handled animals and their populations. Using a multi-sensor approach, we assessed the short-term (<10 days) thermal and behavioural responses of 10 adult female moose (Alces alces) equipped with ruminal temperature loggers and GPS collars with accelerometers to helicopter-based chemical immobili sations. We investigated the body temperature (Tb), movement rates, and resting time before, during, and after recapture. Chemical immobilisations on average increased maximum Tb by 0.71 °C during the capture day, and imposed longer travel distances during the capture day and the two following days (3.8 and 1.8 km, respectively), compared to a 10-day reference period before the immobilisation. The probability of resting was 5–6% lower on the capture day and the two following days compared to the reference period, and females with ofspring had a higher probability of resting than females without. Maximum Tb, movement rate, and resting time returned to pre-capture levels on an individual level 2 h, 3 days, and 3 days after the immobilisation, respectively. Chemical immobilisation of moose from a helicopter increases the energy expenditure deduced through movement and Tb rise lasting for hours to days. Ecological and physiological studies aimed at inferring general patterns may encounter bias if including sensor and tracking data from tagged animals without accounting for potential post-capture efects.

• Evans, Alina; Fuchs, Boris; Singh, Navinder; Thiel, Alexandra; Giroud, Sylvain & Blanc, Stephane [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2023). Body mass is associated with hibernation length, body temperature, and heart rate in free-ranging brown bears. Frontiers in Zoology. 20. doi: 10.1186/s12983-023-00501-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Despite centuries of research, debate remains on the scaling of metabolic rate to mass especially for intraspecific cases. The high variation of body mass within brown bears presents a unique opportunity to study the intraspecific effects of body mass on physiological variables. The amplitude of metabolic rate reduction in hibernators is dependent on body mass of the species. Small hibernators have high metabolic rates when euthermic but experience a drastic decrease in body temperature during torpor, which is necessary to reach a very low metabolic rate. Conversely, large hibernators, such as the brown bear (Ursus arctos), show a moderate decrease in temperature during hibernation, thought to be related to the bear’s large size. We studied body mass, abdominal body temperature, heart rate, and accelerometer-derived activity from 63 free-ranging brown bears (1–15 years old, 15–233 kg). We tested for relationships between body mass and body temperature, heart rate, and hibernation duration. Results The smallest individuals maintained lower body temperatures during hibernation, hibernated longer, and ended hibernation later than large bears. Unlike body temperature, winter heart rates were not associated with body mass. In summer, the opposite pattern was found, with smaller individuals having higher body temperature and daytime heart rates. Body mass was associated with body temperature in the winter hypometabolic state, even in a large hibernating mammal. Smaller bears, which are known to have higher thermal conductance, reached lower body temperatures during hibernation. During summer, smaller bears had higher body temperatures and daytime heart rates, a phenomenon not previously documented within a single mammalian species. Conclusion We conclude that the smallest bears hibernated more deeply and longer than large bears, likely from a combined effect of basic thermodynamics, the higher need for energy savings, and a lower cost of warming up a smaller body.

• Niedziałkowska, Magdalena; Neumann, Wiebke; Borowik, Tomasz; Kołodziej-Sobocińska, Marta; Malmsten, Jonas & Arnemo, Jon Martin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Moose Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758). In Corlatti, Luca & Zachos, Frank E. (Ed.), Terrestrial Cetartiodactyla. Springer. ISSN 9783030244743. p. 215–245. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-24475-0_23. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This volume provides comprehensive overviews of each terrestrial cetartiodactyl species’ biology including palaeontology, physiology, genetics, reproduction and development, ecology, habitat and diet. Their economic significance and management, as well as future challenges for research and conservation are also addressed. Each chapter includes a distribution map, a photograph of the animal and key literature. This authoritative volume of the Handbook of the Mammals of Europe is a timely and detailed compilation of all European terrestrial cetartiodactyls and will appeal to academics and students in mammal research, as well as to professionals dealing with mammal management, including control, use and conservation.

• Hampton, Jordan O. & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2022). Capture mortality and impacts. In Miller, R. Eric; Lamberski, Nadine & Calle, Paul (Ed.), Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, Volume 10. Elsevier. ISSN 9780323828529. p. 361–366. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Get the latest advances in zoo and wild animal medicine in one invaluable reference! Written by internationally recognized experts, Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, Volume 10 provides a practical guide to the latest research and clinical management of captive and free-ranging wild animals. For each animal, coverage includes topics such as biology, anatomy and special physiology, reproduction, restraint and handling, housing requirements, nutrition and feeding, surgery and anesthesia, diagnostics, and treatment protocols. New topics in this edition include holistic treatments, antibiotic resistance in aquariums, non-invasive imaging for amphibians, emerging reptile viruses, and African ground hornbill medicine, in addition to giant anteater medicine, Brucella in marine animals, and rhinoceros birth parameters. With coverage of many subjects where information has not been readily available, Fowler’s is a resource you don’t want to be without.

• Mayer, Martin; Lian, Marianne; Fuchs, Boris; Robstad, Christian; Evans, Alina & Perrin, Kathryn [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). Retention and loss of PIT tags and surgically implanted devices in the Eurasian beaver. BMC Veterinary Research. 18(1). doi: 10.1186/s12917-022-03333-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Passive integrated transponder devices (PIT tags) are a valuable tool for individual identification of animals. Similarly, the surgical implantation of transmitters and bio-loggers can provide useful data on animal location, physiology and behavior. However, to avoid unnecessary recapture and related stress of study animals, PIT tags and bio-loggers should function reliably for long periods of time. Here, we evaluated the retention of PIT tags, and of very high frequency (VHF) transmitters and bio-loggers that were either implanted subcutaneously or into the peritoneal cavity of Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber). Results: Over a 21-year period, we implanted PIT tags in 456 individuals and failed to detect a PIT tag at recapture in 30 cases, consisting of 26 individuals (6% of individuals). In all instances, we were still able to identify the individual due to the presence of unique ear tag numbers and tail scars. Moreover, we implanted 6 VHFs, 36 body temperature loggers and 21 heart rate loggers in 28 individuals, and experienced frequent loss of temperature loggers (at least 6 of 23 recaptured beavers) and heart rate loggers (10 of 18 recaptured beavers). No VHFs were lost in 2 recaptured beavers. Conclusions: Possible causes for PIT tag loss (or non-detection) were incorrect implantation, migration of the tag within the body, a foreign body reaction leading to ejection, or malfunctioning of the tag. We speculate that logger loss was related to a foreign body reaction, and that loggers were either rejected through the incision wound or, in the case of temperature loggers, possibly adhered and encapsulated to intestines, and then engulfed by the gastro-intestinal tract and ejected. We discuss animal welfare implications and give recommendations for future studies implanting bio-loggers into wildlife.

• Hampton, Jordan O.; Pay, James M; Katzner, Todd E; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Pokras, Mark A. & Buenz, Eric [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2022). Managing macropods without poisoning ecosystems. Ecological Management & Restoration. ISSN 1442-7001. 23. doi: 10.1111/emr.12555. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A recent review of the management of hyperabundant macropods in Australia proposed that expanded professional shooting is likely to lead to better biodiversity and animal welfare outcomes. While the tenets of this general argument are sound, it overlooks one important issue for biodiversity and animal health and welfare: reliance on toxic lead-based ammunition. Lead poisoning poses a major threat to Australia's wildlife scavengers. Current proposals to expand professional macropod shooting would see tons of an extremely toxic and persistent heavy metal continue to be introduced into Australian environments. This contrasts with trends in many other countries, where lead ammunition is, through legislation or voluntary programs, being phased out. Fortunately, there are alternatives to lead ammunition that could be investigated and adopted for improved macropod management. A transition to lead-free ammunition would allow the broad environmental and animal welfare goals desired from macropod management to be pursued without secondarily and unintentionally poisoning scavengers. Through this article, we hope to increase awareness of this issue and encourage discussion of this potential change.

• Hampton, Jordan O.; Bengsen, Andrew J.; Flesch, Jason S.; Toop, Simon D.; Davies, Christopher & Forsyth, David M. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). A comparison of lead-based and lead-free bullets for shooting sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) in Australia. Wildlife research (East Melbourne). ISSN 1035-3712. doi: 10.1071/WR22099. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Context: In response to the toxic health threats posed by lead (Pb), there is currently a focus on transitioning to lead-free bullets for shooting wild animals. Aim: We aimed to quantify the killing efficiency and animal welfare outcomes of lead-based and lead-free (copper-based) bullets for ground-based shooting of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) in Victoria, south-eastern Australia. Methods: We used shooter-collected data from recreational diurnal hunting and professional nocturnal culling during 2020–2021. Shooters recorded rifle calibre, cartridge type, bullet mass, bullet type, shooting outcomes (miss, wound or kill), shooting distance, flight distance (the distance between where the animal was shot and where it died) as an assumed positive correlate of time to incapacitation, anatomical zones struck by bullets, and frequency of bullet exit wounds. We used flight distance as our response variable, assuming that it is positively correlated with time to incapacitation. To examine the role of several predictor variables (including bullet type) potentially influencing flight distance, the dataset was reduced to those deer killed with a single thoracic shot. Key results: Our data captured shooting events involving 276 deer, with 124 deer shot at with lead-based bullets and 152 with copper-based bullets. Most (87%) of the deer were killed with a single shot. The frequency of non-fatal wounding was <4% for both bullet types and there was no distinct difference in the probability of a single shot kill for deer shot with either bullet type. For those deer killed with a single thoracic shot (n = 198), there was no evidence that bullet energy or shooting distance influenced flight distance. After accounting for differences in terminal kinetic energy, the mean flight distance of deer shot with lead-free bullets (35 m) was 56% greater than that of deer shot with lead-based bullets (22 m). Conclusions: Lead-based and lead-free bullets produced similar animal welfare outcomes for shooting sambar deer. Implications: A transition to lead-free ammunition for shooting sambar deer would have minimal impact on efficiency or animal welfare outcomes. animal welfare, culling, human dimensions, invasive species, population control, recreational hunting, toxicology, wildlife management.

• Thiel, Alexandra; Giroud, Sylvain; Hertel, Anne Gabriela; Friebe, Andrea; Devineau, Olivier & Fuchs, Boris [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Seasonality in Biological Rhythms in Scandinavian brown Bears. Frontiers in Physiology. 13. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.785706. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Biological rhythms, such as rhythms in activity and body temperature, are usually highly synchronized and entrained by environmental conditions, such as photoperiod. However, how the expression of these rhythms changes during hibernation, when the perception of environmental cues is limited, has not yet been fully understood for all hibernators, especially in the wild. The brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Scandinavia lives in a highly seasonal environment and adapts to harsh winter conditions by exhibiting hibernation, characterized by reduced metabolism and activity. In this study, we aimed to explore the expression of biological rhythms in activity, body temperature and heart rate of free-ranging brown bears over the annual cycle, including active, hibernation and the transition states around den entry and exit. We found that rhythms in physiology and activity are mostly synchronized and entrained by the light-dark cycle during the bears’ active state with predominantly diel and ultradian rhythms for body temperature, activity and heart rate. However, during hibernation, rhythms in body temperature and heart rate were considerably slowed down to infradian rhythms, influenced by the amount of snow in the denning area, whereas rhythms in activity remained diel. Rhythms in the transition states when bears prepared for entering or coming out of hibernation state displayed a combination of infradian and diel rhythms, indicating the preparation of the body for the change in environmental conditions. These results reveal that brown bears adjust their biological rhythms to the seasonal environment they inhabit. Rhythms in physiology and activity show simultaneity during the active state but are partly disconnected from each other during hibernation, when bears are most sheltered from the environment.

• Græsli, Anne Randi; Thiel, Alexandra; Fuchs, Boris; Stenbacka, Fredrik; Neumann, Wiebke & Malmsten, Jonas [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). Body temperature patterns during pregnancy and parturition in moose. Journal of Thermal Biology. ISSN 0306-4565. 109. doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103334. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Gestation and lactation have high energetic requirements. Up to three-fourths of the gestation period in moose (Alces alces) overlaps with the food-scarce period in winter. During this period, moose deal with the limited forage resources available through hypometabolism with decreased heart rate and body temperature (Tb). Body temperature is also an indicator of oestrus, pregnancy and parturition, which is well documented in several domestic species. In this study, we sought to determine if moose displayed a similar Tb pattern during pregnancy and parturition to domesticated ruminants, and if we could detect parturition by combining Tb and activity data. We studied the Tb pattern of 30 free-ranging adult female moose (≥1.5 years old), equipped with ruminal temperature loggers and GPS collars. We documented a 0.13–0.19°C higher Tb in pregnant compared to non-pregnant moose, depending on the study area with the Tb difference increasing along a south-north gradient, and a drop in Tb and in activity when parturition was imminent. Detection of parturition was highly successful when combining Tb and activity data with an accuracy of 91.5%. Our findings demonstrate that Tb responses to pregnancy and parturition in a wild capital-breeding ruminant are similar to those of domesticated ruminants.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Fuchs, Boris; Sonne, Christian & Stokke, Sigbjørn (2022). Hunting with Lead Ammunition: A One Health Perspective. In Tryland, Morten (Eds.), Arctic One Health - Challenges for Northern Animals and People. Springer Nature. ISSN 9783030878528. p. 439–468. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-87853-5_21. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hunting with lead-based ammunition poses a significant health risk to humans, wildlife and ecosystems and is a One Health issue in the Arctic. Lead is highly toxic, and there is no safe level of exposure. In humans, even a moderate intake of meat from game harvested with lead-based ammunition may bring the blood lead level above thresholds for documented toxic effects on several physiological systems. Improved dressing practices reduce the amount of lead in edible parts, but all lead residues can never be removed. The use of lead-based ammunition for hunting also poisons wildlife and contaminates ecosystems and needs to be replaced by non-lead alternatives, which are equally effective and easily available at comparable prices. A sustainable solution to this One Health lead problem should be based on a multidisciplinary approach that requires science-based legislative actions on national and international levels. In essence, however, this is an ethical issue that can easily be solved at an individual level. The concept of One Health urges people to think globally and act locally. Thus, each hunter’s personal choice of ammunition is a key factor.

• Lemiere, Lucie; Thiel, Alexandra; Fuchs, Boris; Gilot-Fromont, Emmanuelle; Hertel, Anne G. & Friebe, Andrea [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). Extrinsic and intrinsic factors drive the timing of gestation and reproductive success of Scandinavian brown bears. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 10. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1045331. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Climate change is altering the reproductive phenology of many organisms, but the factors that influence the timing of gestation in ursids are still poorly understood. Higher temperatures in spring are already causing an earlier den exit in some brown bear populations, and a temporal mismatch between hibernation and reproduction could have dramatic consequences for reproductive success. Therefore, understanding the factors that control the timing of these events is important to forecast the consequences of climate change on population growth rates. Methods: In this study, we used abdominal temperature loggers and GPS collars with acceleration sensors on 23 free-ranging pregnant female brown bears living in two areas in Sweden (61◦N and 67◦N latitude) to pinpoint hibernation and reproductive events. We investigated how intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence the termination of embryonic diapause and parturition, as well as their impact on reproductive success. Results: The termination of embryonic diapause was later in the northern area compared to the southern area and occurred earlier when ambient temperature at den entry was higher in both areas. In the southern area, young adults (i.e., females = 7 years old) had a delayed parturition when bilberry abundance was low the year of mating. Additionally, young adults had a lower reproductive success than adults and their probability to reproduce successfully was dependent on bilberry abundance, whereas adult females were not affected by this parameter. Discussion: As den exit occurs later in the northern study area, we suggest that a later parturition might ensure that females lactate their cubs in the den for a reasonable amount of time while fasting. Similarly, a later parturitioncombined with an earlier emergence could allow young adults to spend less time in the den lactating if they could not reach an optimal body condition prior to hibernation. But as a result, their cubs are younger and more vulnerable when they leave the den leading to lower survival rates. Our results suggest that a decreased berry abundance in the fall could impact the reproductive and hibernation phenology of Scandinavian brown bear females and lead to a lower cub survival with potential consequences on the population dynamics. biologging, embryonic diapause, reproductive phenology, reproductive success, Ursus arctos

• Totoni, Samantha; Fabisiak, James P; Beasley, Val R; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Schulz, John H & Terry, Martha A [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Biting the bullet: a call for action on lead-contaminated meat in food-banks. American Journal of Public Health. ISSN 0090-0036. 112, p. S651–S654. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2022.307069. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Each year in the United States, food banks receive more than one million kilograms of donated hunted game meat. The National Rifle Association’s (NRA’s) Hunters for the Hungry initiative has established programs in more than 40 states for hunters to take their harvested game animal to a meat processing facility and indicate intent to donate the resulting processed and packaged meat to a local food bank. Most donated game meat is ground deer meat (venison); other donated game includes wild hog and goose. Even though the presence of ammunition-derived metallic lead fragments in donated firearms-hunted meat has been recognized for more than a decade, most of the donated hunted meat is not inspected to discard meat containing lead fragments. An underlying lack of food safety standards for adulterated donated food increases risks to low-income recipients, who are already disproportionately affected by elevated blood lead levels (BLLs).2 Primary prevention is needed for this overlooked source of lead exposure.

• Brown, Ludovick; Rosabal, Maikel; Dussault, Christian; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Fuchs, Boris & Zedrosser, Andreas [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Lead exposure in American black bears increases with age and big game harvest density. Environmental Pollution (1987). ISSN 0269-7491. 315. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120427. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hunting has multiple consequences for wildlife, and it can be an important source of environmental pollution. Most big game hunters use lead (Pb) ammunition that shed metal fragments in the tissues of harvested animals. These Pb fragments become available to scavengers when hunters discard contaminated slaughter remains in the environment. This exposure route has been extensively studied in avian scavengers, but few studies have investigated Pb exposure from ammunition in mammals. Mammalian scavengers, including American black bears (Ursus americanus), frequently use slaughter remains discarded by hunters. The objective of this study was to investigate whether big game harvest density influenced long-term Pb exposure in American black bears from Quebec, Canada. Our results showed that female black bears had higher tooth Pb concentrations in areas with higher big game harvest densities, but such relationship was not evident in males. We also showed that older bears had higher tooth Pb concentrations compared to younger ones. Overall, our study showed that Pb exposure increases with age in black bears and that some of that Pb likely comes from bullet fragments embedded in slaughter remains discarded by hunters. These results suggest that hunters may drive mammalian scavengers into an evolutionary trap, whereby the long-term benefits of consuming slaughter remains could be negated due to increased Pb exposure.

• Giroud, Sylvain; Chery, Isabelle; Arrivé, Mathilde; Prost, Michel; Zumsteg, Julie & Heintz, Dimitri [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2021). Hibernating brown bears are protected against atherogenic dyslipidemia. Scientific Reports. 11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98085-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  To investigate mechanisms by which hibernators avoid atherogenic hyperlipidemia during hibernation, we assessed lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolisms of free-ranging Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos). In winter- and summer-captured bears, we measured lipoprotein sizes and sub-classes, triglyceride-related plasma-enzyme activities, and muscle lipid composition along with plasma-levels of antioxidant capacities and inflammatory markers. Although hibernating bears increased nearly all lipid levels, a 36%-higher cholesteryl-ester transfer-protein activity allowed to stabilize lipid composition of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Levels of inflammatory metabolites, i.e., 7-ketocholesterol and 11ß-prostaglandin F2α, declined in winter and correlated inversely with cardioprotective HDL2b-proportions and HDL-sizes that increased during hibernation. Lower muscle cholesterol concentrations and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity in winter suggest that hibernating bears tightly controlled peripheral-cholesterol synthesis and/or release. Finally, greater plasma-antioxidant capacities prevented excessive lipid-specific oxidative damages in plasma and muscles of hibernating bears. Hence, the brown bear manages large lipid fluxes during hibernation, without developing adverse atherogenic effects that occur in humans and non-hibernators.

• Corti, Paulo & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2021). Partially reversible immobilization of free-ranging huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) with medetomidine-ketamin and atipamezole. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 57(4), p. 927–931. doi: 10.7589/JWD-D-20-00199. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A combination of intramuscular medetomidine and ketamine was used to immobilize 46 free-ranging huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) with a remote drug delivery system in Chilean Patagonia for tagging and biological sampling. Captures occurred in May–October of 2005–09 between fall and early spring in the southern hemisphere. An initial dose of 6.6 mg medetomidine and 185 mg ketamine was adjusted after 17 captures to 3 mg and 200 mg, respectively, in the 29 remaining deer. Mean±SD adjusted dose was 0.042±0.012 mg/kg of medetomidine and 2.929±0.427 mg/kg of ketamine. Inductions were calm and the mean±SD time to sternal recumbency was 10.3±10.1 min. Palpebral reflex and jaw tone were present during immobilization. Atipamezole at 5 mg/mg of medetomidine was administered intramuscularly for reversal after 55.3±18.8 min procedure time. Recoveries were smooth and mean±SD time to standing was 10.2±3.3. All immobilized animals were hypoxemic by pulse oximetry (blood oxygen saturation approximately 81%). Three animals that developed apnea were resuscitated through chest compression and atipamezole administration, another regurgitated during capture, and all developed tachypnea. The combination of medetomidine-ketamine and atipamezole can be used for partially reversible immobilization of huemul, but supplemental oxygen should be administered, blood oxygenation should be monitored, and equipment for intubation and manual ventilation should be available.

• Hampton, Jordan O.; Eccles, Grant; Hunt, Rob; Bengsen, Andrew J.; Perry, Andrew L. & Parker, Steve [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). A comparison of fragmenting lead-based and lead-free bullets for aerial shooting of wild pigs. PLOS ONE. 16(3), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247785. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In response to the health threats posed by toxic lead to humans, scavenging wildlife and the environment, there is currently a focus on transitioning from lead-based to lead-free bullets for shooting of wild animals. We compared efficiency metrics and terminal ballistic performance for lead-based and lead-free (non-lead) bullets for aerial shooting of wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in eastern Australia. Ballistic testing revealed that lead-based and lead-free bullets achieved similar performance in precision and muzzle kinetic energy (E0) levels (3337.2 J and 3345.7 J, respectively). An aerial shooting trial was conducted with wild pigs shot with one type of lead-based and one type of lead-free bullets under identical conditions. Observations were made from 859 shooting events (n = 430 and 429 respectively), with a sub-set of pigs examined via gross post-mortem (n = 100 and 108 respectively), and a further sub-set examined via radiography (n = 94 and 101 respectively). The mean number of bullets fired per pig killed did not differ greatly between lead-based and lead-free bullets respectively (4.09 vs 3.91), nor did the mean number of bullet wound tracts in each animal via post-mortem inspection (3.29 vs 2.98). However, radiography revealed a higher average number of fragments per animal (median >300 vs median = 55) and a broader distribution of fragments with lead-based bullets. Our results suggest that lead-based and lead-free bullets are similarly effective for aerial shooting of wild pigs, but that the bullet types behave differently, with lead-based bullets displaying a higher degree of fragmentation. These results suggest that aerial shooting may be a particularly important contributor to scavenging wildlife being exposed to lead and that investigation of lead-free bullets for this use should continue.

• Pedrelli, Matteo; Parini, Paolo; Kindberg, Jonas; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Björkhem, Ingemar & Aasa, Ulrika [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2021). Vasculoprotective properties of plasma lipoproteins from brown bears (Ursus arctos). Journal of Lipid Research. ISSN 0022-2275. 62. doi: 10.1016/J.JLR.2021.100065. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels are twice as high in hibernating brown bears (Ursus arctos) than healthy humans. Yet, bears display no signs of early stage atherosclerosis development when adult. To explore this apparent paradox, we analyzed plasma lipoproteins from the same 10 bears in winter (hibernation) and summer using size exclusion chromatography, ultracentrifugation, and electrophoresis. LDL binding to arterial proteoglycans (PGs) and plasma cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) were also evaluated. The data collected and analyzed from bears were also compared with those from healthy humans. In bears, the cholesterol ester, unesterified cholesterol, TG, and phospholipid contents of VLDL and LDL were higher in winter than in summer. The percentage lipid composition of LDL differed between bears and humans but did not change seasonally in bears. Bear LDL was larger, richer in TGs, showed prebeta electrophoretic mobility, and had 5–10 times lower binding to arterial PGs than human LDL. Finally, plasma CEC was higher in bears than in humans, especially the HDL fraction when mediated by ABCA1. These results suggest that in brown bears the absence of early atherogenesis is likely associated with a lower affinity of LDL for arterial PGs and an elevated CEC of bear plasma.

• Hampton, Jordan O.; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Barnsley, Richard; Cattet, Marc; Daoust, Pierre-Yves & DeNicola, Anthony J. [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2021). Animal welfare testing for shooting and darting free-ranging wildlife: a review and recommendations. Wildlife research (East Melbourne). ISSN 1035-3712. doi: 10.1071/WR20107. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Several important techniques for managing wildlife rely on ballistics (the behaviour of projectiles), including killing techniques (shooting) as well as capture and marking methods (darting). Because all ballistic techniques have the capacity to harm animals, animal welfare is an important consideration. Standardised testing approaches that have allowed refinement for other physical killing and capture methods (e.g. traps for mammals) have not been applied broadly to ballistic methods. At the same time, new technology is becoming available for shooting (e.g. subsonic and lead-free ammunition) and darting (e.g. dye-marker darts). We present several case studies demonstrating (a) how basic ballistic testing can be performed for novel firearms and/or projectiles, (b) the benefits of identifying methods producing undesirable results before operational use, and (c) the welfare risks associated with bypassing testing of a technique before broad-scale application. Following the approach that has been used internationally to test kill-traps, we suggest the following four-step testing process: (1) range and field testing to confirm accuracy and precision, the delivery of appropriate kinetic energy levels and projectile behaviour, (2) post-mortem assessment of ballistic injury in cadavers, (3) small-scale live animal pilot studies with predetermined threshold pass/fail levels, and (4) broad-scale use with reporting of the frequency of adverse animal welfare outcomes. We present this as a practical approach for maintaining and improving animal welfare standards when considering the use of ballistic technology for wildlife management. ethics, fertility control, human dimensions, pest control, population control.

• Tryland, Morten; Josefsen, Terje D.; Romano, Javier Sanchez; Marcin, Nina; Mørk, Torill & Arnemo, Jon M. (2021). Case Report: Subclinical Verminous Pneumonia and High Ambient Temperatures Had Severe Impact on the Anesthesia of Semi-domesticated Eurasian Tundra Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) With Medetomidine–Ketamine. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 8, p. 1–7. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.606323. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Semidomesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus, n = 21) were scheduled twice for chemical immobilization with medetomidine–ketamine as part of a scientific experiment in June 2014. During the first round of immobilizations, seven animals developed severe respiratory depression (RD). Three individuals died, and 4 recovered. The ambient temperature during the 2 days of immobilization (June 3 and 4) was high (mean 13.9–17.6°C) compared to the normal mean temperature for these 2 days (7–8°C) based on statistical records. During the second round of immobilizations, using the same anesthetic protocol for the remaining animals as in the first round but conducted under cooler conditions (mean 6.6°C for the period June 9–18), no signs of RD were observed. Clinical and pathological investigations indicated that the animals suffered from circulatory changes possibly caused by high ambient temperatures and granulomatous interstitial pneumonia due to Elaphostrongylus rangiferi larvae. These conditions, together with the cardiovascular effects of medetomidine, were likely causes of RD and the fatal outcome. We conclude that chemical immobilization of reindeer with medetomidine–ketamine should be avoided in May–June due to the potential risk when animals partly in winter coats encounter rising ambient temperatures and usually have parasites developing in their airways.

• Morelli, Jacopo; Rossi, Sophie; Fuchs, Boris; Barros, Daniela Sá Braz; Richard, Emmanuelle & Kûker, Susanne [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Evaluation of three medetomidine-based anesthetic protocols for chemical immobilization of wild boars (Sus scrofa). Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 8(4). doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.655345. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Three medetomidine-based drug protocols were compared by evaluating time courses, reliability and physiological effects in wild boars. A total of 21 cage-trapped wild boars (Sus scrofa) were immobilized using one of the following drug combinations; MTZ: medetomidine (0.2 mg/kg) + tiletamine-zolazepam (2.0 mg/kg), MK: medetomidine (0.15 mg/kg) + ketamine (5 mg/kg), and MKB: medetomidine (0.1 mg/kg) + ketamine (5.0 mg/kg) + butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg). Induction time, recovery time, and physiological variables were recorded and arterial blood gas analysis measured twice, before and after 15 min of oxygen supplementation (0.5–1.0 L/min). For reversal, 4 mg of atipamezole per mg of medetomidine was administered intramuscularly. The boars recovered in the cage and were released once ataxia resolved. The MK group had significantly longer recovery times (mean 164 min ± 79 SD) compared to the other groups. MKB elicited longer and incomplete induction compared to the other groups (mean induction time 20 min ± 10 SD), decreasing the efficiency of the capture and increasing the risk of hyperthermia. Both ketamine-based protocols required additional ketamine intramuscularly to prolong the anesthesia after 20–40 min from induction. Agreement between the pulse oximeter and the blood gas analyzer was low, with the pulse oximeter underestimating the real values of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation, particularly at higher readings. Mild acute respiratory acidosis (PaCO2 45–60 mmHg) and mild to moderate hypoxemia (PaO2 69–80 mmHg) occurred in most boars, regardless of the treatment group but especially in the MKB group. The acid-base status improved and hypoxemia resolved in all boars during oxygen supplementation, with the PaO2 rising above the physiological reference range (81.6–107.7 mmHg) in many individuals. MK and MKB induced safe and reliable immobilization of wild boars for at least 20 min. Supplemental oxygen delivery is recommended in order to prevent hypoxemia in wild boars immobilized with the protocols used in the present study. Long and ataxic recoveries occurred in most animals, regardless of the protocol, but especially in the MKB group.

• Cussonneau, Laura; Boyer, Christian; Brun, Charlotte; Deval, Christiane; Loizon, Emmanuelle & Meugnier, Emmanuelle [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2021). Concurrent BMP signalling maintenance and TGF-β signalling inhibition is a hallmark of natural resistance to muscle atrophy in the hibernating bear. Cells. 10(8). doi: 10.3390/cells10081873. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract: Muscle atrophy arises from a multiplicity of physio-pathological situations and has very detrimental consequences for the whole body. Although knowledge of muscle atrophy mechanisms keeps growing, there is still no proven treatment to date. This study aimed at identifying new drivers for muscle atrophy resistance. We selected an innovative approach that compares muscle transcriptome between an original model of natural resistance to muscle atrophy, the hibernating brown bear, and a classical model of induced atrophy, the unloaded mouse. Using RNA sequencing, we identified 4415 differentially expressed genes, including 1746 up- and 2369 down-regulated genes, in bear muscles between the active versus hibernating period. We focused on the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β and the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathways, respectively, involved in muscle mass loss and maintenance. TGF-β- and BMP-related genes were overall down- and up-regulated in the non-atrophied muscles of the hibernating bear, respectively, and the opposite occurred for the atrophied muscles of the unloaded mouse. This was further substantiated at the protein level. Our data suggest TGF-β/BMP balance is crucial for muscle mass maintenance during long-term physical inactivity in the hibernating bear. Thus, concurrent activation of the BMP pathway may potentiate TGF-β inhibiting therapies already targeted to prevent muscle atrophy.

• Roşu, Ovidiu; Melega, Iulia; Evans, Alina; Arnemo, Jon M. & Kûker, Susanne (2021). Evaluation of Medetomidine-Ketamine for Immobilization of Feral Horses in Romania. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 8. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.655217. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Feral horses are immobilized for a variety of reasons including population control via contraceptives. Although opioid combinations have been successfully used for immobilization of feral horses, there is a need for combinations using drugs that are more readily available and present less of a human health hazard. We evaluated the chemical immobilization with physiological measurements and blood gas analyses of 91 free-ranging feral horses (Equus ferus caballus) remotely immobilized with a combination of 30 mg medetomidine and 775 mg ketamine in a single disposable 6 ml dart. During immobilization, heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, capillary refill time and peripheral oxygen hemoglobin saturation (SpO2) were evaluated. In eight horses, arterial blood samples were analyzed to evaluate the blood gases, acid-base status and hematologic variables. Targeted horses presented a wide range of age, size and body condition. Eighty-one horses had an uneventful mean induction of 7.2 min. Eighty-nine horses were immobilized in lateral recumbency with good muscle relaxation and a median recumbency time of 67 min. Ten horses required supplemental ketamine intravenously (x¯ = 434 mg) due to incomplete immobilization. In 58 horses the effects of medetomidine were antagonized with atipamezole intravenously. Increased respiratory rate (>20 breaths/min), increased heart rate (>45 beats/min) and decreased SpO2 < 90% were noted in more than half of the individuals, while increased rectal temperature (>39.0◦C) was recorded in six animals. Blood parameters showed hypoxemia (45 mmHg, n = 5), high glucose levels (>134 mmol/L, n = 3), increased blood lactate (>1.5 mmol/L), total carbon dioxide, bicarbonate and base excess which further increased in the second sample, whereas SpO2 and calcium values decreased. Recoveries were smooth, with one (n = 86) or more (n = 5) attempts of standing. Eighty-nine recoveries were uneventful, besides one male that showed signs of monoparesis of the left front leg and one mare with signs consistent with exertional myopathy. In conclusion, medetomidine-ketamine provided a reliable immobilization in feral horses over a wide range of body mass and age. However, based on the observed hypoxemia during immobilization, oxygen supplementation is strongly recommended for this protocol.

• Givre, Lucas; Silva, Claire Crola Da; Swenson, Jon; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Gauquelin-Koch, Guillemette & Bertile, Fabrice [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Cardiomyocyte protection by hibernating brown bear serum: towards the identification of new protective molecules against myocardial infarction. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 8. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.687501. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Ischemic heart disease remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Despite intensive research on the treatment of acute myocardial infarction, no effective therapy has shown clinical success. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies are required to protect the heart from reperfusion injury. Interestingly, despite physical inactivity during hibernation, brown bears (Ursus arctos) cope with cardiovascular physiological conditions that would be detrimental to humans. We hypothesized that bear serum might contain circulating factors that could provide protection against cell injury. In this study, we sought to determine whether addition of bear serum might improve cardiomyocyte survival following hypoxia–reoxygenation. Isolated mouse cardiomyocytes underwent 45 min of hypoxia followed by reoxygenation. At the onset of reoxygenation, cells received fetal bovine serum (FBS; positive control), summer (SBS) or winter bear serum (WBS), or adult serums of other species, as indicated. After 2 h of reoxygenation, propidium iodide staining was used to evaluate cell viability by flow cytometry. Whereas, 0.5% SBS tended to decrease reperfusion injury, 0.5% WBS significantly reduced cell death, averaging 74.04 ± 7.06% vs. 79.20 ± 6.53% in the FBS group. This cardioprotective effect was lost at 0.1%, became toxic above 5%, and was specific to the bear. Our results showed that bear serum exerts a therapeutic effect with an efficacy threshold, an optimal dose, and a toxic effect on cardiomyocyte viability after hypoxia–reoxygenation. Therefore, the bear serum may be a potential source for identifying new therapeutic molecules to fight against myocardial reperfusion injury and cell death in general.

• Fuchs, Boris; Thiel, Alexandra; Zedrosser, Andreas; Brown, Ludovick; Hydeskov, Helle Bernstorf & Rodushkin, Ilia [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). High concentrations of lead (Pb) in blood and milk of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Scandinavia. Environmental Pollution (1987). ISSN 0269-7491. 287. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117595. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Exposure to lead (Pb) is a global health problem for both humans and wildlife. Despite a dramatic decline in human Pb exposure following restrictions of leaded gasoline and industry and thereby an overall reduction of Pb entering the environment, Pb exposure continues to be a problem for wildlife species. Literature on scavenging terrestrial mammals, including interactions between Pb exposure and life history, is however limited. We quantified Pb concentration in 153 blood samples from 110 free-ranging Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos), 1–25 years old, using inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry. We used generalized linear models to test effects of age, body mass, reproduction status and spatial distribution on the blood Pb concentrations of 56 female bears. We sampled 28 females together with 56 dependent cubs and paired their blood Pb concentrations. From 20 lactating females, we measured the Pb concentration in milk. The mean blood Pb concentration was 96.6 μg/L (range: 38.7–220.5 μg/L). Both the mean and range are well above established threshold concentrations for developmental neurotoxicity (12 μg/L), increased systolic blood pressure (36 μg/L) and prevalence of kidney disease in humans (15 μg/L). Lactating females had higher Pb blood concentrations compared to younger, non-lactating females. Blood Pb concentrations of dependent cubs were correlated with their mother's blood Pb concentration, which in turn was correlated with the Pb concentration in the milk. Life-long Pb exposure in Scandinavian brown bears may have adverse effects both on individual and population levels. The high blood Pb concentrations found in brown bears contrast the general reduction in environmental Pb contamination over the past decades in Scandinavia and more research is needed to identify the sources and pathways of Pb exposure in the brown bears.

• Ebert, Thomas; Painer, Johanna; Bergman, Peter; Qureshi, Abdul Rashid; Giroud, Sylvain & Stalder, Gabrielle [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2020). Insights in the regulation of trimetylamine N-oxide production using a comparative biomimetic approach suggest a metabolic switch in hibernating bears. Scientific Reports. 10. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76346-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Experimental studies suggest involvement of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the aetiology of cardiometabolic diseases and chronic kidney disease (CKD), in part via metabolism of ingested food. Using a comparative biomimetic approach, we have investigated circulating levels of the gut metabolites betaine, choline, and TMAO in human CKD, across animal species as well as during hibernation in two animal species. Betaine, choline, and TMAO levels were associated with renal function in humans and differed significantly across animal species. Free-ranging brown bears showed a distinct regulation pattern with an increase in betaine (422%) and choline (18%) levels during hibernation, but exhibited undetectable levels of TMAO. Free-ranging brown bears had higher betaine, lower choline, and undetectable TMAO levels compared to captive brown bears. Endogenously produced betaine may protect bears and garden dormice during the vulnerable hibernating period. Carnivorous eating habits are linked to TMAO levels in the animal kingdom. Captivity may alter the microbiota and cause a subsequent increase of TMAO production. Since free-ranging bears seems to turn on a metabolic switch that shunts choline to generate betaine instead of TMAO, characterisation and understanding of such an adaptive switch could hold clues for novel treatment options in burden of lifestyle diseases, such as CKD.

• Swenson, Jon; Ambarli, Hüseyin; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Baskin, Leonid; Ciucci, Paolo & Danilov, Pjotr I. [Show all 34 contributors for this article] (2020). Brown bear (Ursus arctos; Eurasia). In Penteriani, Vincenzo & Melletti, Mario (Ed.), Bears of the World. Ecology, conservation and management. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781108692571. p. 139–161. doi: 10.1017/9781108692571.013. Full text in Research Archive
• Græsli, Anne Randi; Grand, Luc Le; Thiel, Alexandra; Fuchs, Boris; Devineau, Olivier & Stenbacka, Fredrik [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2020). Physiological and behavioural responses of moose to hunting with dogs. Conservation Physiology. 8(1). doi: 10.1093/conphys/coaa122. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Optimal management of hunted species requires an understanding of the impacts of hunting on both individual animal and population levels. Recent technological advancements in biologging enable us to obtain increasingly detailed information from free-ranging animals, covering longer periods of time, and providing the data needed to assess such impacts. In Sweden, more than 80 000 moose are harvested annually, mostly hunted with the use of baying dogs. The effects of this hunting method on animal welfare and stress are understudied. Here, we evaluated 6 real and 17 experimental hunting approaches with baying dogs [wearing global positioning system (GPS) collars] on 8 adult female moose equipped with ruminal temperature loggers, subcutaneous heart rate (HR) loggers and GPS collars with accelerometers. The obtained data were used to analyse the behavioural and physiological responses of moose to hunting with dogs. Successful experimental approaches (moose and dog were within 240 m for >10 min) resulted in higher maximum body temperature (Tb, 0.88◦C higher) and a mean increase in HR of 24 bpm in moose at the day of the approach compared to the day after. The moose rested on average >90 min longer the day after the approach compared to the day of the approach. The moose travelled on average 4.2 km longer and had a 1.3 m/s higher maximum speed the day of the approach compared to the day after. Our results demonstrate that hunting with dogs increase moose energy expenditure and resting time (and consequently decrease time available for foraging) on an individual level. This could possibly affect body condition and reproduction rates if the hunting disturbances occur frequently.

• Boyer, Christian; Cussonneau, Laura; Brun, Charlotte; Deval, Christiane; Barros, Jean-Paul Pais de & Chanon, Stéphanie [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2020). Specific shifts in the endocannabinoid system in hibernating brown bears. Frontiers in Zoology. 17. doi: 10.1186/s12983-020-00380-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In small hibernators, global downregulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which is involved in modulating neuronal signaling, feeding behavior, energy metabolism, and circannual rhythms, has been reported to possibly drive physiological adaptation to the hibernating state. In hibernating brown bears (Ursus arctos), we hypothesized that beyond an overall suppression of the ECS, seasonal shift in endocannabinoids compounds could be linked to bear’s peculiar features that include hibernation without arousal episodes and capacity to react to external disturbance. We explored circulating lipids in serum and the ECS in plasma and metabolically active tissues in free-ranging subadult Scandinavian brown bears when both active and hibernating. In winter bear serum, in addition to a 2-fold increase in total fatty acid concentration, we found significant changes in relative proportions of circulating fatty acids, such as a 2-fold increase in docosahexaenoic acid C22:6 n-3 and a decrease in arachidonic acid C20:4 n-6. In adipose and muscle tissues of hibernating bears, we found significant lower concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), a major ligand of cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2). Lower mRNA level for genes encoding CB1 and CB2 were also found in winter muscle and adipose tissue, respectively. The observed reduction in ECS tone may promote fatty acid mobilization from body fat stores, and favor carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle of hibernating bears. Additionally, high circulating level of the endocannabinoid-like compound N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) in winter could favor lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in peripheral tissues. We also speculated on a role of OEA in the conservation of an anorexigenic signal and in the maintenance of torpor during hibernation, while sustaining the capacity of bears to sense stimuli from the environment.

• Morelli, Jacopo; Briganti, Angela; Fuchs, Boris; Huber, Ðuro; Evans, Alina & Reljić, Slaven [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Comparison of two non-invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring techniques in brown bears (Ursus arctos). Veterinary and Animal Science. 9. doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100094. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Monitoring arterial blood pressure (BP), represents a more accurate evaluation of hemodynamics than heart rate alone and is essential for preventing and treating intra- and post-operative complications in wildlife chemical immobilization. The objectives of the study were to test the correlation between standard oscillometry and Korotkoff's technique in anesthetized free-ranging brown bears in Croatia and Scandinavia and to assess the blood pressure in both locations. Five bears were snared and darted with xylazine and ketamine in Croatia, and 20 bears were darted from a helicopter with medetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam in Scandinavia. Blood pressure was simultaneously measured with both techniques every 5 minutes. Correlation between techniques, trends of BP variation, and the factors of the capture which likely influenced BP were assessed. Successful measurements of BP were achieved in 93% of all attempts with the Korotkoff's technique but in only 29% of all attempts with oscillometry. The latter method mostly provided lower values of BP compared to Korotkoff's technique in yearlings. Most bears showed a decreasing trend in systolic and mean BP over time, consistent between the two techniques. All bears were hypertensive: the auscultatory technique detected moderate to severe systolic hypertension in 25% and 84% of bears in Croatia and in Scandinavia, respectively, with significantly higher BP in subadults and adults compared to yearlings. Only Korotkoff's method resulted in a reliable and effective tool for BP assessment in brown bears. The anesthetic protocols used in the present study in association with the capture methods produced hypertension in all animals.

• Græsli, Anne Randi; Thiel, Alexandra; Fuchs, Boris; Singh, Navinder J.; Stenbacka, Fredrik & Ericsson, Göran [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Seasonal Hypometabolism in Female Moose. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 8. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00107. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  How animals respond to a changing environment is a key question in ecological research. Animals living at higher latitudes are exposed to pronounced seasonal differences in both climate and in resource availability. Endotherms living in those environments have the ability to maintain a constant high body temperature (Tb), over a wide range of ambient temperatures (Ta). Nonetheless, many endotherms display seasonal shifts in metabolic rate (MR). Here, we studied the annual and circadian cycle of Tb and heart rate (HR) in female moose (Alces alces) in relation to activity and Ta. HR also can be used as a proxy of MR to calculate energy budgets. We deployed biologgers to 12 free-ranging female moose; a temperature sensor in the rumen, a HR logger subcutaneously, and a GPS collar equipped with acceleration and Ta sensors. We documented seasonal differences in Tb, HR and activity of moose, with lower levels during winter and higher values during summer. The highest daily mean Tb and HR were 38.64◦C (10 July) and 71.9 beats per minute (bpm; 26 June), whereas the lowest daily mean Tb and HR were 38.03◦C (17 March) and 40.5 bpm (6 March). High-resolution Tb and activity data allowed us to detect circadian and ultradian rhythmicity throughout the year. Based on previous calibration studies, MR decreased by 60% from the highest to the lowest point. Our results demonstrate hypometabolism including lower Tb and HR during winter as a strategy to reduce energy expenditure during periods with colder climate and limited availability of resources.

• Fuchs, Boris; Yamazaki, Koji; Evans, Alina; Tsubota, Toshio; Koike, Shinsuke & Naganuma, Tomoko [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Heart rate during hyperphagia differs between two bear species. Biology Letters. ISSN 1744-9561. 15(1). doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0681. Full text in Research Archive
• Thiel, Alexandra; Evans, Alina; Fuchs, Boris; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Aronsson, Malin & Persson, Jens (2019). Effects of reproduction and environmental factors on body temperature and activity patterns of wolverines. Frontiers in Zoology. 16(1). doi: 10.1186/s12983-019-0319-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Fröbert, Ole; Fröbert, Anne Mette; Kindberg, Jonas; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Overgaard, Michael Toft (2019). The Brown bear as a translational model for sedentary lifestyle-related diseases. Journal of Internal Medicine. ISSN 0954-6820. doi: 10.1111/joim.12983. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Sedentary lifestyle accelerates biological aging, is a major risk factor for developing metabolic syndrome and is associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, sarcopenia and osteoporosis. In contrast to the linear path to worsening health in humans with metabolic syndrome, brown bears have developed a circular metabolic plasticity enabling these animals to tolerate obesity and a “sedentary lifestyle” during hibernation and exit the den metabolically healthy in spring. Bears are close to humans physiology‐wise, much closer than rodents, the preferred experimental animals in medical research, and may better serve as translational model to develop treatments for lifestyle‐related diseases. In this review aspects of brown bear hibernation survival strategies are outlined and conceivable experimental strategies to learn from bears are described.Brown bear; hibernation; metabolic syndrome; translational research

• Blanchet, Leslie; Fuchs, Boris; Støen, Ole-Gunnar; Bergouignan, Audrey; Ordiz, Andres & Laske, Timothy G. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Movement and heart rate in the Scandinavian brown bear (Ursus arctos). Animal Biotelemetry. 7. doi: 10.1186/s40317-019-0181-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Understanding animal movement facilitates better management and conservation. The link between movement and physiology holds clues to the basic drivers of animal behaviours. In bears, heart rate increases with the metabolic rate during the active phase. Their movement and heart rate change at seasonal and daily scales, and can also depend on environmental factors. Their behaviour is, therefore, flexible in activity patterns with high individual variations. The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between heart rate and distance travelled, and test whether this relationship was influenced by environmental (e.g., time of year and time of day) and biological (e.g., reproductive status, sex, body mass and age of the bears) factors. We analysed data of distance travelled and heart rate of 15 GPS-collared brown bears, both males and females, equipped with cardiac loggers in the south of Sweden in 2014–2017. Results: Heart rate increased with distances travelled exceeding 50 m in an hour, but this correlation depended on the day-of-year with higher heart rate in August than in May. Bears accompanied by cubs had lower heart rate than solitary bears especially in May. When movement was minimum (< 50 m in an hour), heart rate was not related to distance travelled and was very variable, regardless of the months. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that heart rate increases with long distances travelled, but varies with day-of-year and reproductive status, depending on the metabolic rate. Studying the change in heart rate in bears can help to evaluate their seasonal rhythms and how different factors affect them. This study illustrates the usefulness of combined bio-logging proxies, i.e., movement and heart rates in our case, in animal ecology. Distance travelled, GPS positions, Cardiac bio-logger, Seasonal variation, Reproductive status

• Chazarin, Blandine; Ziemianin, Anna; Evans, Alina; Meugnier, Emmanuelle; Loizon, Emmanuelle & Chery, Isabelle [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2019). Limited oxidative stress favors resistance to skeletal muscle atrophy in hibernating brown bears (Ursus Arctos). Antioxidants. 8(9). doi: 10.3390/antiox8090334. Full text in Research Archive
• Boesen, Amanda Høyer; Thiel, Alexandra; Fuchs, Boris; Evans, Alina; Bertelsen, Mads F. & Rodushkin, Illia [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Assessment of the LeadCare® Plus for Use on Scandinavian Brown Bears (Ursus arctos). Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 6, p. 1–7. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00285. Full text in Research Archive
• Luu, Bryan E.; Lefai, Etienne; Giroud, Sylvain; Swenson, Jon; Chazarin, Blandine & Gauquelin-Koch, Guillemette [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). MicroRNAs facilitate skeletal muscle maintenance and metabolic suppression in hibernating brown bears. Journal of Cellular Physiology. ISSN 0021-9541. 235(4), p. 3984–3993. doi: 10.1002/jcp.29294. Full text in Research Archive
• Grand, Luc Le; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Fuchs, Boris; Evans, Alina; Laske, Timothy G. & Arnemo, Jon Martin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Behavioral and Physiological Responses of Scandinavian Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) to Dog Hunts and Human Encounters. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00134. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Innovations in biologging have offered new possibilities to better understand animals in their natural environment. Biologgers can be used by researchers to measure the impact of human disturbances on wildlife and guide conservation decisions. In this study, the behavioral and physiological responses of brown bears (Ursus arctos) to hunts using dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and human encounters were assessed to better understand the impact of human outdoor activities on brown bears. In Scandinavia, brown bear hunting and the use of dogs during hunts is increasing in popularity. Nonetheless, not every hunt leads to a killed bear. This means that for each bear that is shot, multiple bears may be chased but not killed. In addition, bears can also be disturbed when encountering non-hunting humans. Heart rates, body temperatures, GPS coordinates and dual-axis activity data were collected from 52 simulated hunts (a simulated hunt using dogs With the bear allowed to flee at the end) and 70 human encounters (humans intentionally approaching the bear) that were carried out on 28 free-ranging female brown bears in two study areas in Sweden. The results showed that: (1) simulated hunts had a greater impact and induced a greater energy cost than human encounters; (2) the amount of time bears rested the day after the simulated hunts increased linearly with the duration of the simulated hunts, implying a lasting behavioral impact relative to the intensity of the disturbance. Although not tested in this study, brown bears that are repeatedly disturbed by dog hunts and human encounters may be unable to compensate the disturbances’ energy cost, and their fitness may, therefore, be altered. If it is the case, this effect should be accounted for by managers. activity, body temperature, carnivore, heart rate, human disturbance, hunting dog

• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Brainerd, Scott (2019). Unleaded hunting: Are copper bullets and lead-based bullets equally effective for killing big game? Ambio. ISSN 0044-7447. 48(9), p. 1044–1055. doi: 10.1007/s13280-019-01171-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Semi-jacketed lead-cored or copper-based homogenous rifle bullets are commonly used for hunting big game. Ever since their introduction in the 1990’s, copper-based bullets have not been widely accepted by hunters due to limited supply, higher expense, and the perception that they exhibit inferior killing efficiency and correspondingly higher wounding rates. Here, we present data showing that animal flight distances for roe deer, red deer, brown bear, and moose dispatched with lead- or copper-based hunting bullets did not significantly differ from an animal welfare standardized animal flight distance based on body mass. Lead-cored bullets typical fragment on impact, whereas copper-based bullets retain more mass and expand more than their leaden counterparts. Our data demonstrate that the relative killing efficiency of lead and copper bullets is similar in terms of animal flight distance after fatal shots. Hunters that traditionally use lead bullets should consider switching to copper bullets to enhance human and environmental health.

• Giroud, Sylvain; Chery, Isabelle; Bertile, Fabrice; Bertrand-Michel, Justine; Tascher, Georg & Gauquelin-Koch, Guillemette [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2019). Lipidomics reveals seasonal shifts in a large-bodied hibernator, the brown bear. Frontiers in Physiology. 10. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00389. Full text in Research Archive
• Chazarin, Blandine; Storey, Kenneth B.; Ziemianin, Anna; Chanon, Stéphanie; Plumel, Marine & Chery, Isabelle [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2019). Metabolic reprogramming involving glycolysis in the hibernating brown bear skeletal muscle. Frontiers in Zoology. 16(12). doi: 10.1186/s12983-019-0312-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: In mammals, the hibernating state is characterized by biochemical adjustments, which include metabolic rate depression and a shift in the primary fuel oxidized from carbohydrates to lipids. A number of studies of hibernating species report an upregulation of the levels and/or activity of lipid oxidizing enzymes in muscles during torpor, with a concomitant downregulation for glycolytic enzymes. However, other studies provide contrasting data about the regulation of fuel utilization in skeletal muscles during hibernation. Bears hibernate with only moderate hypothermia but with a drop in metabolic rate down to ~ 25% of basal metabolism. To gain insights into how fuel metabolism is regulated in hibernating bear skeletal muscles, we examined the vastus lateralis proteome and other changes elicited in brown bears during hibernation. Results: We show that bear muscle metabolic reorganization is in line with a suppression of ATP turnover. Regulation of muscle enzyme expression and activity, as well as of circulating metabolite profiles, highlighted a preference for lipid substrates during hibernation, although the data suggested that muscular lipid oxidation levels decreased due to metabolic rate depression. Our data also supported maintenance of muscle glycolysis that could be fuelled from liver gluconeogenesis and mobilization of muscle glycogen stores. During hibernation, our data also suggest that carbohydrate metabolism in bear muscle, as well as protein sparing, could be controlled, in part, by actions of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids like docosahexaenoic acid. Conclusions: Our work shows that molecular mechanisms in hibernating bear skeletal muscle, which appear consistent with a hypometabolic state, likely contribute to energy and protein savings. Maintenance of glycolysis could help to sustain muscle functionality for situations such as an unexpected exit from hibernation that would require a rapid increase in ATP production for muscle contraction. The molecular data we report here for skeletal muscles of bears hibernating at near normal body temperature represent a signature of muscle preservation despite atrophying conditions.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Madslien, Knut; Malmsten, Jonas; Brunberg, Sven & Segerström, Peter [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Long-Term Safety of Intraperitoneal Radio Transmitter Implants in Brown Bears (Ursus arctos). Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 5. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00252. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Intraperitoneal radio transmitters have been widely used in free-ranging wild mammals, but there are no long-term studies on their biocompatibility or technical stability within the abdominal cavity of animals. Possible negative health effects may bias results from ecological studies on instrumented animals and raise concerns over animal welfare issues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term technical stability and pathological effects of Telonics intraperitoneal very high frequency (VHF) radio transmitters in brown bears (Ursus arctos). We instrumented 305 individual bears with intraperitoneal VHF radio transmitters during a 19-year period. We surgically removed devices that had been in bears for 1–9 years and collected transmitters from animals that died 1–13 years after implantation. We took biopsies for histopathology from tissue encapsulating implants in live bears. Retrieved transmitters underwent a technical inspection. Of the 125 transmitters removed from live bears, 66 were free-floating in the peritoneal cavity [a mean (SD) of 3.8 (1.5) years after implantation], whereas 59 were encapsulated in the greater omentum [4.0 (1.8) years after implantation]. Histopathology of biopsies of the 1–15mm thick capsules in 33 individuals showed that it consisted of organized layers of connective tissue. In one third of the bears, the inner part of the capsule was characterized by a foreign body reaction.We inspected 68 implants that had been in bears for 3.9 (2.4) years. The batteries had short-circuited four (5.9%) of these devices. This resulted in the death of two animals 10 and 13 years after implantation. In two other bears that underwent surgery, we found the short-circuited devices to be fully encapsulated within the peritoneal cavity 5 and 6 years after implantation. A significant proportion of the other 64 inspected implants showed serious technical problems, such as corrosion of metal parts or the batteries (50%), detachment of the end cap (11.8%), and erosion (7.4%) or melting (5.9%) of the wax coating. We conclude that the wax coating of the transmitters was not biocompatible, that the technical quality of the devices was poor, and that these implants should not be used in brown bears. biocompatibility, brown bear, foreign body reaction, implant, intraperitoneal, long-term safety, transmitter, Ursus arctos

• Hampton, Jordan O.; Laidlaw, Mark; Buenz, Eric & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2018). Heads in the sand: public health and ecological risks of lead-based bullets for wildlife shooting in Australia. Wildlife research (East Melbourne). ISSN 1035-3712. 45(4), p. 287–306. doi: 10.1071/WR17180. Full text in Research Archive
• Minicucci, Larissa; Carstensen, Michelle; Crouse, John; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Evans, Alina (2018). A technique for deployment of rumen bolus transmitters in free-ranging moose (Alces alces). Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine. ISSN 1042-7260. 49(1). doi: 10.1638/2017-0027R.1. Full text in Research Archive
• Støen, Ole-Gunnar; Fernandez, Andres Avelino Ordiz; Sahlén, Veronica; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Sæbø, Solve & Mattsing, Glenn [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2018). Brown bear (Ursus arctos) attacks resulting in human casualties in Scandinavia 1977-2016; management implications and recommendations. PLOS ONE. 13(5). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196876. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Human persecution and habitat loss have endangered large carnivore populations worldwide, but some are recovering, exacerbating old conflicts. Carnivores can injure and kill people; the most dramatic form of wildlife-human conflict. In Scandinavia, the brown bear (Ursus arctos) population increased from ~500 bears in 1977 to ~3300 in 2008, with an increase in injuries, fatalities, and public fear of bear attacks. We reviewed media coverage and interviewed victims to explore how bear population trends, hunter education, and other factors may have influenced the number of injuries and fatalities in Scandinavia from 1977 to 2016. We found 42 incidents with 42 injuries and 2 fatalities; 42 were adult men, one was an adult woman conducting forestry work, and one was a boy skiing off-piste. Thirty-three adult men were hunting bears, moose, or small game, often with a hunting dog, and 26 had shot at the bear at 8±11 m before injury. Eleven nonhunters were conducting forestry work, inspecting a hunting area, picking berries, tending livestock, hiking, harassing a denned bear, and one person was killed outside his house at night. Eight of the 11 incidents of nonhunters involved female bears with cubs; three of these family groups were in dens and two were on carcasses. The annual number of hunters injured/killed was mostly influenced by the increase in the bear population size. The pattern was similar regarding injuries/fatalities to other outdoor users, but the relation with the bear population size was weaker than for hunters, and the null model was equally supported. Bear physiology at denning may make encounters with bears more risky in the fall, when bears show prehibernation behavior. Awareness and education efforts, especially among hunters, seem important to Ensure human safety. Recreationists and forestry workers should avoid dense vegetation or make noise to warn bears of their presence.

• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Brainerd, Scott Michael; Söderberg, Arne; Kraabøl, Morten & Ytrehus, Bjørnar (2018). Defining animal welfare standards in hunting: body mass determines thresholds for incapacitation time and flight distance. Scientific Reports. 8. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32102-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Laske, Timothy G.; Evans, Alina; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Iles, Tinen L.; Ditmer, Mark A. & Fröbert, Ole [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Development and utilization of implantable cardiac monitors in free-ranging American black and Eurasian brown bears: System evolution and lessons learned. Animal Biotelemetry. 6(13), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s40317-018-0157-z. Full text in Research Archive
• Gutema, Tariku Mekonnen; Atickem, Anagaw Meshesha; Lemma, Alemayehu; Bekele, Afework; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio & Zinner, Dietmar [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Capture and immobilization of African wolves (Canis lupaster) in the Ethiopian Highlands. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 54(1), p. 175–179. doi: 10.7589/2017-03-063. Full text in Research Archive
• Lian, Marianne; Evans, Alina; Beckmen, Kimberlee B.; Caulkett, Nigel A. & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2018). Reindeer and caribou. Health and disease. In Tryland, Morten & Kutz, Susan J. (Ed.), Reindeer and Caribou: Health and disease. CRC Press. ISSN 9781482250688. p. 465–491. Full text in Research Archive
• Chanon, Stéphanie; Chazarin, Blandine; Toubhans, Benoit; Durand, Christine; Chery, Isabelle & Robert, Maud [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2018). Proteolysis inhibition by hibernating bear serum leads to increased protein content in human muscle cells. Scientific Reports. 8(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23891-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Muscle atrophy is one of the main characteristics of human ageing and physical inactivity, with resulting adverse health outcomes. To date, there are still no efficient therapeutic strategies for its prevention and/or treatment. However, during hibernation, bears exhibit a unique ability for preserving muscle in conditions where muscle atrophy would be expected in humans. Therefore, our objective was to determine whether there are components of bear serum which can control protein balance in human muscles. In this study, we exposed cultured human differentiated muscle cells to bear serum collected during winter and summer periods, and measured the impact on cell protein content and turnover. In addition, we explored the signalling pathways that control rates of protein synthesis and degradation. We show that the protein turnover of human myotubes is reduced when incubated with winter bear serum, with a dramatic inhibition of proteolysis involving both proteasomal and lysosomal systems, and resulting in an increase in muscle cell protein content. By modulating intracellular signalling pathways and inducing a protein sparing phenotype in human muscle cells, winter bear serum therefore holds potential for developing new tools to fight human muscle atrophy and related metabolic disorders.

• Barros, Daniela Sá Braz; Evans, Alina; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Stenbacka, Fredrik & Ericsson, Göran (2018). Effective thiafentanil immobilization and physiological responses of free-ranging moose (Alces alces) in northern Sweden. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. ISSN 1467-2987. 45(4), p. 502–509. doi: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.02.008. Full text in Research Archive
• Giroud, Sylvain; Evans, Alina; Chery, Isabelle; Bertile, Fabrice; Tascher, Georg & Bertrand-Michel, Justine [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2018). Seasonal changes in eicosanoid metabolism in the brown bear. Die Naturwissenschaften. ISSN 0028-1042. 105. doi: 10.1007/s00114-018-1583-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Evans, Alina; Fuchs, Boris; Græsli, Anne Randi; Neumann, Wiebke; Stenbacka, Fredrik & Singh, Navinder J. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Rate of cooling in a moose (Alces alces) carcass. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 55(3), p. 710–712. doi: 10.7589/2018-05-114. Full text in Research Archive
• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Brainerd, Scott Michael & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2017). Metal deposition of copper and lead bullets in moose harvested in Fennoscandia. Wildlife Society Bulletin (WSB). ISSN 0091-7648. 41(1), p. 98–106. doi: 10.1002/wsb.731. Full text in Research Archive
• Esteruelas, Nuria Fandos; Cattet, Marc; Zedrosser, Andreas; Stenhouse, Gordon; Kûker, Susanne & Evans, Alina [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). A double-blinded, randomized comparison of medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepamand dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos). PLOS ONE. 12(1), p. 1–23. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170764. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We compared anesthetic features, blood parameters, and physiological responses to either medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam or dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam using a double-blinded, randomized experimental design during 40 anesthetic events of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) either captured by helicopter in Sweden or by culvert trap in Canada. Induction was smooth and predictable with both anesthetic protocols. Induction time, the need for supplemental drugs to sustain anesthesia, and capture-related stress were analyzed using generalized linear models, but anesthetic protocol did not differentially affect these variables. Arterial blood gases and acid-base status, and physiological responses were examined using linear mixed models. We documented acidemia (pH of arterial blood < 7.35), hypoxemia (partial pressure of arterial oxygen < 80 mmHg), and hypercapnia (partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide ≥ 45 mmHg) with both protocols. Arterial pH and oxygen partial pressure were similar between groups with the latter improving markedly after oxygen supplementation (p < 0.001). We documented dose-dependent effects of both anesthetic protocols on induction time and arterial oxygen partial pressure. The partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide increased as respiratory rate increased with medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam, but not with dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam, demonstrating a differential drug effect. Differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature among bears could not be attributed to the anesthetic protocol. Heart rate increased with increasing rectal temperature (p < 0.001) and ordinal day of capture (p = 0.002). Respiratory rate was significantly higher in bears captured by helicopter in Sweden than in bears captured by culvert trap in Canada (p < 0.001). Rectal temperature significantly decreased over time (p ≤ 0.05). Overall, we did not find any benefit of using dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam instead of medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam in the anesthesia of brown bears. Both drug combinations appeared to be safe and reliable for the anesthesia of free-ranging brown bears captured by helicopter or by culvert trap.

• Huber, Nikolaus; Vetter, Sebastian G.; Evans, Alina; Kjellander, Petter; Kûker, Susanne & Bergvall, Ulrika A. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Quantifying capture stress in free ranging european roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). BMC Veterinary Research. 13(127). doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1045-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Ecke, Frauke; Singh, Navinder J.; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Bignert, Anders; Helander, Björn & Berglund, Åsa M. M. [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2017). Sublethal Lead Exposure Alters Movement Behavior in Free-Ranging Golden Eagles. Environmental Science and Technology. ISSN 0013-936X. 51(10), p. 5729–5736. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06024. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Oddgeir; Kraabøl, Morten; Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2017). Opphevelse av blyhaglforbudet strider mot befolkningens holdninger til blyutslipp i naturen. Tidsskriftet Utmark. p. 11–20. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I denne artikkelen presenteres resultater fra en landsrepresentativ undersøkelse om befolkningens holdninger til utslipp av miljøgifter i naturen (herunder bly) og opphevelse av blyhaglforbudet. Vi fant ingen signifikant effekt av kjønn, alder eller om man jakter eller ikke på det generelle spørsmålet om å fase ut miljøgifter. Påstanden om at bruk av blyhagl er skadelig for naturmiljøet viste en sterk, positiv sammenheng med positivt syn på å fase ut miljøgifter generelt, mens det var en noe svakere sammenheng mellom et positivt syn på å fase ut miljøgifter og i hvilken grad man mente at kjøttkonsum fra vilt skutt med blyhagl kunne utgjøre en helserisiko. Blant utøvende jegere var mannlige jegere mer positive til opphevingen av forbudet enn kvinnelige jegere. De som ikke jaktet var mest negative til opphevingen av forbudet, og forskjellen mellom kjønn var relativt liten. Kjønn ga imidlertid ikke noe signifikant bidrag til forklaringsmodellen for synet på opphevingen av blyhaglforbudet, men det var en sterk, positiv og signifikant sammenheng for ikke-jegere og positivt syn på opphevelsen av blyhaglforbudet. Det var også en svak positiv sammenheng med alder og støtte for opphevingen av blyhaglforbudet, hvor jegere under 30 år var mer negative til opphevelsen av blyhaglforbudet enn den jegere over 50 år, hvilket støtter hypotesen om at eldre er mer positive til bruk av blyhagl enn yngre jeger. Resultatene viser at et stort flertall av befolkningen er enige i at miljøgifter bør forbys og at man bør anvende alternative materialer som er mindre skadelige. Mer forskningsbasert informasjon om helse- og miljøeffekter under norske forhold er nødvendig for å etablere et kunnskapsgrunnlag for en eventuell differensiering når det gjelder bruk av blyholdig jaktammunisjon til ulike viltarter. This study presents results from a nationwide survey covering public attitudes towards the Norwegian parliamentary decision to rescind the total ban on lead shot used outside wetlands and shooting ranges. We found no significant effect of gender, age or the respondent was a hunter or not on the perception of the governmental decision to out-phase use of environmental toxic substances in general. Gender was not significant related to positive attitudes of lifting the lead-shot ban, while age and non-hunters was positive and significantly related to lift the ban. Hunters <30 years was more negative than hunters >50 years, which support out hypothesis that older hunters are more positive than younger hunters to rescind the total ban on lead shot used for hunting. ammunition, environmental risk, food safety, health risk, hunting, lead, national survey, poisoning, shot, toxicity.

• Lian, Marianne; Bjorck, Sven; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Esteruelas, Nuria Fandos; Angel, Martine & Minsaas, Solveig Cecilie [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Severe hypoxemia in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) immobilized with etorphine and xylazine corrected with supplemental nasal oxygen. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 53(2), p. 356–360. doi: 10.7589/2016-04-085. Full text in Research Archive
• Esteruelas, Nuria Fandos; Huber, Nikolaus; Evans, Alina; Zedrosser, Andreas; Cattet, Marc & Palomares, Francisco [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). Leukocyte coping capacity as a tool to assess capture- and handling-induced stress in Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos). Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 52(2), p. S40–S53. doi: 10.7589/52.2S.S40. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Brown bears (Ursus arctos) are often captured and handled for research and management purposes. Although the techniques used are potentially stressful for the animals and might have detrimental and long-lasting consequences, it is difficult to assess their physiological impact. Here we report the use of the leukocyte coping capacity (LCC) technique to quantify the acute stress of capture and handling in brown bears in Scandinavia. In April and May 2012 and 2013, we collected venous blood samples and recorded a range of physiological variables to evaluate the effects of capture and the added impact of surgical implantation or removal of transmitters and sensors. We studied 24 brown bears, including 19 that had abdominal surgery. We found 1) LCC values following capture were lower in solitary bears than in bears in family groups suggesting capture caused relatively more stress in solitary bears, 2) ability to cope with handling stress was better (greater LCC values) in bears with good body condition, and 3) LCC values did not appear to be influenced by surgery. Although further evaluation of this technique is required, our preliminary results support the use of the LCC technique as a quantitative measure of stress.

• Fuchs, Boris; Zimmermann, Barbara; Wabakken, Petter; Bornstein, Set; Månsson, Johan & Evans, Alina [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2016). Sarcoptic mange in the Scandinavian wolf Canis lupus population. BMC Veterinary Research. 12(156). doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0780-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Sarcoptic mange, a parasitic disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, is regularly reported on wolves Canis lupus in Scandinavia. We describe the distribution and transmission of this parasite within the small but recovering wolf population by analysing 269 necropsy reports and performing a serological survey on 198 serum samples collected from free-ranging wolves between 1998 and 2013. Results: The serological survey among 145 individual captured Scandinavian wolves (53 recaptures) shows a consistent presence of antibodies against sarcoptic mange. Seropositivity among all captured wolves was 10.1 % (CI. 6.4 %–15.1 %). Sarcoptic mange-related mortality reported at necropsy was 5.6 % and due to secondary causes, predominantly starvation. In the southern range of the population, seroprevalence was higher, consistent with higher red fox densities. Female wolves had a lower probability of being seropositive than males, but for both sexes the probability increased with pack size. Recaptured individuals changing from seropositive to seronegative suggest recovery from sarcoptic mange. The lack of seropositive pups (8–10 months, N = 56) and the occurrence of seropositive and seronegative individuals in the same pack indicates interspecific transmission of S. scabiei into this wolf population. Conclusions: We consider sarcoptic mange to have little effect on the recovery of the Scandinavian wolf population. Heterogenic infection patterns on the pack level in combination with the importance of individualbased factors (sex, pack size) and the north–south gradient for seroprevalence suggests low probability of wolf-to-wolf transmission of S. scabiei in Scandinavia.

• Sommer, Felix; Ståhlman, Marcus; Ilkayeva, Olga; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Kindberg, Jonas & Josefsson, Johan [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). The Gut Microbiota Modulates Energy Metabolism in the Hibernating Brown Bear Ursus arctos. Cell reports. 14(7), p. 1655–1661. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.026. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hibernation is an adaptation that helps many animals to conserve energy during food shortage in winter. Brown bears double their fat depots during summer and use these stored lipids during hibernation. Although bears seasonally become obese, they remain metabolically healthy. We analyzed the microbiota of free-ranging brown bears during their active phase and hibernation. Compared to the active phase, hibernation microbiota had reduced diversity, reduced levels of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, and increased levels of Bacteroidetes. Several metabolites involved in lipid metabolism, including triglycerides, cholesterol, and bile acids, were also affected by hibernation. Transplantation of the bear microbiota from summer and winter to germ-free mice transferred some of the seasonal metabolic features and demonstrated that the summer microbiota promoted adiposity without impairing glucose tolerance, suggesting that seasonal variation in the microbiota may contribute to host energy metabolism in the hibernating brown bear.

• Evans, Alina; Singh, Navinder J.; Friebe, Andrea; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Laske, Timothy & Fröbert, O. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Drivers of hibernation in the brown bear. Frontiers in Zoology. 13(7). doi: 10.1186/s12983-016-0140-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Hibernation has been a key area of research for several decades, essentially in small mammals in the laboratory, yet we know very little about what triggers or ends it in the wild. Do climatic factors, an internal biological clock, or physiological processes dominate? Using state-of-the-art tracking and monitoring technology on fourteen free-ranging brown bears over three winters, we recorded movement, heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), body temperature (Tb), physical activity, ambient temperature (TA), and snow depth to identify the drivers of the start and end of hibernation. We used behavioral change point analyses to estimate the start and end of hibernation and convergent cross mapping to identify the causal interactions between the ecological and physiological variables over time. Results: To our knowledge, we have built the first chronology of both ecological and physiological events from before the start to the end of hibernation in the field. Activity, HR, and Tb started to drop slowly several weeks before den entry. Bears entered the den when snow arrived and when ambient temperature reached 0 °C. HRV, taken as a proxy of sympathetic nervous system activity, dropped dramatically once the bear entered the den. This indirectly suggests that denning is tightly coupled to metabolic suppression. During arousal, the unexpected early rise in Tb (two months before den exit) was driven by TA, but was independent of HRV. The difference between Tb and TA decreased gradually suggesting that bears were not thermoconforming. HRV increased only three weeks before exit, indicating that late activation of the sympathetic nervous system likely finalized restoration of euthermic metabolism. Interestingly, it was not until TA reached the presumed lower critical temperature, likely indicating that the bears were seeking thermoneutrality, that they exited the den. Conclusions: We conclude that brown bear hibernation was initiated primarily by environmental cues, but terminated by physiological cues. Keywords: Body temperature, Denning ecology, Metabolic inhibition, Physiological ecology, Thermoregulation

• Esteruelas, Nuria Fandos; Malmsten, Jonas; Bröjer, Caroline; Grandi, Giulio; Lindström, Anders & Brown, Paul [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). Chewing lice Trichodectes pinguis pinguis in Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos). International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 5(2), p. 134–138. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2016.02.002. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In April 2014 and 2015, we noted localized alopecia (neck, forelimbs, and chest) and hyperpigmentation on two adult brown bears (Ursus arctos) captured in central-south Sweden for ecological studies under the Scandinavian Brown Bear Research Project. In spring 2015, a Brown bear was shot because of human-wildlife conflict in the same region. This bear also had extensive alopecia and hyperpigmentation. Ectoparasites were collected from the affected skin areas in all three individuals and preserved in ethanol for identification. Based on morphological characteristics, the lice were identified as Trichodectes spp. and Trichodectes pinguis pinguis. To our knowledge, these are the first reported cases of chewing lice in free-ranging brown bears in Scandinavia.

• Evans, Alina; Singh, Navinder J.; Fuchs, Boris; Blanc, Stéphane; Friebe, Andrea & Laske, Timothy [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). Physiological reactions to capture in hibernating brown bears. Conservation Physiology. 4(1). doi: 10.1093/conphys/cow061. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Human disturbance can affect animal life history and even population dynamics. However, the consequences of these disturbances are difficult to measure. This is especially true for hibernating animals, which are highly vulnerable to disturbance, because hibernation is a process of major physiological changes, involving conservation of energy during a resource-depleted time of year. During the winters of 2011–15, we captured 15 subadult brown bears (Ursus arctos) and recorded their body temperatures (n = 11) and heart rates (n = 10) before, during and after capture using biologgers. We estimated the time for body temperature and heart rate to normalize after the capture event. We then evaluated the effect of the captures on the pattern and depth of hibernation and the day of den emergence by comparing the body temperature of captured bears with that of undisturbed subadult bears (n = 11). Both body temperature and heart rate increased during capture and returned to hibernation levels after 15–20 days. We showed that bears required 2–3 weeks to return to hibernation levels after winter captures, suggesting high metabolic costs during this period. There were also indications that the winter captures resulted in delayed den emergence.

• Lian, Marianne; Beckmen, Kimberlee B.; Bentzen, Torsten W.; Demma, Dominic J. & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2016). Thiafentanil-azaperone-xylazine and carfentanil-xylazine immobilizations of free-ranging caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) in Alaska, USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 52(2), p. 327–334. doi: 10.7589/2015-04-101. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Carfentanil–xylazine (CX) has been the primary drug combination used for immobilizing free-ranging ungulates in Alaska, USA since 1986. We investigated the efficacy of a potential new drug of choice, thiafentanil (Investigational New Animal Drug A-3080). Captive trials indicated that thiafentanil–azaperone–medetomidine could provide good levels of immobilization. However, field trials conducted in October 2013 on free-ranging caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) calves showed the combination too potent, causing three respiratory arrests and one mortality. The protocol was revised to thiafentanil–azaperone–xylazine (TAX), with good results. The induction time was not significantly different between the two combinations. However, the recovery time was significantly shorter for the TAX group than for the CX group. A physiologic evaluation was performed on 12 animals immobilized on CX and 15 animals on TAX. Arterial blood was collected after induction and again after 10 min of intranasal oxygen supplements (1 L/min). Both groups had significant increases in partial pressure of arterial oxygen after oxygen treatment. There was a concurrent significant increase in partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide in both groups. Rectal temperature increased significantly in both groups during the downtime, which is consistent with other studies of potent opioids in ungulates. On the basis of our results, we found TAX to be a potential alternative for the current CX protocol for immobilizing freeranging caribou calves via helicopter darting.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Andersen, Oddgeir; Stokke, Sigbjørn; Thomas, Vernon G.; Krone, Oliver & Pain, Deborah J. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Health and Environmental Risks from Lead-based Ammunition: Science Versus Socio-Politics. EcoHealth. ISSN 1612-9202. p. 1–5. doi: 10.1007/s10393-016-1177-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Paillard, Lye; Jones, Krista; Evans, Alina; Berret, Jérémy; Jacquet, Maxime & Lienhard, Reto [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2015). Serological signature of tick-borne pathogens in Scandinavian brown bears over two decades. Parasites & Vectors. 8. doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0967-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Ozeki, Larissa Mourad; Caulkett, Nigel A.; Stenhouse, Gordon; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Fahlman, Åsa (2015). EFFECT OF ACTIVE COOLING AND a-2 ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISM ON CORE TEMPERATURE IN ANESTHETIZED BROWN BEARS (URSUS ARCTOS). Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine. ISSN 1042-7260. 46(2), p. 279–285. doi: 10.1638/2014-0052R.1. Full text in Research Archive
• Græsli, Anne Randi; Evans, Alina; Fahlman, Åsa; Bertelsen, Mads Frost; Blanc, Stéphane & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2015). Seasonal variation in haematological and biochemical variables in free-ranging subadult brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Sweden. BMC Veterinary Research. 11:301, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0615-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Free-ranging brown bears exhibit highly contrasting physiological states throughout the year. They hibernate 6 months of the year, experiencing a decrease in body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and metabolism. An increase in food consumption and the resulting weight gain (mostly through fat storage) prior to hibernation are also part of the brown bear’s annual cycle. Due to these physiological changes, haematological and biochemical variables vary dramatically throughout the year. Seasonal changes in 12 haematological and 34 biochemical variables were evaluated in blood samples collected from 40 free-ranging subadult brown bears (22 females, 18 males) immobilised in Sweden in winter (February-March), spring (April-May), and summer (June). Results: Higher levels of haemoglobin, haematocrit and red blood cell count, and a lower white blood cell count and mean cell volume was found during hibernation than in spring and summer. Lower values of the enzymes; aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GD) and amylase, and increased values of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HBA) and blood lipids; triglycerides, cholesterol and free fatty acids, were present during hibernation compared to spring and summer. Conclusions: This study documents significant shifts in haematological and biochemical variables in samples collected from brown bears anaesthetised in winter (February-March) compared to in spring and summer (April-June), reflecting the lowered metabolic, renal and hepatic activity during hibernation. Lower values of enzymes and higher values of blood lipids during hibernation, likely reflect a lipid-based metabolism.

• Frankowiack, Marcel; Olsson, Mia; Cluff, Howard Dean; Evans, Alina; Hellman, Lars & Månsson, Johan [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). IgA deficiency in wolves from Canada and Scandinavia. Developmental and Comparative Immunology. ISSN 0145-305X. 50(1), p. 26–28. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.12.009. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Immunoglobulin A deficiency (IgAD) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in both humans and selected breeds of domestic dogs. In both species, IgAD is associated with recurrent infections and immune mediated diseases. Previous results imply that IgAD is also common in the wild ancestor of domestic dogs, the gray wolf. Here, we report that serum IgA concentrations are significantly different in Scandinavian and Canadian wolves (p = 3.252e−15) with an increased prevalence for IgAD in Scandinavian wolves (60%), which is as high as those found in high-risk dog breeds.

• Caulkett, Nigel A. & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2015). Comparative anesthesia and analgesia of zoo animals and wildlife. In Grimm, Kurt A.; Lamont, Leigh A.; Tranquilli, William J.; Greene, Stephen A & Robertson, Sheilah A. (Ed.), Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia : the fifth edition of Lumb and Jones. Wiley-Blackwell. ISSN 9781118526231. p. 764–776. doi: 10.1002/9781119421375.ch40. Full text in Research Archive
• Ericsson, Göran; Dettki, Holger; Neumann, Wiebke; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Singh, Navinder (2015). Offset between GPS collar-recorded temperature in moose and ambient weather station data. European Journal of Wildlife Research. ISSN 1612-4642. 61, p. 919–922. doi: 10.1007/s10344-015-0968-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Girling, Simon; Campbell-Palmer, Róisín; Pizzi, Romain; Fraser, Mary A.; Cracknell, Jonathan & Arnemo, Jon Martin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Haematology and Serum Biochemistry Parameters and Variations in the Eurasian Beaver (Castor fiber). PLOS ONE. 10(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128775. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Haematology parameters (N = 24) and serum biochemistry parameters (N = 35) were determined for wild Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber), between 6 months – 12 years old. Of the population tested in this study, N = 18 Eurasian beavers were from Norway and N = 17 originating from Bavaria but now living extensively in a reserve in England. All blood samples were collected from beavers via the ventral tail vein. All beavers were chemically restrained using inhalant isoflurane in 100% oxygen prior to blood sampling. Results were determined for haematological and serum biochemical parameters for the species and were compared between the two different populations with differences in means estimated and significant differences being noted. Standard blood parameters for the Eurasian beaver were determined and their ranges characterised using percentiles. Whilst the majority of blood parameters between the two populations showed no significant variation, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin and white blood cell counts showed significantly greater values (p<0.01) in the Bavarian origin population than the Norwegian; neutrophil counts, alpha 2 globulins, cholesterol, sodium: potassium ratios and phosphorus levels showed significantly (p<0.05) greater values in Bavarian versus Norwegian; and potassium, bile acids, gamma globulins, urea, creatinine and total calcium values levels showed significantly (p<0.05) greater values in Norwegian versus Bavarian relict populations. No significant differences were noted between male and female beavers or between sexually immature (<3 years old) and sexually mature (≥3 years old) beavers in the animals sampled. With Eurasian beaver reintroduction encouraged by legislation throughout Europe, knowledge of baseline blood values for the species and any variations therein is essential when assessing their health and welfare and the success or failure of any reintroduction program. This is the first study to produce base-line blood values and their variations for the Eurasian beaver.

• Küker, Susanne; Huber, Nikolaus; Evans, Alina; Kjellander, Petter; Bergvall, Ulrika A. & Jones, Krista [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Hematology, Serum chemistry, and serum protein electrophoresis ranges for free-ranging roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Sweden. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 51(1), p. 269–273. doi: 10.7589/2014-02-025. Full text in Research Archive
• Støen, Ole-Gunnar; Fernandez, Andres Avelino Ordiz; Evans, Alina; Laske, Timothy G.; Kindberg, Jonas & Fröbert, Ole [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). Physiological evidence for a human-induced landscape of fear in brown bears (Ursus arctos). Physiology and Behavior. ISSN 0031-9384. 152(A), p. 244–248. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.030. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Human persecution is a major cause of mortality for large carnivores. Consequently, large carnivores avoid humans, but may use human-dominated landscapes by being nocturnal and elusive. Behavioral studies indicate that certain ecological systems are “landscapes of fear”, driven by antipredator behavior. Because behavior and physiology are closely interrelated, physiological assessments may provide insight into the behavioral response of large carnivores to human activity. To elucidate changes in brown bears' (Ursus arctos) behavior associated with human activity, we evaluated stress as changes in heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in 12 GPS-collared, free-ranging bears, 7 males and 5 females, 3–11 years old, using cardiac-monitoring devices. We applied generalized linear regression models with HR and HRV as response variables and chest activity, time of day, season, distance traveled, and distance to human settlements from GPS positions recorded every 30 min as potential explanatory variables. Bears exhibited lower HRV, an indication of stress, when they were close to human settlements and especially during the berry season, when humans were more often in the forest, picking berries and hunting. Our findings provide evidence of a human-induced landscape of fear in this hunted population of brown bears.

• Bergvall, U.A; Kjellander, Petter; Ahlqvist, Per; Johansson, Örjan; Sköld, Kent & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2015). Chemical Immobilization of Free-ranging Fallow Deer (Dama dama): Effect of Needle Length on Induction Time. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 51(2), p. 484–487. doi: 10.7589/2013-11-290. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Evans, Alina; Lian, Marianne & Os, Øystein (2014). Aktuelle medikamentdoser til sedasjon, immobilisering og anestesi av norsk rein og Svalbardrein. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 126(2), p. 150–153. Full text in Research Archive
• Stokke, Sigbjørn & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2014). Hvor langt løper en skadeskutt rein? Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 126(2), p. 258–261. Full text in Research Archive
• Græsli, Anne Randi; Fahlman, Åsa; Evans, Alina; Bertelsen, Mads Frost; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Nielsen, Søren Saxmose (2014). Haematological and biochemical reference intervals for free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Sweden. BMC Veterinary Research. 10(1). doi: 10.1186/s12917-014-0183-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Establishment of haematological and biochemical reference intervals is important to assess health of animals on individual and population level. Reference intervals for 13 haematological and 34 biochemical variables were established based on 88 apparently healthy free-ranging brown bears (39 males and 49 females) in Sweden. The animals were chemically immobilised by darting from a helicopter with a combination of medetomidine, tiletamine and zolazepam in April and May 2006–2012 in the county of Dalarna, Sweden. Venous blood samples were collected during anaesthesia for radio collaring and marking for ecological studies. For each of the variables, the reference interval was described based on the 95% confidence interval, and differences due to host characteristics sex and age were included if detected. To our knowledge, this is the first report of reference intervals for free-ranging brown bears in Sweden. Results: The following variables were not affected by host characteristics: red blood cell, white blood cell, monocyte and platelet count, alanine transaminase, amylase, bilirubin, free fatty acids, glucose, calcium, chloride, potassium, and cortisol. Age differences were seen for the majority of the haematological variables, whereas sex influenced only mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, aspartate aminotransferase, lipase, lactate dehydrogenase, β-globulin, bile acids, triglycerides and sodium. Conclusions: The biochemical and haematological reference intervals provided and the differences due to host factors age and gender can be useful for evaluation of health status in free-ranging European brown bears.

• Ozeki, Larissa Mourad; Fahlman, Åsa; Stenhouse, Gordon; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Caulkett, Nigel (2014). Evaluation of the accuracy of different methods of monitoring body temperature in anesthetized brown bears (Ursus arctos). Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine. ISSN 1042-7260. 45(4), p. 819–824. doi: 10.1638/2014-0039.1. Full text in Research Archive
• Sente, Celsus; Meisingset, Erling L.; Evans, Alina; Wedul, Sari Jemiina; Zimmermann, Barbara & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2014). Reversible Immobilization of Free-ranging Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) with Xylazine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam and Atipamezole. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 50(2), p. 359–363. doi: 10.7589/2012-10-267. Full text in Research Archive
• Fahlman, Åsa; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Pringle, John & Nyman, Görel (2014). Oxygen supplementation in anesthetized brown bears (Ursus Arctos)-how low can you go? Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 50(3), p. 574–581. doi: 10.7589/2013-06-148. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hypoxemia is anticipated during wildlife anesthesia and thus should be prevented. We evaluated the efficacy of low flow rates of supplemental oxygen for improvement of arterial oxygenation in anesthetized brown bears (Ursus arctos). The study included 32 free-ranging brown bears (yearlings, subadults, and adults; body mass 12–250 kg) that were darted with medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine (MZT) from a helicopter in Sweden. During anesthesia, oxygen was administered intranasally from portable oxygen cylinders at different flow rates (0.5–3 L/min). Arterial blood samples were collected before (pre-O2), during, and after oxygen therapy and immediately processed with a portable analyzer. Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, and pulse oximetry-derived hemoglobin oxygen saturation were recorded. Intranasal oxygen supplementation at the evaluated flow rates significantly increased the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) from pre-O2 values of 9.1±1.3 (6.3–10.9) kPa to 20.4±6.8 (11.1–38.7) kPa during oxygen therapy. When oxygen therapy was discontinued, the PaO2 decreased to values not significantly different from the pre-O2 values. In relation to the body mass of the bears, the following oxygen flow rates are recommended: 0.5 L/min to bears <51 kg, 1 L/min to bears 51–100 kg, 2 L/min to bears 101–200 kg, and 3 L/min to bears 201–250 kg. In conclusion, low flow rates of intranasal oxygen were sufficient to improve arterial oxygenation in brown bears anesthetized with MZT. Because hypoxemia quickly recurred when oxygen was discontinued, oxygen supplementation should be provided continuously throughout anesthesia.

• Jørgensen, Peter Godsk; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Swenson, Jon; Jensen, Jan S.; Galatius, Søren & Frøbert, Ole (2014). Low cardiac output as physiological phenomenon in hibernating, free-ranging Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos) - an observational study. Cardiovascular Ultrasound. 12(36). doi: 10.1186/1476-7120-12-36. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Despite 5-7 months of physical inactivity during hibernation, brown bears (Ursus arctos) are able to cope with physiological conditions that would be detrimental to humans. During hibernation, the tissue metabolic demands fall to 25% of the active state. Our objective was to assess cardiac function associated with metabolic depression in the hibernating vs. active states in free-ranging Scandinavian brown bears. Methods: We performed echocardiography on seven free-ranging brown bears in Dalarna, Sweden, anesthetized with medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine-ketamin e during winter hibernation in February 2013 and with medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine during active state in June 2013. We measured cardiac output noninvasively using estimates of hemodynamics obtained by pulsed wave Doppler echocardiography and 2D imaging. Comparisons were made using paired T-tests. Results: During hibernation, all hemodynamic indices were significantly decreased (hibernating vs. active state): mean heart rate was 26.0 (standard deviation (SD): 5.6) beats per min vs. 75.0 (SD: 17.1) per min (P = 0.002), mean stroke volume 32.3 (SD: 5.2) ml vs. 47.1 (SD: 7.9) ml (P = 0.008), mean cardiac output 0.86 (SD: 0.31) l/min vs. 3.54 (SD: 1.04) l/min (P = 0.003), and mean cardiac index 0.63 (SD: 0.21) l/min/kg vs. 2.45 (SD: 0.52) l/min/ m 2 (P < 0.001). Spontaneous echo contrast was present in all cardiac chambers in all seven bears during hibernation, despite the absence of atrial arrhythmias and valvular disease. Conclusion: Free-ranging brown bears demonstrate hemodynamics comparable to humans during active state, whereas during hibernation, we documented extremely low-flow hemodynamics. Understanding these physiological changes in bears may help to gain insight into the mechanisms of cardiogenic shock and heart failure in humans

• Lian, Marianne; Evans, Alina; Bertelsen, Mads F.; Fahlman, Åsa; Haga, Henning Andreas & Ericsson, Göran [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Improvement of arterial oxygenation in free-ranging moose (Alces alces) immobilized with etorphine-acepromazine-xylazine. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica (AVS). ISSN 0044-605X. 29(1). doi: 10.1186/s13028-014-0051-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background The effect of intranasal oxygen and/or early reversal of xylazine with atipamezole on arterial oxygenation in free-ranging moose (Alces alces) immobilized with etorphine-acepromazine-xylazine with a cross-sectional clinical study on 33 adult moose was evaluated. Moose were darted from a helicopter with 3.37 mg etorphine, 15 mg acepromazine and 75 mg xylazine. Intranasal oxygen at a flow rate of 4 L/min and/or early reversal of xylazine with 7.5 mg atipamezole to improve oxygenation was evaluated, using four treatment regimens; intranasal oxygen (n = 10), atipamezole intramuscularly (n = 6), atipamezole intravenously (n = 10), or a combination of atipamezole intravenously and intranasal oxygen (n = 7). Arterial blood was collected 7–30 minutes (min) after darting, and again 15 min after institution of treatment and immediately analyzed using an i-STAT®1 Portable Clinical Analyzer. Results Before treatment the mean ± SD (range) partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) was 62 ± 17 (26–99) mmHg. Twenty-six animals had a PaO2 < 80 mmHg. Ten had a PaO2 of 40–60 mmHg and three animals had a PaO2 < 40 mmHg. Intranasal oxygen and intravenous administration of atipamezole significantly increased the mean PaO2, as did the combination of the two. In contrast, atipamezole administered intramuscularly at the evaluated dose had no significant effect on arterial oxygenation. Conclusions This study shows that intranasal oxygen effectively improved arterial oxygenation in immobilized moose, and that early intravenous reversal of the sedative component, in this case xylazine, in an opioid-based immobilization drug-protocol significantly improves arterial oxygenation.

• Friebe, Andrea; Evans, Alina; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Blanc, Stephane; Brunberg, Sven & Fleissner, Günther [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Factors affecting date of implantation, parturition, and den entry estimated from activity and body temperature in free-ranging brown bears. PLOS ONE. 9(7). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101410. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Knowledge of factors influencing the timing of reproduction is important for animal conservation and management. Brown bears (Ursus arctos) are able to vary the birth date of their cubs in response to their fat stores, but little information is available about the timing of implantation and parturition in free-ranging brown bears. Body temperature and activity of pregnant brown bears is higher during the gestation period than during the rest of hibernation and drops at parturition. We compared mean daily body temperature and activity levels of pregnant and nonpregnant females during preimplantation, gestation, and lactation. Additionally we tested whether age, litter size, primiparity, environmental conditions, and the start of hibernation influence the timing of parturition. The mean date of implantation was 1 December (SD = 12), the mean date of parturition was 26 January (SD = 12), and the mean duration of the gestation period was 56 days (SD = 2). The body temperature of pregnant females was higher during the gestation and lactation periods than that of nonpregnant bears. The body temperature of pregnant females decreased during the gestation period. Activity recordings were also used to determine the date of parturition. The parturition dates calculated with activity and body temperature data did not differ significantly and were the same in 50% of the females. Older females started hibernation earlier. The start of hibernation was earlier during years with favorable environmental conditions. Dates of parturition were later during years with good environmental conditions which was unexpected. We suggest that free-ranging pregnant brown bears in areas with high levels of human activities at the beginning of the denning period, as in our study area, might prioritize investing energy in early denning than in early parturition during years with favorable environmental conditions, as a strategy to prevent disturbances caused by human.

• Painer, Johanna; Jewgenow, Katarina; Dehnhard, Martin; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Physiologically persistent corpora lutea in Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) - Longitudinal ultrasound and endocrine examinations intra-vitam. PLOS ONE. 9(3). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090469. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Felids generally follow a poly-estrous reproductive strategy. Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) display a different pattern of reproductive cyclicity where physiologically persistent corpora lutea (CLs) induce a mono-estrous condition which results in highly seasonal reproduction. The present study was based around a sono-morphological and endocrine study of captive Eurasian lynx, and a control-study on free-ranging lynx. We verified that CLs persist after pregnancy and pseudo-pregnancy for at least a two-year period. We could show that lynx are able to enter estrus in the following year, while CLs from the previous years persisted in structure and only temporarily reduced their function for the period of estrus onset or birth, which is unique among felids. The almost constant luteal progesterone secretion (average of 5 ng/ml serum) seems to prevent folliculogenesis outside the breeding season and has converted a poly-estrous general felid cycle into a monoestrous cycle specific for lynx. The hormonal regulation mechanism which causes lynx to have the longest CL lifespan amongst mammals remains unclear. The described non-felid like ovarian physiology appears to be a remarkably non-plastic system. The lynx’s reproductive ability to adapt to environmental and anthropogenic changes needs further investigation

• Stokke, Sigbjørn & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2014). Godt eller dårlig treff? En ny og universell modell gir deg svaret. In Storaas, Torstein & Langdal, Kjell (Ed.), Ikkje berre ulv og bly - glimt frå forskninga på Evenstad. Oplandske Bokforlag. ISSN 9788275182232. p. 163–170. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Når er et storvilt skadeskutt? Hittil har det ikke eksistert noen god definisjon av skadeskyting (Anonymus 2009, Stokke et al. 2012). Selv ikke i lovverket er dette begrepet definert (Lovdata 2012). Her ønsker vi å formidle informasjon som kan hjelpe jegerne til raskere å kunne avgjøre hvorvidt et jaktbart pattedyr av en gitt størrelse er skadeskutt eller ikke. Vi presenterer en ny modell som uavhengig av viltart og størrelse kan hjelpe jegerne til raskere å vurdere om en skadeskyting har skjedd og om man dermed må påregne et ettersøk. Det eneste som kreves, er å registrere lengden av sporløypa etter at dyret ble truffet.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Stokke, Sigbjørn (2014). Blyrester fra kuler og hagl i viltkjøtt er en helserisiko. In Storaas, Torstein & Langdal, Kjell (Ed.), Ikkje berre ulv og bly - glimt frå forskninga på Evenstad. Oplandske Bokforlag. ISSN 9788275182232. p. 171–175. Full text in Research Archive
• Zimmermann, Barbara; Sand, Håkan; Wabakken, Petter; Wikenros, Camilla; Eriksen, Ane & Strømseth, Thomas Holm [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2014). Ulven som rovdyr på klauvvilt i Skandinavia. In Storaas, Torstein & Langdal, Kjell (Ed.), Ikkje berre ulv og bly - glimt frå forskninga på Evenstad. Oplandske Bokforlag. ISSN 9788275182232. p. 221–245. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Med ulvens tilbakekomst og bestandsøkning i Skandinavia spurte mange om ulven ville påvirke klauvviltbestanden og redusere elgjaktens avkastning. Det Skandinaviske Ulveforskningsprosjektet SKANDULV (http://skandulv.nina.no/) har derfor fokusert mye av forskningen på ulvens rolle som rovdyr. Ved å merke ulv med GPS og lete etter byttedyrrester på GPS-posisjonene kunne vi konstatere at elg var det viktigste byttedyret til ulv, og at rådyr bare hadde betydning i områder med svært høye rådyrtettheter. Blant elgene selekterte ulv for kalver og de eldste dyrene i bestanden. Ofte var de gamle byttedyrene i dårlig hold. Drapsraten lå på gjennomsnittlig 0,25 (vinter) og 0,58 (sommer) elg per flokk per døgn og varierte med tilgang på elg og flokkstørrelse. Ulvepar uten valper og små ulveflokker la ned mer bytte enn nødvendig for å dekke sine daglige energibehov, mens i store flokker klarte ikke ulveparet å legge ned nok bytte til alle flokkmedlemmene. Totalt vil ulveflokker ta 100 – 144 elger i løpet av et år. Hvor stor del av elgene i et jaktområde som blir drept av ulv, avhenger av ulverevirets størrelse og elgens tetthet i området. SKANDULV har utviklet et web-basert verktøy for rettighetshavere for å forutsi jaktens avkastning i områder med ulv og/eller bjørn ved forskjellige høstingsregimer (http://www.algforvaltning.se/moosemodel/). Denne nye kunnskapen om ulvenes atferd og påvirkning på elgbestanden i Skandinavia er viktig for forvaltningen. I denne artikkelen belyser vi flere aspekter ved ulvens rolle som rovdyr i det kompliserte samspillet med landskapet, flere rovdyrarter, åtselsetere, klauvvilt og mennesker.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Evans, Alina; Ahlqvist, Per; Segerström, Peter & Liberg, Olof (2013). Evaluation of Medetomidine-Ketamine and Atipamezole for Reversible Anesthesia of Free-ranging Gray Wolves (Canis lupus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 49(2), p. 403–407. doi: 10.7589/2011-12-366. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Twenty-eight anesthetic events were carried out on 24 free-ranging Scandinavian gray wolves (Canis lupus) by darting from a helicopter with 5 mg medetomidine and 250 mg ketamine during winter in 2002 and 2003. Mean6SD doses were 0.16260.008 mg medetomidine/ kg and 8.160.4 mg ketamine/kg in juveniles (7–10 mo old) and 0.11060.014 mg medetomidine/kg and 5.760.5 mg ketamine/kg in adults (.19 mo old). Mean6SD induction time was shorter (P,0.01) in juveniles (2.360.8 min) than in adults (4.160.6 min). In 26 cases, the animals were completely immobilized after one dart. Muscle relaxation was good, palpebral reflexes were present, and there were no reactions to handling orminor painful stimuli. Mild to severe hyperthermia was detected in 14/ 28 anesthetic events. Atipamezole (5 mg per mg medetomidine) was injected intramuscularly for reversal 98628 and 94640 min after darting in juveniles and adults, respectively. Mean6SD time from administration of atipamezole to coordinated walking was 38620 min in juveniles and 41621 min in adults. Recovery was uneventful in 25 anesthetic events, although vomiting was observed in five animals. One adult that did not respond to atipamezole was given intravenous fluids and was fully recovered 8 hr after darting. Two animals died 7–9 hr after capture, despite intensive care. Both mortalities were attributed to shock and circulatory collapse following stress-induced hyperthermia. Although effective, this combination cannot be recommended for darting free-ranging wolves from helicopter at the doses presented here because of the severe hyperthermia seen in several wolves, two deaths, and prolonged recovery in one individual.

• Miller, Andrea L.; Evans, Alina; Os, Øystein & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2013). BIOCHEMICAL AND HEMATOLOGIC REFERENCE VALUES FOR FREE-RANGING, CHEMICALLY IMMOBILIZED WILD NORWEGIAN REINDEER (RANGIFER TARANDUS TARANDUS) DURING EARLY WINTER. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 49(2), p. 221–228. doi: 10.7589/2012-04-115. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hematologic and serum biochemistry values were evaluated in free-ranging, wild Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) as part of a reintroduction program in southwestern Norway in November 1995 and 1996. Animals were immobilized with medetomidine-ketamine by dart from a helicopter. Blood was drawn for serum chemistry from 31 adults (nine males and 22 females) and for hematology from 29 adults (eight males and 21 females). Significant differences (P,0.05) were found between male and female results for alkaline phosphatase, selenium, and zinc. Although there was a significant difference between male and female gamma-globulin values and the total albumin:globulin ratio, the overall values are much lower than those reported for other Rangifer species. Sexual differences should be interpreted with caution due to the low number of males compared to females. References ranges are presented combining male and female results for hematology and serum chemistry and separately for males and females for serum electrophoresis. No correlation was found between induction time and aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase, glucose, cortisol, or total protein. Blood values were generally similar to those published for semidomestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and free-ranging caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), but the effect of capture drugs, stress, season, and sample size should be considered with interpretation. This paper provides the first report of baseline hematologic and serum biochemistry reference ranges for freeranging, wild Norwegian reindeer during early winter.

• Axelsson, Erik; Ratnakumar, Abhirami; Arendt, Maja-Louise; Maqbool, Khurram; Webster, Matthew T. & Perloski, Michele [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2013). The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet. Nature. ISSN 0028-0836. 495(7441), p. 360–364. doi: 10.1038/nature11837. Full text in Research Archive
• Evans, Alina; Lian, Marianne; Neves, Carlos G Das; Os, Øystein; Andersen, Roy & Aanes, Ronny [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2013). Physiologic Evaluation of Medetomidine-Ketamine Anesthesia in Free-ranging Svalbard (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and Wild Norwegian Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 49(4), p. 1037–1041. doi: 10.7589/2013-03-049. Full text in Research Archive
• Sahdo, Berolla; Evans, Alina; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Fröbert, Ole; Särndahl, Eva & Blanc, Stéphane (2013). Body Temperature during Hibernation Is Highly Correlated with a Decrease in Circulating Innate Immune Cells in the Brown Bear (Ursus arctos): A Common Feature among Hibernators? International Journal of Medical Sciences. 10(5), p. 508–514. doi: 10.7150/ijms.4476. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Hibernation involves periods of severely depressed metabolism (torpor) and decreases in body temperature (Tb). Small arctic mammals (<5kg), in which Tb generally drop drastically, display leukopenia during hibernation. This raised the question of whether the decreased leukocyte counts in mammalian hibernators is due to torpor per se or is secondary to low Tb. The present study examined immune cell counts in brown bears (Ursus arctos), where torpor is only associated with shallow decreases in Tb. The results were compared across hibernator species for which immune and Tb data were available. Methods and Results: The white blood cell counts were determined by flow cytometry in 13 bears captured in the field both during summer and winter over 2 years time. Tb dropped from 39.6±0.8 to 33.5±1.1°C during hibernation. Blood neutrophils and monocytes were lower during hibernation than during the active period (47%, p= 0.001; 43%, p=0.039, respectively), whereas no change in lymphocyte counts was detected (p=0.599). Further, combining our data and those from 10 studies on 9 hibernating species suggested that the decline in Tb explained the decrease in innate immune cells (R2=0.83, p<0.0001). Conclusions: Bears have fewer innate immune cells in circulation during hibernation, which may represent a suppressed innate immune system. Across species comparison suggests that, both in small and large hibernators, Tb is the main driver of immune function regulation during winter dormancy. The lack of a difference in lymphocyte counts in this context requires further investigations.

• Gorini, Lucrezia; Wedul, Sari Jemiina; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Linnell, John Durrus; Boitani, Luigi & Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland (2013). Field Anesthesia of Least Weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis) with Isoflurane. Wildlife Biology in Practice. 9(1), p. 7–13. doi: 10.2461/wbp.2013.9.2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aggressive and agile nature of weasels makes the use of inhalant anesthetics preferable to injectable agents because inhalant anesthetics generally reduce handling time, cause less stress and present no risk of delivering the drug into an unintended area. Here we report on the use of the inhalant anesthetic isoflurane in free ranging least weasels. We used a battery powered portable anesthesia unit (Uninventor 400 Anesthesia Unit, AgnTho’s AB, Sweden) to immobilize the animals in the field. The isoflurane liquid was filled in a syringe connected to a vaporizer where it mixed with air coming from an air pump. The animals inhaled the anesthetic first in a wooden chamber and then through a modified facial mask. Mean induction time in the anesthetic chamber was 4.8 minutes (± 0.3 SE) with a setting of 4% isoflurane. The anesthesia was maintained with the facial mask and a setting of 2% isoflurane. Mean recovery time was 16.4 minutes (± 2.1 SE) and mean recumbency time 40.7 minutes (± 2.9 SE). We anesthesized 9 animals, had no fatalities during anesthesia and all animals recovered quickly. One animal was found dead 11 days post-capture of undetermined cause. Isoflurane is safe and easy to use with the tested setting. However we were unsuccessful in monitoring the animals following their release and we therefore recommend further evaluation of the anesthetic. In addition, we recommend the use of a wooden anesthetic chamber with bedding to avoid the risk of hypothermia. Anesthesia, Least Weasel, Nest Box,Portable Anesthesia Unit

• Frankowiack, Marcel; Hellman, Lars; Zhao, Yaofeng; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Lin, Miaoli & Tengvall, Katarina [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2013). IgA deficiency in wolves. Developmental and Comparative Immunology. ISSN 0145-305X. 40(2), p. 180–184. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.01.005. Full text in Research Archive
• Fahlman, Åsa; Caulkett, Nigel A.; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Neuhaus, Peter & Ruckstuhl, Kathreen E. (2012). Efficacy of a Portable Oxygen Concentrator with Pulsed Delivery for Treatment of Hypoxemia During Anesthesia of Wildlife. Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine. ISSN 1042-7260. 43(1), p. 67–76. doi: 10.1638/2011-0064.1. Full text in Research Archive
• Thompson, Craig M.; Green, Rebecca A.; Sauder, Joel; Purcell, Kathryn L.; Sweitzer, Richard A. & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2012). The use of radiotelemetry in research on Martes species : techniques and technologies. In Aubry, Keith B.; Zielinski, William J.; Raphael, Martin G.; Proulx, Gilbert & Buskirk, Steven W. (Ed.), Biology and conservation of martens, sables and fishers : a new synthesis. Cornell University Press (CUP). ISSN 9780801450884. p. 284–319. doi: 10.7591/9780801466076-016. Full text in Research Archive
• Painer, Johanna; Zedrosser, Andreas; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Fahlman, Åsa; Brunberg, Sven & Segerstrøm, Peter [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). Effects of different doses of medetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam on the duration of induction and immobilization in free-ranging yearling brown bears (Ursus arctos). Canadian Journal of Zoology. ISSN 0008-4301. 90(6), p. 753–757. doi: 10.1139/z2012-046. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We compared anesthetic protocols with different doses of tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) combined with medetomidine (M) for 288 yearling brown bear (Ursus arctos) immobilizations with the objective of finding a combination of doses that would provide fast induction with a duration of anesthesia long enough to minimize the need for administering additional drug. The duration of induction time and immobilization was dose-dependent. Increasing the M dose resulted in significantly shorter induction times and a lower probability of giving supplemental drugs. Increasing the TZ dose prolonged duration of anesthesia. For yearling brown bears in Scandinavia, captured shortly after den emergence in April and May, we recommend total dart doses of 1.0 to 1.66 mg M/dart, plus 62.5 to 125 mg TZ/dart, depending on the individual requirements for the length and depth of anaesthesia.

• Evans, Alina; Fahlman, Åsa; Ericsson, Göran; Haga, Henning Andreas & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2012). Physiological evaluation of free-ranging moose (Alces alces) immobilized with etorphine-xylazine-acepromazine in Northern Sweden. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica (AVS). ISSN 0044-605X. 54(77). doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-77. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Evaluation of physiology during capture and anesthesia of free-ranging wildlife is useful for determining the effect that capture methods have on both ecological research results and animal welfare. This study evaluates capture and anesthesia of moose (Alces alces) with etorphine-xylazine-acepromazine in Northern Sweden. Methods Fifteen adult moose aged 3–15 years were darted from a helicopter with a combination of 3.37 mg etorphine, 75 mg xylazine, and 15 mg acepromazine. Paired arterial blood samples were collected 15 minutes apart with the first sample at 15–23 minutes after darting and were analyzed immediately with an i-STAT®1 Portable Clinical Analyzer. Results All animals developed hypoxemia (PaO2 <10 kPa) with nine animals having marked hypoxemia (PaO2 5.5-8 kPa). All moose were acidemic (ph<7.35) with nine moose having marked acidemia (pH<7.20). For PaCO2, 14 moose had mild hypercapnia (PaCO2 6-8 kPa) and two had marked hypercapnia (PaCO2>8 kPa). Pulse, respiratory rate, pH and HCO3 increased significantly over time from darting whereas lactate decreased. Conclusions The hypoxemia found in this study is a strong indication for investigating alternative drug doses or combinations or treatment with supplemental oxygen.

• Lèchenne, Monique Sarah; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Bröjer, Caroline; Andrén, Henrik & Ågren, Erik Olof (2012). Mortalities due to constipation and dystocia caused by intraperitoneal radio-transmitters in Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). European Journal of Wildlife Research. ISSN 1612-4642. 58(2), p. 503–506. doi: 10.1007/s10344-011-0572-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Three lynx (Lynx lynx) were found dead following complications after a surgically implanted free floating intraperitoneal radio-transmitter became lodged within the pelvic canal. Two yearling lynx died due to consequences following severe constipation as the transmitter compressed the colon. Both were emaciated, with no abdominal or intrapelvic fat, which allowed the transmitter implant to fit into the pelvic canal. An adult female lynx died of dystocia when the pelvic birth canal was blocked by the transmitter when parturition began, leading to uterine rupture and subsequent peritonitis. A total of 41 lynx was implanted with this type of intraperitoneal transmitter in Scandinavia 1997-2002. After the three transmitter-associated mortalities, the transmitter type used in lynx cubs was exchanged for another model, and further fatalities due to the implants have not been documented.

• Rostal, Melinda K.; Evans, Alina; Solberg, Erling Johan & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2012). HEMATOLOGY AND SERUM CHEMISTRY REFERENCE RANGES OF FREE-RANGING MOOSE (ALCES ALCES) IN NORWAY. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 48(3), p. 548–559. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-48.3.548. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Baseline reference ranges of serum chemistry and hematology data can be important indicators for the status of both individuals or populations of wild animals that are affected by emerging pathogens, toxicants, or other causes of disease. Frequently, reference ranges for these values are not available for wildlife species or subspecies. We present hematologic and serum chemistry reference ranges for moose (Alces alces) adults, yearlings, and calves in Norway sampled from 1992–2000. Additionally, we demonstrated that both induction time and chase time were correlated with initial rectal temperature, although they were not significantly correlated with cortisol, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, or creatine kinase. Overall, the reference ranges given here are similar to those given for American moose, with a few differences that can be attributed to environment, testing methodology, or subspecies or species status. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of reference ranges for moose in Norway

• Arinell, Karin; Sahdo, Berolla; Evans, Alina; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Baanddrup, Ulrik & Fröbert, Ole (2012). Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) Seem Resistant to Atherosclerosis ­Despite Highly Elevated Plasma Lipids during Hibernation and Active State. Clinical and Translational Science (CTS). ISSN 1752-8054. 5(3), p. 269–272. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2011.00370.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Evans, Alina; Sahlén, Veronica; Støen, Ole-Gunnar; Fahlman, Åsa; Brunberg, Sven & Madslien, Knut [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2012). Capture, Anesthesia, and Disturbance of Free-Ranging Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) during Hibernation. PLOS ONE. 7(7). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040520. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We conducted thirteen immobilizations of previously collared hibernating two- to four-year-old brown bears (Ursus arctos) weighing 21–66 kg in central Sweden in winter 2010 and 2011 for comparative physiology research. Here we report, for the first time, an effective protocol for the capture and anesthesia of free-ranging brown bears during hibernation and an assessment of the disturbance the captures caused. Bears were darted in anthill, soil, or uprooted tree dens on eleven occasions, but two bears in rock dens fled and were darted outside the den. We used medetomidine at 0.02–0.06 mg/kg and zolazepam-tiletamine at 0.9–2.8 mg/kg for anesthesia. In addition, ketamine at 1.5 mg/kg was hand-injected intramuscularly in four bears and in six it was included in the dart at 1.1–3.0 mg/kg. Once anesthetized, bears were removed from the dens. In nine bears, arterial blood samples were analyzed immediately with a portable blood gas analyzer. We corrected hypoxemia in seven bears (PaO2 57–74 mmHg) with supplemental oxygen. We placed the bears back into the dens and antagonized the effect of medetomidine with atipamezole. Capturing bears in the den significantly increased the risk of den abandonment. One of twelve collared bears that were captured remained at the original den until spring, and eleven, left their dens (mean ± standard deviation) 3.2±3.6 (range 0.5–10.5) days after capture. They used 1.9±0.9 intermediate resting sites, during 6.2±7.8 days before entering a new permanent den. The eleven new permanent dens were located 730±589 m from the original dens. We documented that it was feasible and safe to capture hibernating brown bears, although they behaved differently than black bears. When doing so, researchers should use 25% of the doses used for helicopter darting during the active period and should consider increased energetic costs associated with den abandonment.

• Stewart, Paula; Campbell, Lauren; Røed, Susan Skogtvedt; Griffin, Karen A.; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Tryland, Morten [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2012). Genetic Predictions of Prion Disease Susceptibility in Carnivore Species Based on Variability of the Prion Gene Coding Region. PLOS ONE. 7(12). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050623. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Mammalian species vary widely in their apparent susceptibility to prion diseases. For example, several felid species developed prion disease (feline spongiform encephalopathy or FSE) during the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic in the United Kingdom, whereas no canine BSE cases were detected. Whether either of these or other groups of carnivore species can contract other prion diseases (e.g. chronic wasting disease or CWD) remains an open question. Variation in the host-encoded prion protein (PrPC) largely explains observed disease susceptibility patterns within ruminant species, and may explain interspecies differences in susceptibility as well. We sequenced and compared the open reading frame of the PRNP gene encoding PrPC protein from 609 animal samples comprising 29 species from 22 genera of the Order Carnivora; amongst these samples were 15 FSE cases. Our analysis revealed that FSE cases did not encode an identifiable disease-associated PrP polymorphism. However, all canid PrPs contained aspartic acid or glutamic acid at codon 163 which we propose provides a genetic basis for observed susceptibility differences between canids and felids. Among other carnivores studied, wolverine (Gulo gulo) and pine marten (Martes martes) were the only non-canid species to also express PrP-Asp163, which may impact on their prion diseases susceptibility. Populations of black bear (Ursus americanus) and mountain lion (Puma concolor) from Colorado showed little genetic variation in the PrP protein and no variants likely to be highly resistant to prions in general, suggesting that strain differences between BSE and CWD prions also may contribute to the limited apparent host range of the latter.

• Rosell, Frank; Jojola, Susan; Ingdal, Kristian; Lassen, Bård Andreas; Swenson, Jon E. & Arnemo, Jon Martin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2011). Brown bears possess anal sacs and secretions may code for sex. Journal of Zoology. ISSN 0952-8369. 283(2), p. 143–152. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00754.x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Olfactory communication occurs in carnivores and many scent-mark with anal gland secretions (AGS), which contain a variety of information including sexrelated cues. Currently, there is disagreement about whether bear species, other than the giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca, possess anal glands or anal sacs. We documented anal sacs in brown bears Ursus arctos and analyzed AGS from 17 free-ranging, sexually mature individuals using gas chromatography?mass spectrometry. We hypothesized that brown bear AGS codes for sex, as it does in giant pandas, and predicted that AGS shows sex differences in gas chromatogram (GC) profiles, number of compounds, the digital and analog coding of chemical compounds, and color. We found 90 different compounds. Our results support the predictions that male and female AGS differs in GC, analog coding and possibly color. However, we found no significant difference between sexes in number of detected compounds or in the digital coding. Our results confirm that brown bears possess anal sacs, that secretions likely relay information about sex, and suggest other chemical information critical to the bears? social system is encoded in the AGS.

• Neumann, Wiebke; Ericsson, Göran; Dettki, Holger & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2011). Effect of immobilizations on the activity and space use of female moose (Alces alces). Canadian Journal of Zoology. ISSN 0008-4301. 89(11), p. 1013–1018. doi: 10.1139/Z11-076. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Evans, Alina; Miller, Andrea L. & Os, Øystein (2011). Effective Immobilizing Doses of Medetomidine-Ketamine in Free-ranging, Wild Norwegian Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 47(3), p. 755–758. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-47.3.755. Full text in Research Archive
• Fink, Trine; Rasmussen, Jeppe; Emmersen, Jeppe; Pilgaard, Linda; Fahlman, Åsa & Brunberg, Sven [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2011). Adipose-derived stem cells from the brown bear (Ursus arctos) spontaneously undergo chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Stem Cell Research. ISSN 1873-5061. 7(1), p. 89–95. doi: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.03.003. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In the den, hibernating brown bears do not develop tissue atrophy or organ damage, despite almost no physical activity. Mesenchymal stem cells could play an important role in tissue repair and regeneration in brown bears. Our objective was to determine if adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) can be recovered from adipose tissue of wild Scandinavian brown bears and characterize osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation in the cells. Following immobilization of 8 wild brown bears 7-10 days after leaving the den in mid-April, adipose tissue biopsies (5-8 ml) were obtained subcutaneously from 7 bears. ASCs were recovered and characterized. Adipose stem cell cultures were established from 6 of 7 bears. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells from yearlings spontaneously formed bone-like nodules surrounded by cartilaginous deposits, suggesting differentiation into osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages. This ability appears to be lost gradually with age. This is the first study to demonstrate stem cell recovery and growth from brown bears, and it is the first report of ASCs spontaneously differentiating into osteocytes and chondrocytes. These findings could have implications for the use of hibernating brown bears as a model to study osteoporosis.

• Fahlman, Åsa; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Swenson, Jon; Pringle, J.; Brunberg, Sven & Nyman, Görel (2011). Physiologic evaluation of capture and anesthesia with medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine in brown bears (Ursus arctos). Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine. ISSN 1042-7260. 42(1), p. 1–11. doi: 10.1638/2008-0117.1. Full text in Research Archive
• Eriksen, Ane; Wabakken, Petter; Zimmermann, Barbara; Andreassen, Harry Peter; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Gundersen, Hege [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2011). Activity patterns of predator and prey: a simultaneous study of GPS-collared wolves and moose. Animal Behaviour. ISSN 0003-3472. 81(2), p. 423–431. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.11.011. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We studied the simultaneous activity patterns of a breeding wolf, Canis lupus, pair and five adult moose, Alces alces, cows from April to November 2004 in a wolf territory in southeastern Norway. All study animals were GPS collared, and we used a total of 8297 fixes to analyse their temporal activity patterns. We examined the daily activity rhythm of the two species and how this varied seasonally through the study period, and investigated the association in activity patterns between the two species. Wolf activity peaked at dawn. The distance moved per time unit and the linearity of the movement were higher in wolves than in moose, but both species showed a decrease in these variables in June, coinciding with the denning and calving seasons. With the exception of the summer months when the activity of wolves and moose was limited by the raising of offspring, we found no correlation between the temporal activities of the two species. Hence, we did not find support for the hypothesis that the wolves and moose in Scandinavia have adjusted to each other’s activity patterns. We discuss the results in light of the relative density of the two species and the intensive human harvest of moose, and hypothesize that synchronicity of predator–prey activity patterns may be ratio dependent.

• Fröbert, O.; Christensen, Kjeld; Fahlman, Åsa; Brunberg, Sven; Josefsson, Johan & Särndahl, Eva [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Platelet function in brown bear (Ursus arctos) compared to man. Thrombosis Journal. 8(11), p. 1–5. doi: 10.1186/1477-9560-8-11. Full text in Research Archive
• Dervo, Børre; Skei, Jon Kristian; Berg, Ole Kristian; Kraabøl, Morten; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Dolmen, Dag (2010). A comparison of external and internal attachments of radio transmitters on adult crested newts Triturus cristatus. Amphibia-Reptilia. ISSN 0173-5373. 31(2), p. 229–237. doi: 10.1163/156853810791069128. Full text in Research Archive
• Björkman, Camilla; Jakubek, E.-B.; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Malmsten, J. (2010). Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in gray wolves in Scandinavia. Veterinary Parasitology. ISSN 0304-4017. 173(1-2), p. 139–142. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.006. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Transmission of the protozoan parasite Neospora caninum between wild and domestic animals has gained some interest during recent years. Because of the close relationship between gray wolf (Canis lupus) and dog it has been suggested that gray wolf is a definitive host for the parasite. The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of N. caninum in Scandinavian gray wolves and to investigate any geographical patterns of the infection. The investigation was based on blood samples collected from 109 wolves between 1998 and 2009 within the Scandinavian wolf project Skandulv. They were analysed by N. caninum iscom ELISA and those with absorbance values exceeding 0.20 were also analysed by immunoblotting. Samples that were positive in both tests were deemed positive. Four (3.7%) wolves were positive at the first sampling. They were all sampled 2005 at different locations, and were both females and males. From one male wolf three samples were collected over a 7-year period. No antibodies were detected at the first sampling in 1998 when he was approximately 8 months old but when he was sampled again 5 and 7 years later the ELISA and immunoblotting were positive. The results indicate that N. caninum infection is present in Scandinavian wolves. It is unclear how the wolves acquired the infection.

• Åkerstedt, Johan; Lillehaug, Atle; Larsen, Inger Lise; Eide, Nina; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Handeland, Kjell (2010). Serosurvery for canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus, leptospira interrogans, and toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging canids in Scandinavia and Svalbard. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 46(2), p. 474–480. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Prevalence of antibodies reactive to canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1), Leptospira interrogans serovars Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Toxoplasma gondii were examined in free-ranging Scandinavian canids. Sampling included 275 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from mainland Norway, 60 arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) from the high-arctic islands of Svalbard, and 98 wolves (Canis lupus) from the joint Swedish-Norwegian population. Methods used included virus neutralization tests for CDV and CAV-1, a microscopic agglutination test for L. interrogans, and a direct agglutination test for T. gondii. High prevalence of antibody to CAV-1 was identified in red foxes (59.6%), wolves (67.7%), and arctic foxes (37.8%). The prevalence of antibody to CDV varied between 9.6% and 12.3% in the three species. Antibodies to L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae were found in 9.9% of the red foxes and 8.4% of the wolves sampled, whereas no antibody-positive arctic foxes were found. All animals were antibody-negative for L. interrogans serovar Canicola. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 66.9, 51.7, and 18.6% of red foxes, arctic foxes and wolves, respectively. Significantly more adults than juveniles were antibody-positive for CDV in red foxes and arctic foxes, for CAV-1 in wolves, and for T. gondii in red foxes and wolves. There was a general tendency for adult female red foxes to have a higher prevalence of antibodies for CDV than adult males; this difference was statistically significant. The results indicate that CDV and CAV-1 are endemic in red foxes and wolves on the Scandinavian mainland and in arctic foxes on Svalbard. Although infection with L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae was relatively common in wild canids on mainland Norway, it was not found on Svalbard, where the maintenance host (Rattus norvegicus) is absent. All three species are commonly exposed to T. gondii through predation on infected intermediate hosts.

• Gandolf, A. Rae; Fahlman, Åsa; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Dooley, James L. & Hamlin, Robert (2010). Baseline normal values and phylogenetic class of the electrocardiogram of anesthetized free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos). Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 46(3), p. 724–730. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Electrocardiographic (ECG) variables were measured in 22 healthy, free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) anesthetized with a combination of medetomidine, tiletamine, and zolazepam during research and management operations in south-central Sweden Six-limb lead ECGs and the base-apex lead were recorded Morphologies, amplitudes, rhythms, and durations of P waves, PQ intervals, QRS complexes, T waves, QT intervals, and QT Intervals corrected for heart rate (QTc) were calculated from the base-apex lead The mean electrical axis (MEA) for each individual was approximated in the from frontal plane from the heights of R waves in leads I (X axis) and aVF (Y axis) All 22 bears had sinus rhythms and 10 of them had respiratory sinus arrhythmia Heart rates ranged from 43 to 103 beats per minute and were independent of body mass The MEA was 78 6 (+/- 5 5) degrees Some hears had strikingly peaked T waves, and many had pronounced notching (high frequency components) to the QRS complex This information contributes to the limited data base of electrocardiography for brown bears and elucidates ECG similarities with other species in the order Carnivora.

• Fahlman, Åsa; Pringle, John; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Swenson, Jon E.; Brunberg, Sven & Nyman, Görel (2010). Treatment of Hypoxemia During Anesthesia of Brown Bears (Ursus arctos). Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine. ISSN 1042-7260. 41(1), p. 161–164. doi: 10.1638/2009-0036.1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study assessed whether arterial oxygenation could be increased by treatment with intranasal oxygen supplementation in brown bears (Ursus arctos) with hypoxemia during anesthesia with medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine. Arterial blood samples were collected anaerobically from the femoral artery before and during oxygen supplementation. An oxygen flow rate of 2-5 L/min administered intranasally to brown bears weighing 12-120 kg markedly increased arterial oxygenation. Intranasal oxygen supplementation proved to be a simple and efficient method for treatment of hypoxemia in anesthetized bears.

• Thoresen, Stein Istre; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Liberg, Olof (2009). Hematology and serum clinical chemistry reference intervals for free-ranging Scandinavian gray wolves (Canis lupus). Veterinary clinical pathology. ISSN 0275-6382. 38(2), p. 224–229. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2008.00105.x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Scandinavian free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus) are endangered, such that laboratory data to assess their health status is increasingly important. Although wolves have been studied for decades, most biological information comes from captive animals. Objectives: The objective of the present study was to establish reference intervals for 30 clinical chemical and 8 hematologic analytes in Scandinavian free-ranging wolves. Methods: All wolves were tracked and chemically immobilized from a helicopter before examination and blood sampling in the winter of 7 consecutive years (1998¿2004). Seventy-nine blood samples were collected from 57 gray wolves, including 24 juveniles (24 samples), 17 adult females (25 samples), and 16 adult males (30 samples). Whole blood and serum samples were stored at refrigeration temperature for 1¿3 days before hematologic analyses and for 1¿5 days before serum biochemical analyses. Reference intervals were calculated as 95% confidence intervals except for juveniles where the minimum and maximum values were used. Results: Significant differences were observed between adult and juvenile wolves for RBC parameters, alkaline phosphatase and amylase activities, and total protein, albumin, _g-globulins, chterol, creatinine, calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphate, and sodium concentrations. Conclusion: Compared with published reference values for captive wolves, reference intervals for free-ranging wolves reflected exercise activity associated with capture (higher creatine kinase activity, higher glucose concentration), and differences in nutritional status (higher urea concentration).

• Strömquist, Anna; Fahlman, Åsa; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Pettersson, A (2009). Dental and Periodontal Health in Free-Ranging Swedish Brown Bears (Ursus arctos). Journal of Comparative Pathology. ISSN 0021-9975. 141(2-3), p. 170–176. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.05.001. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Dental data from 22 Swedish brown bears (Ursus arctos) were collected during April and May 2008, during the annual capture of free-ranging brown bears in Dalarna County, Sweden by the Scandinavian Brown Bear Research Project. The bears were of different genders and ages. All animals were weighed and subjected to physical examination and all were found to be in good condition. The oral cavity was inspected and photographed and abnormalities were recorded on a dental chart. One bear had mild class II malocclusion. All yearlings had varying numbers of incompletely erupted permanent teeth. All adult bears were missing one or more premolars. Tooth wear increased with age; the most affected teeth were the incisors followed by the canines, premolars and molars. Complicated fractures most commonly affected the canines. Fifteen animals had gross evidence of enamel defects, but the aetiology of these was not determined. There was a low prevalence of calculus and periodontal disease and none of the bears had caries infections. The mean pH of saliva collected from these animals was 9.75. Further studies, based on a larger sample size followed over time, will be required in order to evaluate the progression of dental disease in brown bears. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

• Eriksen, Ane; Wabakken, Petter; Zimmermann, Barbara; Andreassen, Harry Peter; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Gundersen, Hege [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2009). Encounter frequencies between GPS-collared wolves (Canis lupus) and moose (Alces alces) in a Scandinavian wolf territory. Ecological Research. ISSN 0912-3814. 24(3), p. 547–557. doi: 10.1007/s11284-008-0525-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Kübber-Heiss, Anna; Zedrosser, Andreas; Rauer, Georg; Zenker, Wolfgang; Schmidt, Peter Paul & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2009). Internal hydrocephalus combined with pachygyria in a wild-born brown bear cub. European Journal of Wildlife Research. ISSN 1612-4642. 55(5), p. 539–542. doi: 10.1007/s10344-009-0282-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  An abandoned wild-born male brown bear (Ursus arctos) cub of the year was found and subsequently placed in a zoo. At 7 months of age, the cub showed first signs of ataxia, and at 13 months of age, it was unable to move the hind legs and exhibited outbursts of aggressive behavior and self-mutilation. The animal was euthanized, and necropsy revealed alterations of the brain with obviously flattened gyri, profound enlargement of both lateral ventricles and considerable accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid, disruption of the septum pellucidum, and atrophy of the hippocampus. The animal was diagnosed with an internal hydrocephalus and pachygyria. Genetic evidence showed that the father of the described cub was also the father of the cub's mother, suggesting the possibility of congenital hydrocephalus.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Aanes, Ronny (2009). Reversible Immobilization of Free-ranging Svalbard Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) with Medetomidine-Ketamine and Atipamezole. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 45(3), p. 877–880. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Twenty adult, free-ranging, female Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) were immobilized with medetomidine-ketamine from 30 September through 9 October 1999 at Svalbard, Norway (78 degrees 55'N, 11 degrees 56'E). The animals were approached on foot, and the drugs were administered into the heavy muscles of the shoulder or the thigh by dart syringe injection from 15-25 m. The mean (SD) induction time in 10 animals immobilized with 0.11.3 (0.009) mg/kg of medetomidine and 2.26 (0.19) mg/kg of ketamine (group 2) was significantly shorter (P<0.05) than in 10 animals immobilized with 0.215 (0.043) mg/kg of medetomidine and 1.08 (0.21) mg/kg of ketamine (group 1): 6.5 (3.2) versus 14.3 (10.6) min, respectively. Inductions were calm, major clinical side effects were not detected, and there were no significant differences between groups regarding rectal temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, or relative arterial oxygen saturation. The 5 mg of atipamezole/1 mg of medetomidine were given half intramuscularly and half subcutaneously for reversal, and the animals were standing within 9.5 (4.5, group 1) and 13.0 (6.4, group 2) min, respectively, after administration of the antagonist.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2008). Hva er en veterinær? Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 121, p. 181–181. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2008). Er "helikopterjakt" etisk forsvarlig? Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 121, p. 158–158. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2008). Blåserør krever tillatelse fra politiet. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 120, p. 384–384. Full text in Research Archive
• Aschfalk, A; Kemper, N; Arnemo, JM; Veiberg, Vebjørn; Rosef, O & Neubauer, H (2008). Prevalence of Yersinia species in healthy free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Norway. The Veterinary Record. ISSN 0042-4900. 163(1), p. 27–28. Full text in Research Archive
• Aschfalk, Ansgar; Kemper, N.; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Veiberg, Vebjørn; Rosef, Olav & Neubauer, H (2008). Prevalence of Yiersinia species in healthy free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Norway. The Veterinary Record. ISSN 0042-4900. 163(1), p. 27–28. doi: 10.1136/vr.163.1.27. Full text in Research Archive
• Fahlman, Åsa; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Persson, Jens; Segerström, Peter & Nyman, Görel (2008). Capture and medetomidine-ketamine anesthesia of free-ranging wolverines (Gulo gulo). Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 44(1), p. 133–142. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Capture and anesthesia with medetomidine-ketamine were evaluated in free-ranging wolverines (Gulo gulo) immobilized for marking with radiocollars or intraperitoneal radio-transmitters in Norrbotten, Sweden, during early June 2004 and 2005. Twelve juvenile wolverines were captured by hand and injected with 0.14 +/- 0.03 mg/kg (mean +/- SD) medetomidine and 7.5 +/- 2.0 mg/kg ketamine. Twelve adult wolverines were darted from a helicopter or the ground, or captured by hand. Adults received 0.37 +/- 0.06 mg/kg medetomidine and 9.4 +/- 1.4 mg/kg ketamine. Arterial blood samples were collected between 15 min and 30 min and between 45 min and 60 min after drug administration and immediately analyzed for selected hematologic and plasma variables. Hyperthermia was recorded initially in one juvenile wolverine and I I adults. Rectal temperature, heart rate, and lactate decreased significantly during anesthesia, whereas hemoglobin oxygen saturation, pH, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide, and base excess increased. Adult wolverines darted from a helicopter had a significantly higher rectal temperature, higher glucose and hematocrit values, and a lower heart rate than juveniles captured by hand. Impaired arterial oxygenation was evident in all wolverines. This study provides baseline data on physiologic variables in adult and juvenile wolverines captured with different methods and anesthetized with medetomidine-ketamine.

• Ledin, Anna; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Liberg, Olof & Hellman, Lars (2008). High plasma IgE levels within the Scandinavian wolf population, and its implications for mammalian IgE homeostasis. Molecular Immunology. ISSN 0161-5890. 45(7), p. 1976–1980. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.10.029. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Immunoglobulin E (IgE) serves as an important link between innate and adaptive immunity through its ability to bind high affinity receptors on mast cells and basophils. Large differences in IgE levels may here affect this important link, and IgE levels in natural non-domestic animal populations may therefore be very informative concerning the levels of IgE that this system have been balanced against during recent mammalian evolution. However, very few such studies have been performed. Here, we present an analysis of total IgE levels in 65 Scandinavian wolves: 57 free living (wild), and 8 wolves in captivity (Zoo). The 57 wild wolves correspond to approximately 30% of the entire wolf population in Sweden and Norway and thus represent a large fraction of the entire population, making this a unique sample from a wild canine population. The median IgE level in these wolves was 67 g/ml, which is approximately twice the level seen in domestic dogs and more than 100 times the levels in non-atopic humans. The collected information from domestic and wild populations now indicate that the very low IgE levels observed in man and laboratory rodents are most likely an effect of a life in a relatively parasite free environment, and that total IgE levels under maximally stimulatory (normal) conditions may reach 100?200 g/ml. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2007.10.029

• Wabakken, Petter; Sand, Håkan; Kojola, Ilpo; Zimmermann, Barbara; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Pedersen, Hans Christian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2007). Multistage, long-range natal dispersal by a Global Positioning System-collared Scandinavian wolf. Journal of Wildlife Management. ISSN 0022-541X. 71(5), p. 1631–1634. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We document a new record dispersal for wolves worldwide. The natal straight-line dispersal distance of a Global Positioning System-collared female wolf from the Scandinavian population was 1,092 km from southeast Norway to northeast Finland, with a multistage actual travel distance of > 10,000 km. Natural gene flow to the isolated, inbred Scandinavian wolf population may occur if survival of dispersers is improved.

• Haga, Henning Andreas; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Fjeldaas, Terje; Fjerdingby, Nina; Ranheim, Birgit & Ådnøy, Tormod (2007). Avhorning og kastrering av kalv og kje anbefalte metoder og dyrevelferdsmessige aspekter. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 119(3), p. 155–163. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Caulkett, Nigel A.; West, Gary & Heard, Darryl (2007). Stress, Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia edited by Gary West, Darryl Heard, Nigel Caulkett. Blackwell Publishing. p. 103–109. Full text in Research Archive
• Jacquier, Magali; Aarhaug, Per; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Bauer, Hans & Enriquez, Brigitte (2006). Reversible Immobilization of Free-ranging African Lions (Panthera leo) with Medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam and Atipamezole. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 42(2), p. 432–436. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A combination of medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam was used to conduct six immobilizations of free-ranging lions (Panthera leo) in Waza National Park, Cameroon, during 1999 and 2000. Drugs were administered by dart injection at 0.07±0.01 (mean±SD) mg/kg of medetomidine and 1.8±0.5 mg/kg of tiletamine-zolazepam. Chemical immobilization was characterized by smooth inductions (14.1±6 min), satisfactory analgesia, and muscle relaxation. One animal was treated for bradypnea. No major alterations of physiologic parameters (heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature) were seen during immobilization in the other lions. Relative arterial oxygen saturation was measured in two animals and revealed mild hypoxemia. The animals received atipamezole at 0.3±0.1 mg/kg intramuscularly for reversal of anesthesia. Recoveries were uneventful. All animals were radiocollared, and no mortalities occurred during an 18-mo follow-up period. Use of medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam for anesthesia and reversal of anesthesia with atipamezole appear to be useful for reversible immobilization of free-ranging lions.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Ahlqvist, Per; Andersen, Roy; Berntsen, Finn; Ericsson, Göran & Odden, John [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2006). Risk of capture-related mortality in large free-ranging mammals: experiences from Scandinavia. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. 12(1), p. 109–113. doi: 10.2981/ROCMIL%5D2.0.CO;2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Chemical capture and anaesthesia of free-ranging mammals will always involve some risk of mortality even in healthy animals. Deaths may be directly or indirectly attributable to the anaesthetic event itself (e.g. drug overdose, drowning during induction and dart trauma) or may be caused by secondary effects from the capture (e.g. stress, myopathy, trauma or instrumentation with radio-transmitters). In long-term research projects on five major wildlife species in Scandinavia, the capture-related mortality rates (number of captures) were: moose Alces alces 0.7% (N = 2,816), brown bears Ursus arctos 0.9% (N = 1,079), wolverines Gulo gulo 2.8% (N = 461), Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx 3.9% (N = 380), and gray wolves Canis lupus 3.4% (N = 89). We suggest that wildlife professionals should strive for a zero mortality rate but adopt the standard that a mortality rate of > 2% probably should not be accepted in any large mammalian species. This can be achieved by: 1) using an experienced professional capture team, 2) developing and following a capture protocol specific to each species, and 3) requiring that a mortality assessment be undertaken after any capture-related death. This assessment should re-evaluate the capture protocol, including how changes in anaesthetics and methodological approaches could have prevented the mortality.

• Gundersen, Lars H.; Whist, Anne Cathrine; Bretten, Tord; Røtvei, Ingolf; Klemetsen, Christian E. & Linnell, John D.C. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2005). Dødsårsaker hos moskus på Dovrefjell 1953-2005. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 117(Årg. 117, nr 8), p. 613–619. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2005). Eutanasi av husdyr ved skyting. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 117(Årg. 117, nr 6), p. 457–463. Full text in Research Archive
• Whist, Anne Cathrine; Linnell, John D.C.; Asbjørnsen, Einar; Andersen, Reidar; Lillehaug, Atle & Arnemo, Jon M. (2005). Dødsårsaker hos moskus på Dovrefjell 1953-2005. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. p. 613–619. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Storaas, Torstein; Khadka, Chitra B. & Wegge, Per (2005). Use of medetomidine-ketamine and atipamezole for reversible immobilization of free-ranging hog deer (Axis porcinus) captured in drive nets. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 41(2), p. 467–470. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-41.2.467. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A combination of 0.05 mg/kg medetomidine and 1.5 mg/kg ketamine was used to immobilize nine adult free-ranging hog deer (Axis porcinus) captured in drive nets in the Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal, 22-23 February 2000. The drugs were administered intramuscularly from separate syringes and the mean time (+/- SD) to complete immobilization was 4.6 +/- 1.0 min. Muscle relaxation was good and no major clinical side effects were seen. Mean values for physiologic parameters, recorded at 10-12 and 18-20 min after drug administration, were 40.6 +/- 0.5 and 41.1 +/- 0.6 C, 87 +/- 5 and 84 +/- 4%, 107 +/- 16 and 113 +/- 16 beats/ min, and 46 +/- 9 and 40 +/- 8 breaths/min for rectal temperature, SpO(2), pulse rate, and respiratory rate, respectively. All animals received 0.25 mg/ kg atipamezole intramuscularly 20-22 min after administration of medetomidine-ketamine and the mean time to coordinated running was 4.8 +/- 0.8 min. All animals survived for at least 5 mo post-capture. To reduce stress and to facilitate handling, medetomidine-ketamine and atipamezole are recommended for reversible immobilization of free-ranging bog deer captured in drive nets.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Kreeger, Terry J. & Soveri, Timo (2005). Chemical immobilization of free-ranging moose. Alces. ISSN 0835-5851. 39, p. 243–253. Full text in Research Archive
• Fahlman, Åsa; Loveridge, A; Wenham, C; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Nyman, Görel (2005). Reversible anaesthesia of free-ranging lions (Panthera leo) in Zimbabwe. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association (JSAVA). ISSN 1019-9128. 76(4), p. 187–192. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Heim, Morten; Øen, Egil Ole; Berntsen, Finn; Kvale, Bjarne & Os, Øystein [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2004). Dødelighet ved medikamentell immobilisering av elg i Norge 1976-2004 CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION OF FREE-RANGING MOOSE IN NORWAY 1976-2004. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 116(7), p. 531–535. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I perioden 1976-2000 ble det utført i alt 1898 medikamentelle immobiliseringer av viltlevende elg i Norge. Tretten dyr(0,7 ? døde eller måtte avlives i tilslutning til innfangingen. Anbefalt metode for immobilisering av viltlevende elg i Norge er administrasjon av etorfin ved hjelp av injeksjonsvåpenfra helikopter på snødekt mark. Risikoen for mortalitet ved denne metoden er meget liten: kun åtte dyr (0,5 ? døde av i alt 1526 immobiliseringer foretatt fra 1984 til 2004. Dødsårsaker var drukning (én voksen ku og én voksen okse), respirasjonsstans etter intravaskulær injeksjon (én voksen ku), skade iryggmargen forårsaket av injeksjonspilen (én avmagret kalv med beinskjørhet og parasittær lungebetennelse) og respirasjonsstans forårsaket av en relativ overdosering (fire kalver i dårlig kondisjon). Standard dose for etorfin er 7,50 ? 9,00mg/voksen og 3,75 ?4,50 mg/kalv. Dyr som ikke har lagt seg innenti minutter etter første injeksjon, kan påskytes på nyttmed full dose. A total of 1,898 chemical immobilizations of free-rangingmoose (Alces alces) were carried out in Norway from 1976 to 2004. Thirteen animals (0.7 ? died or were euthanized. The recommended method for immobilization of free-ranging moose inNorway is darting from a helicopter with etorphine on snow-covered ground. The risk of mortality with this method is verylow, only eight animals (0.5 ? died during 1,526 captures from 1984 to 2004. Causes of mortality were drowning in one adult female and one adult male, respiratory arrest due to intravascular injection in an adult female, traumatic spinal lesions due to dart impact in the lumbar region in a cachectic calf with osteoporosis and verminous pneumonia, and respiratoryarrest due to relative overdosing in four calves in poor body condition. The standard doses of etorphine are 7.5-9.0 mg/animal in adults and 3.75-4.50 mg/animal in calves. Animals which are not down within ten minutes after initial darting canbe redarted with a full dose.

• Kemper, Nicole; Aschfalk, Ansgar; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Höller, C. (2004). Prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria and Cryptosporidium species in moose (Alces alces) in Norway. ?. 154, p. 827–828. Full text in Research Archive
• Ranheim, Birgit; Rosell, Frank; Haga, Henning Andreas & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2004). Field anaesthetic and surgical techniques for implantation of intraperitoneal radio transmitters in Eurasian beavers Castor fiber. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. 10(1 ), p. 11–15. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2004). Katten maler, men løven brøler. ?. 56, p. 160–161. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2004). Lærebøker i vitenskapelig forfatterskap. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 116, p. 119–119. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Ranheim, Birgit; Haga, Henning Andreas & Søli, Nils E. (2004). Sedasjon, immobilisering og anestesi av pattedyr og fugler, Felleskatalog 2004-05 over preparater i veterinærmedisinen. Felleskatalogen AS. p. 33–55. Full text in Research Archive
• Tryland, Morten; Olsen, Ingrid; Vikøren, Turid; Handeland, Kjell; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Tharaldsen, Jorun [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2004). Serologic survey for antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in free-ranging cervids from Norway. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 40, p. 32–41. Full text in Research Archive
• Rosef, Olav; Nystøyl, Håvard L.; Solenes, Tore & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2004). Haematological and serum biochemical reference values in free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus atlanticus). Rangifer. ISSN 0333-256X. 24(2), p. 79–85. Full text in Research Archive
• Ranheim, Birgit; Rosell, Frank; Haga, Håkon & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2004). Field anaesthetic and surgical techniques for implantation of intraperitoneal radio transmitters in Eurasian beavers Castor fiber. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. 10, p. 11–15. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2003). Conservation medicine: Nytt fagfelt i veterinærmedisinen og studentene er med! Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 115, p. 810–811. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2003). Hva er en veterinær? Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 115, p. 593–593. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2003). Anestesirisiko - det vil alltid dø noen pasienter. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 115, p. 654–656. Full text in Research Archive
• Aschfalk, Ansgar; Hundertmark, Kris J.; Bendiksen, Heidi; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Denzin, Nicolai (2003). Serosurvey for antibodies against Salmonella species in free-ranging moose (Alces alces) from Norway. ?. 116(9/10), p. 417–420. Full text in Research Archive
• Solberg, Erling Johan; Heim, Morten; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Sæther, Bernt-Erik & Os, Øystein (2003). Does rectal palpation of pregnant moose cows affect pre- and neo-natal mortality of their calves? Alces. ISSN 0835-5851. 39, p. 65–77. Full text in Research Archive
• Ryeng, Kathrine A.; Larsen, Stig & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2002). Medetomidine-ketamine in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): Effective immobilization by hand- and dart- administered injection. Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine. ISSN 1042-7260. 33(4), p. 397–400. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Twelve reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were immobilized by hand injection in indoor stalls with established optimal hand-injection doses of medetomidine&#8211;ketamine and then moved to outside paddocks where they were immobilized again with the same dose by dart. The reindeer in paddocks were immobilized a second time with a 50% higher dose, hereafter referred to as the optimal darting dose. Mean time to first sign of sedation was longer and mean induction time was significantly longer (55% and 79%, respectively) when the optimal hand-injection dose was dart injected versus hand injected. Mean time to first sign of sedation was not significantly shorter (although 21% shorter, numerically) but mean induction time was significantly shorter (30%) when animals were darted with the optimal darting dose versus darted with the optimal hand-injection dose. There were no significant differences in respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and relative arterial oxygen saturation in animals injected withdifferent doses and by different routes, but there was a significantly lower heart rate in animals dart injected with the optimal darting dose versus dart injected with the optimal hand-injection dose. All animals responded at similar rates to atipamezole injection.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2002). Veterinærenes salg av dyrefôr - kommentar til Helge Stormorken. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 114, p. 806–807. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Ranheim, Birgit; Haga, Henning Andreas & Søli, Nils E. (2002). Sedasjon, immobilisering og anestesi av pattedyr og fugler, Felleskatalog 2002-03 over preparater i veterinærmedisinen. p. 34–57. Full text in Research Archive
• Tryland, Morten; Brun, Edgar; Derocher, Andrew; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Kierulf, Å & Ølberg, Rolf Arne [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2002). Plasma biochemical values from apparently healthy free-ranging polar bears from Svalbard. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 38(3), p. 566–575. Full text in Research Archive
• Fuglei, Eva; Mercer, James B. & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2002). Surgical implantation of radio-transmitters in arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) on Svalbard, Norway. Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine. ISSN 1042-7260. 33(4), p. 342–349. Full text in Research Archive
• Ryeng, Kathrine A.; Larsen, Stig; Ranheim, Birgit; Albertsen, Gunn & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2001). Clinical evaluation of established optimal immobilizing doses of medetomidine-ketamine in captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). American Journal of Veterinary Research. ISSN 0002-9645. 62(3), p. 406–413. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective&#8212;To evaluate clinical effects and repeatability of clinical effects of established optimal immobilizing doses of medetomidine (MED)-ketamine (KET) in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Animals&#8212;12 healthy 6- to 8-month old reindeer. Procedure&#8212;Each reindeer was immobilized once with an initial dose of 0.06 mg of MED/kg of body mass and 0.3 mg KET/kg and twice with an optimal dose of MED-KET. Reversal was achieved with 5 mg of atipamezole/mg of MED injected 45 minutes after MED-KET administration. Recorded variables included time to first sign of sedation, time until the animal lifted its head up, and time until the reindeer stood. Oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin (SpO2), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded 10, 25, and 40 minutes after immobilization. Results&#8212;Mean time to first sign of sedation and time until an animal lifted its head up were significantly reduced for reindeer given optimal doses, compared with the initial dose. Mean SpO2 remained > 90% during initial immobilization, was significantly lower for the optimal doses, but increased during immobilization from 85 to 89%. At all doses, RR increased significantly throughout the recorded period; however, RT and HR were rather constant and were similar to corresponding values recorded in reindeer in winter. Except for time until reindeer stood, all time variables, SpO2, RR, RT, and HR were repeatable. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance&#8212;Immobilization of captive reindeer with the established optimal doses is clinically acceptable, although SpO2 should be carefully monitored. Optimal doses produced the same clinical effect during repeated immobilization of the same reindeer.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2001). Norsk veterinær starter karriere i viltmedisin. ?. 113, p. 674–674. Full text in Research Archive
• Ryeng, Kathrine A.; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Larsen, Stig (2001). Determination of optimal immobilizing doses of medetomidine-ketamine in captive reideer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). An iteration-designed controlled clinical study in wildlife midicine. ?. 62, p. 119–126. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2001). Nye lærebøker er foreldet! Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 112, p. 838–839. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2001). Tåler lama norsk vinter? Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 113, p. 151–151. Full text in Research Archive
• Ryeng, Kathrine A.; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Larsen, Stig (2001). Determination of optimal immobilizing doses of a medetomidine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride combination in captive reindeer. American Journal of Veterinary Research. ISSN 0002-9645. 62(1), p. 119–126. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective&#8212;To establish optimal immobilizing doses of medetomidine hydrochloride (MED) with ketamine hydrochloride (KET) for hand- and dart-administered injections in captive reindeer. Animals&#8212;12 healthy 6- to 9-month-old reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Procedure&#8212;An optimal dose was defined as a dose resulting in an induction time of 150 to 210 seconds, measured from the time of IM injection until recumbency. Initially, each stalled reindeer was immobilized by hand-administered injection. If the induction time was > 210 seconds, the dose was doubled for the next immobilization procedure. If it was < 150 seconds, the dose was halved for the next immobilization procedure. This iteration procedure was continued for each reindeer until an optimal dose was found. Later the reindeer was placed in a paddock and darted with its optimal dose as determined by hand-administered injection. Adjusting to a linear relationship between dose and induction time, optimal darting doses for each reindeer were predicted and later verified. Results&#8212;The established mean optimal hand- and dart-administered doses were 0.10 mg of MED/kg of body weight with 0.50 mg of KET/kg, and 0.15 mg of MED/kg with 0.75 mg of KET/kg, producing mean induction times of 171 seconds, and 215 seconds, respectively. The mean induction time after darting was 5 seconds greater than the upper limit of the predefined time interval. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance&#8212;The higher dose requirement outdoors compared with indoors was explained by factors inherent in the darting technique and by the different confinements. The iteration and the prediction methods seem applicable for determination of optimal doses of MED-KET in reindeer. The iteration and the prediction procedures may be used to reduce the number of experimental animals in dose-response studies in other species.

• Arnemo, Jon M.; Linnell, John D.C.; Wedul, S.; Ranheim, Birgit; Odden, John & Andersen, Reidar (1999). Use of intraperitoneal radio-transmitters in lynx kittens (lynx lynx); anasthesia, surgery and behaviour. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. 5(4), p. 245–250. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon M.; Linnell, John D.C.; Wedul, S.; Ranheim, Birgit; Odden, John & Andersen, Reidar (1999). Use of intraperitoneal radio-transmitters in lynx kittens (lynx lynx); anasthesia, surgery and behaviour. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. 5(4), p. 245–250. Full text in Research Archive
• Ranheim, B.; Horsberg, T. E.; Nymoen, U.; Søli, N. E.; Tyler, Nicholas & Arnemo, J. M. (1997). Reveral of Medetomedine- Induced Sedation in Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) with Atipamezole Increases the Medetomedine Concentration in Plasma. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. ISSN 0140-7783. 20, p. 350–354. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Moe, Randi Oppermann & Søli, Nils E. (1994). Immobilization of captive pine martens (Martes martes) with medetomidine-ketamine and reversal with atipamezole. ?. 25, p. 548–554. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Moe, Randi Oppermann & Smith, Adrian John (1993). Immobilization of captive raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) with medetomidine-ketamine and remobilization with atipamezole. Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine. ISSN 1042-7260. 24(2), p. 102–108. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Moe, Stein Ragnar & Søli, Nils (1993). Xylazine-induced sedation in axis deer (Axis axis) and its reversal by atipamezole. Veterinary research communications. ISSN 0165-7380. 17, p. 123–128. doi: 10.1007/BF01839240. Full text in Research Archive

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• Kreeger, Terry J. & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2018). Handbook of wildlife chemical immobilization 5th edition. Center for Wildlife Studies Press. ISBN 9780692118412. 472 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Kreeger, Terry J. & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2012). Handbook of wildlife chemical immobilization. Terry J. Kreeger. ISBN 9780965465205. 448 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Kreeger, Terry J. & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2007). Handbook of wildlife chemical immobilization 3rd edition. Terry J Kreeger. ISBN 9780692118412. 432 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Kreeger, Terry J.; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Raath, Jacobus P. (2002). Handbook of Wildlife Chemical Immobilization. International Edition. Wildlife Pharmaceuticals Inc.. 409 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Kindberg, Jonas; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Evans, Alina; Friebe, Andrea; Fröbert,, Ole & Hansen, Jennifer Eve [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2026). Invited talk - The Scandinavian Brown Bear Project: 40 years of research, then to now and beyond. Full text in Research Archive
• Thomas, Vernon G. & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2026). Assessing contributions from big-game hunting to lead (Pb) ingestion by Canadian wildlife scavengers. FACETS. 11, p. 1–11. doi: 10.1139/facets-2026-0130. Full text in Research Archive
• Tønnessen, Morten; Gamlund, Espen; Tolo, Elisiv; Øvregaard, Helen; Tretvoll, Steffen & Arnemo, Jon Martin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). Paneldebatt - Når dyr dør. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; SJ, Søndør; Rodushkin, Ilia & Fuchs, Boris (2025). Blyforgiftning av storfe på en skiskytterbane | NVT. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  En ammekubesetning på 31 dyr ble eksponert for bly på en privat skiskytterbane. Fem kalver ble syke og døde eller ble avlivet i løpet av 4-6 dager og besetningen ble ilagt slakteforbud. Prøver tatt 5 uker etter eksponeringen viste at 15 av 21 dyr hadde forhøyete blykonsentrasjoner i blodet. Hos sju av dyrene lå konsentrasjonene på eller over Mattilsynets grenseverdi for slaktedyr. Blodprøver tatt 9, 13 og 18 uker etter eksponeringen, indikerte at seks av disse individene var kronisk blyforgiftet. Årsaken antas å være inntak av større blyfragmenter som har blitt liggende som en endogen blykilde i nettmage-vom.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Averina, Maria; Monsen, Anne-Lise Bjørke; Bolann, Bjørn; Brox, Jan & Eggesbø, Merete [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2025). Bly fra ammunisjon skader folkehelsen. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 145(4). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.25.0042. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Ethvert inntak av bly, uansett mengde, er helseskadelig. Det fremstår derfor som et paradoks at bruk av blyholdig ammunisjon fortsatt er tillatt.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Andersen, Oddgeir; Stokke, Sigbjørn; Moe, Stein Ragnar; Søli, Nils Eivind & Madslien, Knut (2019). Norske jegere forgifter økosystemet. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Det store flertallet av norske jegere forgifter økosystemet de jakter i. Til tross for en overveldende vitenskapelig dokumentasjon av blyets giftighet, bruker ni av ti norske jegere blyholdig ammunisjon.

• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Brainerd, Scott Michael; Söderberg, Arne; Kraabøl, Morten & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2019). Stokkes skadeskytingsmodell – å definere mål for dyrevelferd basert på kroppsvekt og fluktavstand. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Cromie, Ruth; Fox, Anthony; Kanstrup, Niels; Mateo, Rafael & Pain, Deborah J. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Transition to lead-free ammunition benefits all. Ambio. ISSN 0044-7447. 48, p. 1097–1098. doi: 10.1007/s13280-019-01221-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Kraabøl, Morten; Brainerd, Scott Michael; Söderberg, Arne; Ytrehus, Bjørnar & Stokke, Sigbjørn (2019). Kommentar til: Skadeskyting i teori og praksis. Jakt og fiske. ISSN 0800-3041. 148(6), p. 78–78. Full text in Research Archive
• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Brainerd, Scott Michael; Söderberg, Arne; Kraabøl, Morten & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2018). Defining animal welfare standards for hunting based on body mass and flight distance. Full text in Research Archive
• Marchand, Theo; Evans, Alina; Fuchs, Boris; Rey, Benjamin; Singh, Navinder & Arnemo, Jon Martin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Drivers of hibernation in Marmots compared to bears. Full text in Research Archive
• Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Andersen, Roy; Skjerdal, Harald*; Isaksen, Ketil; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Strand, Olav (2017). Devastating snowball formation on the radio-collar of a wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Kreeger, Terry J. (2017). Commentary on costa et al.: "Influence of ambient temperature and confinement on the chemical immobilization of fallow deer (Dama dama). Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 53(3), p. 699–700. doi: 10.7589/2017-02-031. Full text in Research Archive
• Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Kleven, Oddmund; Flagstad, Øystein & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2016). Idiopathic Facial Lesions in Wolverines (Gulo gulo) from Norway and Finland. Full text in Research Archive
• Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Andersen, Roy; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Isaksen, Ketil; Skjerdal, Harald* & Strand, Olav (2016). Devastating snowball formation on the radio-collar of a wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Full text in Research Archive
• Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Bretten, Tord; Isaksen, Ketil & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2016). Muskox health and disease in a rapidly changing outpost – Dovrefjell in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2015). Predisolon ved hoggormbitt på hund. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 127. Full text in Research Archive
• Liam, Marianne; Evans, Alina; Björck, S.; Esteruelas, Nuria Fandos; Beckmen, Kimberlee B. & Jones, K [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2015). ARTERIAL BLOOD-GAS EVALUATION BEFORE AND AFTER INTRANASAL OXYGEN SUPPLEMENTATION IN CHEMICALLY IMMOBILIZED ARCTIC UNGULATES. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Chemical immobilization using potent opioids and alpha-2-agonists is essential for wildlife research. However, adverse effects caused by respiratory depressant drugs have traditionally been neglected. This study evaluated the effects of intra-nasal oxygen administration in arctic ungulates under chemical restrain. Methods We evaluated different drug protocols for moose (3.37 mg etorphine, 15 mg acepromazine, 75 mg xylazine, n = 33 or 4.5 mg carfentanil, 100 mg xylazine, n = 17), caribou (1.5 mg carfentanil, 20 mg xylazine, n = 21 or 1.5 mg thiafentanil, 25 mg azaperone, 20 mg xylazine, n = 19), muskoxen (4 mg etorphine, 27 mg xylazine, n = 19), European bison (3.72 mg etorphine, 16.5 mg acepromazine, 78 mg xylazine, n = 12) and reindeer (10 mg medetomidine, 200 mg ketamine, n = 14) in Scandinavia and Alaska. Arterial blood was collected from the auricular artery immediately after induction and again after 10 minutes of 100% intranasal oxygen. For moose, one study group was not administered oxygen, rather had an immediate antagonism of xylazine with atipamezole. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) was confirmed with repeated measures ANOVA. Results Severe hypoxemia (< 40 mmHg) was documented in all species. All animals had significant (p < 0.01) increase in PaO2 (> 80 mmHg) after oxygen treatment. Most animals showed symptoms of respiratory and/or metabolic acidosis with decreased pH (< 7.35), increased PaCO2 (> 45 mmHg) and increased lactate (> 8 mmol/L). PaCO2 significantly (p < 0.05) increased, whereas lactate significantly (p < 0.05) decreased between samples. Immediate antagonism of xylazine resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in PaO2 > 68mmHg, but not in PaCO2. Conclusion Intranasal oxygen supplementation improved arterial oxygen. Blood-gas utilization has motivated employment of intranasal oxygen, and revised drug protocols for moose and caribou to include early reversal of the alpha-2-agonist.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2015). Zoletil vet. og Zoletil forte vet. – feil i godkjente preparatomtaler. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 127(7). Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2015). Portrettet: Har studenter fra et 20-talls nasjoner (Oddvar Lind). [Journal]. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Skjerve, Eystein (2015). Virker akupunktur på dyr? Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. p. 570–571. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2015). Comments on mouth-to-snout ventilation in veterinary cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Official Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (JVECC). ISSN 1534-6935. 25(5), p. 594–594. doi: 10.1111/vec.12370. Full text in Research Archive
• Fahlman, Åsa; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Ahlquist, Per; Möller, T & Röken, B.O. (2015). Challenges with capture and zolazepam-tiletamine immobilisation of free-ranging and captive gray wolves (Canis lupus). Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2015). Hoggormbitt revisited. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 127(8). Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Alexander, Jan; Bernhoft, Aksel; Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Knutsen, Helle Katrine & Stokke, Sigbjørn [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2015). Politikerne ser bort fra alle helse- og miljøfaglige råd hvis blyhaglforbudet oppheves. Aftenposten Viten. ISSN 2464-3033. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2015). Munn til snute-metoden på hund. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 127(4). Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2014). Så är morgonhumöret hos björnar som vaknar i mars. [Journal]. Länstidningen. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2014). Østmarkaulv filmet med hårløs hale. Kan være reveskabb. [Journal]. Romerikes Blad. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Stokke, Sigbjørn & Søli, Nils Eivind (2014). Blyhagl til besvær. Full text in Research Archive
• Evans, Alina; Singh, Navinder J.; Friebe, A; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Laske, T & Fröbert, O. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). The bear decides to hibernate but is physiologically forced out of the den. Full text in Research Archive
• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Søli, Nils Eivind (2014). Mennesker og dyr blir forgiftet av bly fra blyhagl. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Stokke, Sigbjørn & Søli, Nils Eivind (2014). Jakt med blyhagl til besvær. Full text in Research Archive
• Lian, Marianne; Evans, Alina; Björck, S.; Angel, M.; Stenbacka, F & Singh, Navinder J. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Helicopter chase and capture event’s effect on the physiology of free-ranging moose (Alces alces) using blood gasses, lactate and body temperature as variables. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Stokke, Sigbjørn & Søli, Nils Eivind (2014). Blyhagl til besvær. 77(5), p. 28–29. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Stokke, Sigbjørn (2014). Hvem bløffer om bly? Jakt. 19(3), p. 52–53. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Lindboe, Morten & Stokke, Sigbjørn (2014). Bør ikke oppheve blyhaglforbudet. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Navinder J.; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Ericsson, G.; Evans, Alina & Stenbacka, F (2014). Internal state versus external environment: combining eco–physiology and movement ecology of a large herbivore. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Stokke, Sigbjørn (2014). Blyrester fra kuler og hagl i viltkjøtt er helseskadelig. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 126, p. 574–575. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Navinder J.; Evans, Alina; Stenbacka, F; Ericsson, G. & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2014). Neither too hot nor too cold. Thermoregulation in Scandinavian moose. Full text in Research Archive
• Lian, M.; Evans, Alina; Björck, S.; Angel, M.; Stenbacka, F & Singh, Navinder J. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Physiological evaluation of the effect of the capture event on free-ranging moose (Alces alces) using blood gasses, lactate and body temperature as variables. Full text in Research Archive
• Neves, Carlos G Das; Hareide, ellinor; Breines, Eva Marie; Evans, Alina; Aanes, R & Arnemo, Jon Martin [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). Assessment of viral pathogens in Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus): An example of ecological and geographical driven viral extinction? Full text in Research Archive
• Esteruelas, N. F.; Huber, N; Evans, Alina; Zedrosser, Andreas; Palomares, F & Cattet, Marc [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). Leucocyte coping capacity as a tool for assessing capture and handling-induced stress in free-ranging Scandinavian brown bears (Urus arctos). Full text in Research Archive
• Evans, Alina; Esteruelas, N. F.; Friebe, A; Blanc, S; Laske, T & Brunberg, S. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Physiological consequences of disturbance and capture of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) during hibernation. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Stokke, Sigbjørn & Søli, Nils Eivind (2014). Blyhagl og giftig valgflesk. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Stokke, Sigbjørn & Søli, Nils Eivind (2014). En giftcocktail. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Stokke, Sigbjørn & Søli, Nils Eivind (2014). Blyforvirring. Jakt. 19(9), p. 52–52. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Soderberg, A & Stokke, Sigbjørn (2014). Blyrester från kulor och hagel i viltkött är en hälsorisk. Svensk veterinärtidning. ISSN 0346-2250. 66, p. 50–51. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Stokke, Sigbjørn & Søli, Nils Eivind (2014). Blyhagl til besvær. 126, p. 574–575. Full text in Research Archive
• Stokke, Sigbjørn & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2014). Hvor langt løper en skadeskutt rein? Villreinen. ISSN 0801-6321. p. 70–72. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2014). Lurt av blylobbyister - Politikere som vil oppheve blyforbudet, er lurt av dyktige lobbyister, hevder professor Jon Martin Arnemo. [Internet]. adressa.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Stokke, Sigbjørn (2014). Blyrester i viltkjøtt er en helserisiko. Full text in Research Archive
• Jones, K; Godfroid, J.; Zedrosser, Andreas; Evans, Alina; Swenson, Jon & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2013). Toxoplasma gondii in scandinavian brown bears. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Evans, Alina; Fahlman, Åsa; Ahlqvist, P; Brunberg, S. & Segerstrom, P [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2013). Capture-related mortalities in brown bears in Scandinavia 1984-2013 : a review of 1824 captures. Full text in Research Archive
• Fahlman, Å.; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Engvall, E. O. & Hansson, I (2013). Are free-ranging brown bears an important reservoir and potential source of Campylobacter spp. infections to humans? Full text in Research Archive
• Skår, Frode & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2013). Maten gjorde hunden til menneskets beste venn. [Internet]. forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Lindboe, Morten; Dahl, Nils H*; Stokke, Sigbjørn; LINDBOE, ANNE & Søli, Nils E. (2013). KRONIKK: - Hvem vil påføre sine barn lavere IQ? Full text in Research Archive
• Lian, Marianne; Evans, Alina; Neves, Carlos G Das; Os, Øystein; Andersen, Roy & Aanes, Ronny [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2013). PHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF MEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE ANESTHESIA IN FREE-RANGING SVALBARD REINDEER (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) AND WILD NORWEGIAN REINDEER (R. t. tarandus). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Previously published studies indicated that combinations of medetomidine and ketamine were effective for both Svalbard (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and wild Norwegian reindeer (R. t. tarandus). Both previous studies indicated that reindeer were hypoxemic, based on pulse-oximetry. We conducted a physiological evaluation of these two protocols using arterial blood-gasses. Medetomidine (10 mg) and ketamine (200mg) were administered by dart from the ground in Svalbard reindeer (October 2010) and from a helicopter for wild reindeer (March 2012). Of tested animals, all seven wild reindeer and five of seven Svalbard reindeer were hypoxemic before oxygen administration. Nasal oxygen insufflation (1 L/min for 5 Svalbard reindeer and 1 wild reindeer and 2 L/min for 4 Wild reindeer) corrected hypoxemia in all cases evaluated. For reversal, all animals received 5 mg atipamezole per mg medetomidine, intramuscularly.

• Friebe, Andrea; Evans, Alina; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Blanc, S.; Swenson, Jon & Zedrosser, Andreas (2013). Timing of postimplantation gestation in free-ranging brown bears. Full text in Research Archive
• Zienianin-Gourdet, A.; Plumel, M.; Thiersé, D.; Evans, Alina; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Swenson, Jon [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2013). Muscle and adipose tissue responses to physical inactivity: a proteomic approach in the hibernating brown bear (Ursus arctos). Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2013). Elgjakt med løshund. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Evans, Alina; Fahlman, Åsa; Ahlqvist, P; Brunberg, Sven & Segerström, P. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2013). Capture-related mortalities in brown bears in Scandinavia 1984-2013: A review of 1,824 captures. Full text in Research Archive
• Evans, Alina; Butler, E.; Singh, N; Ericsson, G. & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2013). New developments in biologging techniques: physiological sensors with a mortality alert. Full text in Research Archive
• Miller, Andrea L.; Evans, Alina; Blanc, S.; Støen, Ole-Gunnar & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2013). Physiologic effects of disturbance during experimental human approach and hunting in the Scandinavian brown bear (Ursus arctos). Full text in Research Archive
• Evans, Alina; Singh, N; Blanc, S.; Friebe, Andrea; Sahlén, Veronica & Fröbert, O. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Ecophysiology of den entry and exit: does the brown bear “decide” to hibernate? Full text in Research Archive
• Jones, K; Godfroid, J.; Evans, Alina; Swenson, Jon & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2013). Toxoplasma gondii in Scandinavian brown bears. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Evans, Alina; Lian, Marianne & Os, Øystein (2013). Anestesi av rein. Villreinen. ISSN 0801-6321. 28, p. 72–74. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Evans, Alina & Blanc, Stéphane (2013). Into the woods. Into the dens. And into space? Star-Oddi Newsletter. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2013). Unikt studentarbeid ved NVH. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 125, p. 516–5165. Full text in Research Archive
• Zienianin-Gourdet, A.; Plumel, M.; Thiersé, D.; Evans, Alina; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Swenson, Jon [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2013). Muscle and adipose tissue responses to physical inactivity: a proteomic approach in the hibernating brown bear (Ursus arctos). Full text in Research Archive
• Støen, Ole-Gunnar; Ordiz, Andres; Sahlén, Veronica; Sæbø, S.; Nellemann, C & Arnemo, Jon Martin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). How dangerous are brown bears in Scandinavia? Normal behaviour when encountering humans. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Lindboe, Morten; Dahl, Nils H.; Stokke, Sigbjørn; Lindboe, Anne & Søli, Nils (2013). Hvem vil påføre barna lavere IQ? p. 38–39. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Evans, Alina (2013). Translational medicine goes wild! WVS Newsletter. p. 2–2. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansson, I; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Engvall, E. O. & Fahlman, Å. (2013). Do wild brown bears carry Campylobacter species that could cause campylobacteriosis in humans? Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Wabakken, Petter (2012). Kan ha blitt skutt ulovlig. [Journal]. Glåmdalen. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Grue, Jon Iver (2012). Professor med hele verden som arbeidssted. [Journal]. Østerdald-jul. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2012). Fra biomedisin til blyrester og conservation medicine. In Fjeld, Knut (Eds.), Evenstad i 100 : fra skogskole til universitet. Opplandske bokforlag. ISSN 9788275181907. p. 221–221. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Søli, Nils (2012). Medikamentell immobilisering av dyr. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 124(5). Full text in Research Archive
• Jalland, C.M.O.; Stewart, P.; Evans, Alina; Swenson, Jon; Røed, Susan Skogtvedt & Christophersen, B [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2012). Are brown bears susceptible to prion disease? Analysis of prion protein variation and expression in the Scandinavian brown bear (Ursus arctos). Full text in Research Archive
• Evans, Alina; Singh, N; Friebe, Andrea; Blanc, S.; Miller, Andrea L. & Sahlén, Veronica [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2012). Brown bear thermoregulation : seasonal variation and responses to stressor assessed by combined biologging techniques. Full text in Research Archive
• Lian, M.; Evans, Alina; Bertelsen, M. F.; Fahlman, Åsa; Haga, Henning Andreas & Ericsson, G. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). Alleviating hypoxemia in immobilized free-ranging moose (Alces alces). Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Evans, Alina (2012). Secrets of the bears. Public Service Review: European Science & Technology. 17, p. 84–84. Full text in Research Archive
• Evans, Alina; Sahlén, Veronica; Støen, Ole-Gunnar; Fahlman, Åsa; Brunberg, S. & Madslien, Knut [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2011). Capture, anesthesia and disturbance of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) during hibernation. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjorkman, C; Jakubek, E.-B.; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Malmsten, J. (2011). Seroprevalence of neospora caninum in gray wolves (Canis lupus) in Scandinavia. Full text in Research Archive
• Miller, Andrea L.; Evans, Alina; Os, Øystein & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2011). Effective immobilizing doses of medetomidine-ketamine and serum biochemistry and hematology in free-ranging wild Norwegian reindeer. Full text in Research Archive
• Stewart, P.; Skogtvedt, S; Griffin, K.; Swenson, Jon E.; Liberg, Olof & Persson, J [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2011). Genetic variability and association with prion disease susceptibility of the prion gene in the mammalian order Carnivora. Full text in Research Archive
• Painer, J; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Hildebrand, T.B.; Jewgenow, K.; Linnell, John D. C. & Odden, J. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2011). Ultrasound in extreme conditions : reproductive assessment of wild Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in northern Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Evans, Alina; Madslien, Knut; Sahlén, Veronica; Fahlman, Åsa; Brunberg, Sven & Støen, Ole-Gunnar [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2011). Capture and anesthesia of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) during hibernation. Full text in Research Archive
• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Botten, Lasse (2011). Blyrester från kulammunition i viltkött : en hälsorisk? Metsästäjä. ISSN 0047-6986. p. 42–43. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2011). Blydebatten. Jakt og fiske. ISSN 0800-3041. 141(3), p. 62–62. Full text in Research Archive
• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Botten, Lasse & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2011). Metsästysluotien lyijyjäämät riistanlihassa : terveysriski? Metsästäjä. ISSN 0047-6986. 30(1), p. 42–44. Full text in Research Archive
• Stokke, Sigbjørn & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2011). Blyholdige jaktkuler, en helserisiko. Villmarksmessa (Infoavis). p. 24–24. Full text in Research Archive
• Rosell, F; Jojola, Susan; Ingdal, K.; Lassen, Bård Andreas; Swenson, Jon & Arnemo, Jon Martin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2011). Brown bears posess anal sacs and secretions may code for sex. Full text in Research Archive
• Lèchenne, Monique Sarah; Bröjer, Caroline; Andren, H; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Ågren, Erik Olof (2011). Mortalities due to constipation and dystocia caused by intraperitoneal radio transmitters in Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). Full text in Research Archive
• Evans, Alina; Fahlman, Åsa; Ericsson, G.; Haga, A. & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2011). Physiological evaluation of free-ranging moose (alces alces) immobilized with etorphine-xylazine-acepromazine in Northern Sweden. Full text in Research Archive
• Reynolds, H; Zedrosser, Andreas; Shideler, R.; Reynolds, P; Swenson, Jon & Arnemo, Jon Martin [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2011). Is capture of brown bear offspring ethical? Full text in Research Archive
• Bergvall, U.A; Kjellander, P & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2011). The representativeness of the sample and individual differences in behavior. Full text in Research Archive
• Arinell, K.; Christensen, K; Josefsson, Johan; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Evans, Alina & Fröbert, O. (2011). Comparison of platelet aggregation during hibernation and non-hibernation in Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos). Full text in Research Archive
• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Vang, Silje; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Bartzke, Gundula; Rolandsen, Christer Moe & Solberg, Erling Johan (2011). Kan vi stole på våre ettersøkshunder? Hjorteviltet. ISSN 1502-3729. p. 12–16. Full text in Research Archive
• Stokke, Sverre; Botten, Lasse & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2010). Blyrester från kulammunition i viltkött - en hälsorisk? Svensk veterinärtidning. ISSN 0346-2250. 62(15), p. 21–24. Full text in Research Archive
• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Botten, Lasse & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2010). Metsästysammusten lyijyjäämät riistanlihassa ? terveysriski? Suomen Eläinlääkärilehti. ISSN 0039-5501. p. 410–412. Full text in Research Archive
• Fahlman, Åsa; Caulkett, Nigel A.; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Neuhaus, P. & Ruckstuhl, K.E. (2010). Efficacy of a portable oxygen concentrator for improvement of arterial oxygenation during anesthesia of wildlife. Full text in Research Archive
• Rosell, Frank; Jojola, Susan; Swenson, Jon E.; Ingdal, Kristian; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Zedrosser, Andreas (2010). Brown bears possess anal glands with secretions coding for sex. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Olfactory communication occurs in most carnivores, and many use anal gland secretion (AGS) in scent-marking. The scent can contain a variety of information, including sex-related cues. Currently, there is disagreement about whether bear species, other than the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), possess anal glands. We documented anal sacs in brown bears (Ursus arctos) and analyzed AGS from 17 free-ranging, sexually mature individuals using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We hypothesized that brown bear AGS codes for sex on the basis that it does in giant panda AGS, and predicted that AGS shows sex differences in gas chromatogram profiles, in number of compounds, and in digital and analog coding of chemical compounds. We also predicted that the color of AGS differs between male and female brown bears. Our results support the prediction that male and female AGS differs in gas chromatograms, in analog coding, and in color. However, we found no significant difference between sexes in number of detected compounds or in the digital coding. We found 90 different compounds in their AGS. Our results confirm that brown bears possess anal glands which relay information about sex, and suggest other chemical information critical to the bears? social system is likely encoded in the AGS.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2010). Blyrester fra jaktkuler i viltkjøttet : en helserisiko? Hjorteviltet. ISSN 1502-3729. 20, p. 108–111. Full text in Research Archive
• Linnell, John D.C.; Odden, John; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Strømseth, Thomas Holm & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2010). Hva bestemmer skjebnen til de store rovdyrene i Norge? Natur & miljø. ISSN 0807-9234. p. 34–35. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2010). Blyrester fra jaktkuler i viltkjøttet : en helserisiko? Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 122, p. 407–410. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Botten, Lasse & Stokke, Sigbjørn (2010). Blyforgiftet av viltkjøtt? Full text in Research Archive
• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Botten, Lasse & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2010). Blyrester fra jaktkuler i viltkjøttet : en helserisiko? p. 39–39. Full text in Research Archive
• Linnell, John D.C.; Odden, John; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Strømseth, Thomas Holm & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2010). Hva bestemmer skjebnen til de store rovdyrene i Norge? Våre Rovdyr. ISSN 0801-4728. 24(2), p. 36–37. Full text in Research Archive
• Fahlman, Åsa; Caulkett, Nigel A.; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Ruckstuhl, J. M.; Neuhaus, P. & Woodbury, M [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Oxygen therapy: techniques for an essential tool in wildlife anesthesia. Full text in Research Archive
• Fröbert, O.; Christensen, Kjeld; Fahlman, Åsa; Brunberg, Sven; Josefsson, Johan & Särndahl, Eva [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Platelet function in the Scandinavian brown bear (Ursus arctos) compared to man. Full text in Research Archive
• Evans, Alina; Madslien, Knut; Fahlman, Åsa; Brunberg, Sven; Støen, Ole-Gunnar & Fröbert, O. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Capture and anesthesia of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) during hibernation. Full text in Research Archive
• Lervik, Andreas; Evans, Alina; Haga, Henning Andreas; Solberg, Erling Johan; Os, Øystein & Hvarnes, Silje [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). Degreasing plasma lactate concentrations during etorphine immobilization in free-ranging moose (Alces alces). Full text in Research Archive
• Polder, Anuschka; Skåre, Janneche Utne; Tryland, Morten; Ropstad, Erik; Gabrielsen, Geir Wing & Vikøren, Turid [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2010). Halogenated organic compounds (HOCS) in wild living terrestrial mammals in Svalbard, Norway and northern Sweden. Full text in Research Archive
• Rosell, Frank; Jojola, Susan; Ingdal, Kristian; Lassen, Bård Andreas; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Swenson, Jon E. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). Brown bears possess anal glands and secretions may code for sex. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Olfactory communication occurs in most carnivores, and many use anal gland secretion (AGS) in scent-marking. The scent can contain a variety of information, including sex-related cues. Currently, there is disagreement about whether bear species, other than the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), possess anal glands. We documented anal sacs in brown bears (Ursus arctos) and analyzed AGS from 17 free-ranging, sexually mature individuals using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We hypothesized that brown bear AGS codes for sex on the basis that it does in giant panda AGS, and predicted that AGS shows sex differences in gas chromatogram profiles, in number of compounds, and in digital and analog coding of chemical compounds. We also predicted that the color of AGS differs between male and female brown bears. Our results support the prediction that male and female AGS differs in gas chromatograms, in analog coding, and in color. However, we found no significant difference between sexes in number of detected compounds or in the digital coding. We found 90 different compounds in their AGS. Our results confirm that brown bears possess anal glands which relay information about sex, and suggest other chemical information critical to the bears? social system is likely encoded in the AGS.

• Polder, Anuschka; Løken, Katharina; Skåre, Janneche Utne; Tryland, Morten; Ropstad, Erik & Gabrielsen, Geir Wing [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2010). Halogenated organic compounds (HOCS) in wild living terrestrial mammals in Svalbard, Norway and northern Sweden. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2010). Blyforgiftning. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2010). Blyforgiftning. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2010). Blyforgiftning. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2010). Blyforgiftning. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2010). Blyforgiftning. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2010). Blyforgiftning. Full text in Research Archive
• Evans, Alina; Madslien, Knut; Fahlman, Åsa; Brunberg, Sven; Støen, Ole-Gunnar & Fröbert, O. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Capture and anesthesia of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) during hibernation. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2009). 4000 elg skadeskytes. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2009). Norge har et katteproblem. Full text in Research Archive
• Odden, John; Linnell, John D.C. & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2009). Ny kunnskap har sin pris. p. 48–48. Full text in Research Archive
• Strømseth, Thomas Holm; Aronson, Åke; Wabakken, Petter & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2009). Løpetid og blod ved revirmarkeringer hos ulv. Våre Rovdyr. ISSN 0801-4728. 23(3), p. 68–70. Full text in Research Archive
• Aronson, Åke; Strømseth, Thomas Holm; Wabakken, Petter & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2009). Lär dig uppfatta vargens urinmarkeringar tydligare. Våra Rovdjur. ISSN 1102-6111. p. 8–9. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Fahlman, Åsa & Pringle, J. (2009). Blue blood in brown bears: effects of intranasal oxygen therapy on hypoxemia during anesthesia. Full text in Research Archive
• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Botten, Lasse (2009). Semi-jacketed hunting bullets and lead contamination of game meat Lead bullets : the disposal in tissue depending on bullet types. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Skogtvedt, Susan; Shen, C.; Swenson, Jon E.; Stewart, P. & Liberg, Olof [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2009). Genetic variability of the prion protein family genes in predator species. Full text in Research Archive
• Storaas, Torstein; Beest, Floris van; Nicolaysen, Knut; Milner, Jos M.; Klasson, Staffan & Nordtun, Gudmund [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2009). Survival of the fattest - elgfôring i Østerdalen. Hjorteviltet. ISSN 1502-3729. 19(1), p. 58–59. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Elgfôringsprosjektet er i gang med tredje feltsesong, no i Østerdalen. Endeleg fekk me ein skikkelig snøvinter. Data er enno ikkje knadd ferdig og me må difor ta alle atterhald. Me vil likevel gje ein undervegsrapport ispedd spekulasjoner

• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Kristoffersson, Magnus & Söderberg, Arne (2008). Märkbart många björnar skadeskjuts. Våra Rovdjur. ISSN 1102-6111. p. 18–20. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Närmare en tredjedel av alla björnar som påskjuts i den svenska björnjakten kan i värsta fall vara skadeskjutna. Det visar en ny studie från ett tvärvetenskapligt samarbetsprojekt där tillv¨gagångssättet vid bj¨rnjakten i Sverige och Balkan kartläggs. F¨rfattarna presenterar här sina resultat utifrån ett detaljerat jaktligt perspektiv.Hälften av de första skotten som avlossas, sker mot björnar i rörelse och nästan 40 procent i en position där träffsäkerheten är dålig. Många skadeskjutna björnar friskförklaras sannolikt också felaktigt då björnarnas tjokka lager av underhudsfett förhindrar blodspår

• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2008). Refinement of techniques for capture, immobilisation and marking. Full text in Research Archive
• Os, Øystein & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2008). Radiomerking av viltlevende dyr. Villreinen. ISSN 0801-6321. 22, p. 86–86. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Storaas, Torstein (2008). Norsk dyreetikk i dag. p. 4–5. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Storaas, Torstein (2008). Seiglivete jegermyter. Jakt og fiske. ISSN 0800-3041. 138(12), p. 72–75. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Storaas, Torstein (2008). Dyreetisk tankepoliti. Fuglehunden. ISSN 0807-0474. 71(6), p. 53–53. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2008). Sarcoptesskabb hos ulv. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Ranheim, Birgit; Ranheim, Birgit; Haga, Henning Andreas; Smith, Adrian John & Søli, Nils E. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2008). Sedasjon, immobilisering og anestesi av pattedyr og fugler, Sedasjon, immobilisering og anestesi av pattedyr og fugler. Norges medisinalindustris felleskontor /IS Felleskatalogen. p. 31–53. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Mange undersøkelser og inngrep innen veterinærmedisinen krever sedasjon eller anestesi av pasienten. Dette gjelder i alminnelighet for smertefulle inngrep uansett dyreart. I tillegg krever de fleste ville dyrearter og aggressive eller redde individer medikamentell immobilisering for i det hele tatt å kunne håndteres og undersøkes. Formålet med å skrive dette kapitlet har vært å gi praktiserende veterinærer en samlet oversikt over de mest aktuelle legemidler til sedasjon, immobilisering og anestesi av de vanligste pattedyr- og fuglearter i Norge. Oversikten er basert på en omfattende litteraturgjennomgang, et nært samarbeid med kolleger og forskere, samt egne erfaringer og observasjoner. Intensjonen er å sørge for en løpende oppdatering for de enkelte arter når det gjelder anbefalte doser og eventuelle nye legemidler. Forfatterne vil likevel ikke kunne påta seg ansvaret for bruken av preparater som ikke er godkjent av Statens legemiddelverk for oppførte indikasjoner og dyrearter.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2008). Väd är en veterinär? Svensk veterinärtidning. ISSN 0346-2250. p. 1–1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I en intressant ledarartikel i SVT (4) tar Karin Östensson upp veterinärens kompetens och roll i samhället. Frågeställ - ningen är inte ny. För mer än 40 år sedan definierade kollega Lars Karstad (3) begreppet veterinär: ¿A veterinarian is a biologist schooled in the basic sciences, with specialized knowledge of pathology and clinical medicine¿. Temat har också diskuterats i NVT (Norsk Veterinärtidsskrift) i form av en ledarartikel (2) och en kommentarartikel (1). Veterinärens roll som yrkesperson är starkt hotad i dagens samhälle. Andra yrkesgrupper kämpar sig in på traditionella veterinära fackområden, med starkt stöd av ivriga tjänstemän, lagstiftare och andra byråkrater. Samtidigt upplever vi att veterinärutbildningen både vid SLU, NVH (Norges Veterinär högskole) och KVL (Den Kgl Veterinär- og Landbo - höjskole, numera den Bio videnskabelige Fakultet, Københavns Universitet) går i fel riktning: prekliniska och parakliniska ämnen sväller i omfång medan den kliniska undervisningen hela tiden krymper. Ett annat typiskt drag är att fler och fler icke-veterinärer anställs som forskare och lärare vid de skandinaviska veterinärfakulteterna. Detta är helt klart en olycklig trend som speciellt borde bekymra våra yrkesföreningar. En klassisk veterinärutbildning med ett starkt fokus på kliniska ämnen och patologi, ger kandidater med en unik kompetens som inga andra kan konkurrera med. Tilläggas kan att veterinärer självklart är väl kvalificerade att jobba med ¿food safety¿ och ¿public health¿, men här måste vi finna oss i att bli ut manade av många andra yrkesgrupper. Den stora utmaningen för veterinärer i framtiden kommer att bli att utveckla organisationer som är i stånd att driva en effektiv kamp för professionen. Jämfört med andra professionsyrken (läkare, tandläkare och advokater) har utvecklingen för skandinaviska veterinärer gått i fel riktning: relativt sett är veterinärernas lönenivå sämre idag än för 30 år sedan, samtidigt som veterinärens status i samhället är starkt försvagad. Lön och status är två sidor av samma sak, därför borde våra yrkesorganisationer ha detta som primärt fokus under åren som kommer. JON M ARNEMO leg veterinär, dr med vet, professor Högskolan i Hedmark och SLU

• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2008). Professor i løpet av ti år. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. p. 93–93. Full text in Research Archive
• Linnell, John D.C.; Odden, John & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2008). Viltforskning - til hvilken pris? Våre Rovdyr. ISSN 0801-4728. p. 26–27. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Radiomerking av viltlevende dyr har de siste 30 årene vært en av de viktigste metodene tilgjengelig for biologer. Metoden gir nødvendig kunnskap for involverte parter og kan bidra til en bærekraftig forvaltning, mener kronikkforfatterne - og tar utgangspunkt i merking av gaupe.

• Odden, John; Linnell, John D.C. & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2008). Viltforskning - til hvilken pris? Forskning.no. ISSN 1891-635X. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Radiomerking av viltlevende dyr har de siste 30 årene vært en av de viktigste metodene tilgjengelig for biologer. Metoden gir nødvendig kunnskap for involverte parter og kan bidra til en bærekraftig forvaltning, mener kronikkforfatterne - og tar utgangspunkt i merking av gaupe.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Ranheim, Birgit; Ranheim, Birgit; Haga, Henning Andreas; Smith, Adrian John & Søli, Nils E. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2008). Sedasjon, immobilisering og anestesi av pattedyr og fugler, Sedasjon, immobilisering og anestesi av pattedyr og fugler. Norges medisinalindustris felleskontor /IS Felleskatalogen. p. 33–55. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Mange undersøkelser og inngrep innen veterinærmedisinen krever sedasjon eller anestesi av pasienten. Dette gjelder i alminnelighet for smertefulle inngrep uansett dyreart. I tillegg krever de fleste ville dyrearter og aggressive eller redde individer medikamentell immobilisering for i det hele tatt å kunne håndteres og undersøkes. Formålet med å skrive dette kapitlet har vært å gi praktiserende veterinærer en samlet oversikt over de mest aktuelle legemidler til sedasjon, immobilisering og anestesi av de vanligste pattedyr- og fuglearter i Norge. Oversikten er basert på en omfattende litteraturgjennomgang, et nært samarbeid med kolleger og forskere, samt egne erfaringer og observasjoner. Intensjonen er å sørge for en løpende oppdatering for de enkelte arter når det gjelder anbefalte doser og eventuelle nye legemidler. Forfatterne vil likevel ikke kunne påta seg ansvaret for bruken av preparater som ikke er godkjent av Statens legemiddelverk for oppførte indikasjoner og dyrearter.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Storaas, Torstein (2008). Dyreetisk tankepoliti. p. 46–46. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Ta bort mellomrommet i «jeg er» ¿ og du får jeger. Mennesket er jeger, dermed er mennesket. Kun to millioner mennesker levde på vår planet før landbruket ble utviklet. De levde av jakt, fiske og sanking i 200 000 år og før dem jaktet og fisket forfedrene i millioner av år. Jordbruket i Norge har vart i bare 5 000 år. Industrialisert landbruk og fiske har ført til at kloden nå før langt over 6 milliarder mennesker. Fremdeles liker likevel mange nordmenn å være ute, gå på tur, jakte og fiske, sove ute og brenne bål. Vi gjør dette fordi vi liker at naturen inni oss møter naturen rundt oss. Vi må tenke grundig gjennom hvordan vi oppfører oss mot fisk og vilt når fangsten ikke er av nød, men av glede. Rådet for dyreetikk har i oppgave å rettlede oss i oppførsel mot dyr. Konsekvensen av deres råd er at vi må slutte å jakte og fiske. En konsekvens av Rådets uttalelser er at statsministerens duejakt er etisk uforsvarlig. Rådet skremmer oss.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Fahlman, Åsa; Madslien, Knut; Brunberg, Sven; Ytrehus, Bjørnar & Swenson, Jon (2007). Long-term evaluation of Telonics intraperitoneal radiotransmitters in free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos). Full text in Research Archive
• Botten, Lasse; Stokke, Sigbjørn; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Storaas, Torstein; Gundersen, Hege & Svensberg, Marko [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2007). Expanding projectiles for big game hunting ? deformation history and tissue simulants. Metsästäjä. ISSN 0047-6986. 5, p. 24–27. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Är de uppgifter tillverkarna av jaktkulor ger om kulornas restvikt tillitförlitliga? Restvikterna för kulor som insamlats ur älgkroppar var alla lägre än de värden tillverkarna ger. Också den omfattande användninen av vävnadssimulanter kan ifrågasättas, eftersom uppgifter vi insamlat visar, att restvikterna för kulor som lösgjorts ur simulanterna är relativt låga jämfört med kulor som lösgjorts ur älgkroppar. Det här tyder på att resultat som erhållits vid användning av vävnadssimulanter bör standardiseras. Vi föreslår på grundvalen av jämförelser mellan kulor som lösgjorts ur simulanter och kulor som lösgjorts ur biologisk vävnad att det utarbetas korrektionsfaktorer. I den här artikeln berättar vi om resultat som erhölls utgående från kulsampel som indamlades i anslutning till vår enkät om användningen och effekten av olika patron- och kultyper som nyttjas vid jakten på älg i de nordiska länderna. Can we trust the information regarding retention weights supplied by the manufactures of hunting bullets? Retention weights for bullets collected from moose carcasses were all below the values given by the producers. The extensive use of tissue simulants might also be questioned as our data indicates that retention weights for bullets retrieved from simulants are rather low compared to bullets retrieved from moose carcasses. This suggests that there is a need to standardize results obtained by using tissue simulants. We suggest that correction factors can be constructed based on comparisons between bullets retrieved from simulants and living tissue. In this article we report from the results based on the bullet sampling effort that was a part of our questionnaire regarding the use and effect of different cartridge and bullet types used in the harvesting of Fennoscandian moose.

• Wabakken, Petter; Sand, Håkan; Kojola, Ilpo; Zimmermann, Barbara; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Pedersen, Hans Christian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2007). Scandinavian wolf makes tracks. p. 7–7. Full text in Research Archive
• Botten, Lasse; Stokke, Sigbjørn; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Storaas, Torstein; Gundersen, Hege & Svensberg, Marko [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2007). Expanding projectiles for big game hunting - deformation history and tissue simulants. Metsästäjä. ISSN 0047-6986. 5, p. 24–27. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Can we trust the information regarding retention weights supplied by the manufactures of hunting bullets? Retention weights for bullets collected from moose carcasses were all below the values given by the producers. The extensive use of tissue simulants might also be questioned as our data indicates that retention weights for bullets retrieved from simulants are rather low compared to bullets retrieved from moose carcasses. This suggests that there is a need to standardize results obtained by using tissue simulants. We suggest that correction factors can be constructed based on comparisons between bullets retrieved from simulants and living tissue. In this article we report from the results based on the bullet sampling effort that was a part of our questionnaire regarding the use and effect of different cartridge and bullet types used in the harvesting of Fennoscandian moose.

• Eriksen, Ane; Wabakken, Petter; Zimmermann, Barbara; Andreassen, Harry Peter; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Gundersen, Hege [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2006). Activity patterns of predator and prey: Wolf and moose in South-Eastern Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Wabakken, Petter; Pedersen, Hans Christian; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Strømseth, Thomas Holm; Zimmermann, Barbara & Bensch, Staffan [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2006). Høgskolens ulveforskning i SKANDULV. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Oddgeir; Stokke, Sigbjørn; Brainerd, Scott Michael; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Aas-Aune, G. (2005). Kalibervalg og skuddatferd: Skråvinkler ikke uvanlig. Jakt og fiske. ISSN 0800-3041. 2005(5), p. 52–54. Full text in Research Archive
• Madslien, Knut; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Swenson, Jon E. (2005). Use of intraperitoneal radiotransmitters in yearling female brown bears. Anesthetics and surgical procedures. Full text in Research Archive
• Madslien, Knut; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Swenson, Jon (2005). Use of intraperitoneal radiotransmitters in yearling female brown bears. Anesthetic and surgical procedures. Full text in Research Archive
• Sunde, Marianne; Schau, Jannice; Lillehaug, Atle; Handeland, Kjell & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2004). Antibiotic resistance in wildlife. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2004). Zoonoser hos vilt - fra skog til jeger. Full text in Research Archive
• Fahlman, Åsa; Loveridge, A; Foggin, Chris; Wenham, C; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Nyman, Görel (2004). Reversible anaesthesia of free-ranging lions (Panthera leo) in Zimbabwe. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2004). Bedøvelse av ville dyr - en presisering. Villmarksliv. ISSN 0332-7442. 32(8), p. 90–90. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Ericsson, Göran; Øen, Egil Ole; Broman, Emil; Heim, Morten & Os, Øystein [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2004). IMMOBILIZATION OF FREE-RANGING MOOSE (Alces alces) WITH ETORPHINE OR ETORPHINE-ACEPROMAZINE-XYLAZINE IN SCANDINAVIA 1984-2003: A REVIEW OF 2,754 CAPTURES. Full text in Research Archive
• Neubauer, H; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Rosef, Olav; Rosef, Olav; Veiberg, Vebjørn & Höller, C. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2004). Vorkommende Potentiell Enteropathogene Bakterien in Rothirsch. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Wiik, Harald (2004). Internasjonal veterinærmedisin. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 116, p. 39–39. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2004). Viltlevende dyr som forsøksdyr. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2004). Chemical immobilization of zebras. ?. p. 3–4. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2004). Chemical immobilization and anaesthesia of wild boars. ?. p. 4–4. Full text in Research Archive
• Olsen, Marianne Linder; Ahlqvist, Per; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Liberg, Olof; Pedersen, Hans Christian & Sand, Håkan [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2003). Causes of mortality of free-ranging Scandinavian gray wolves 1977-2003. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Historically, the gray wolf (Canis lupus) has been present in all parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula. However, in 1996 it was considered functionally extinct after extensive human persecution. No reproduction was recorded until 1978, when one litter of wolf pups was documented in northern Sweden. Scandinavian wolves experienced inbreeding until the arrival of a single immigrant in 1991 initiated increased heterozygosity and exponential population growth. At present the population comprises approximately 100 individuals distributed in the south central part of the peninsula. Since 1977, recordings have been made on dead wolves in Norway and Sweden. This study encompasses 82 dead wolves, of which 17 were radio collared. Overall, mortality of wolves 5-months-old was due to vehicular trauma in 22 (27%), legal kill in 19 (23%), illegal kill in 15 (18%), disease/anomalies in 9 (11%), farmers protecting livestock in 9 (11%), trauma in 3 (4%), unknown in 2 (2%), drowning in 1 (1%), suspected intraspecific fight in 1 (1%), and capture-related in 1 (1%). During the study period 23 wolf carcasses were submitted for post-mortem evaluation. Five wolves suffered from severe sarcoptic mange infection and cachexia, one animal died from hydrothorax due to subvalvular aortic stenosis and ventricular septal defect, one individual suffered from paraplegia due to scoliosis of the thoracic spine, one female died from old age, while two wolves probably died from injuries acquired in moose encounters, In addition, 12 radio collared wolves, including nine alpha animal, disappeared during the study period

• Kemper, Nicole; Aschfalk, Ansgar; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Höller, C. (2003). Untersuchung zum vorkommen enteropathogenen Bakterien und Cryptospridium bei Elchen (Alces alces) in Norwegen. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Ahlqvist, Per; Liberg, Olof; Sand, Håkan; Segerström, Peter & Wabakken, Petter (2003). A new drug combination for reversible immobilization of free-ranging gray wolves. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Twenty-seven free-ranging Scandinavian gray wolves (6 females < 1 yr, 7 females and 14 males > 1 yr) were immobilized from a helicopter with 5 mg medetomidine (M) + 250 mg ketamine (K) per animal during winter in 2002 and 2003. Mean (SD) doses were 0.162 (0.008) mg M/kg + 8.1 (0.4) mg K/kg in animals < 1 yr and 0.110 (0.014) mg M/kg and 5.7 (0.5) mg K/kg in animals > 1 yr. Mean induction times were 2.3 (0.8) min in animals < 1 yr and 4.1 (0.6) min in animals > 1 yr (p < 0.01). All but one animal werecompletely immobilized after one dart injection and remained immobilized for at least 45 min after darting. No major clinical side effects were detected during immobilization but transient hyperthermia were seen initially in most wolves. Several wolvesvomited during recovery. Atipamezole (A) at 5 mg per mg of medetomidine was injected i.m. for reversal 98 (28) and 93 (40) min after darting in animals < 1 yr and in animals > 1 yr. Mean time from administration of A to coordinated walking was 38 (20) min in animals < 1 yr and 41 (21) min in animals > 1 yr. Recovery was uventful in 25 wolves. One adult male which did not respond to A was given intensive care and was fully recovered 8 hr after darting. Another adult male in poor body condition with a hemorrhagic enteritis never recovered and died 6 hr after darting.

• Ranheim, Birgit; Andersen, Roy; Persson, Jens; Segerström, Peter & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2003). Anaesthesia of free-ranging Scandinavian wolverines (Gulo gulo). Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2002). Analgesia in exotic and wild animals. ?. p. 8–8. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2002). Reversible anaesthesia in non-domestic cats. ?. p. 6–6. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Kreeger, Terry J. (2002). Chemical immobilization of free-ranging moose: a review. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Free-ranging moose are chemically immobilized for various purposes: radiotransmitter deployment, collection of biological materials, morphometry, health examination, and translocation. Most moose are approached with a helicopter or occasionally, by snowmobile, all-terrain vehicle, car, boat or on foot, and drugs are administered by projectile darts fired from a dart gun. The first chemical immobilization of free-ranging moose were carried out in Alaska 1957-58 with nicotine, a neuromuscular blocking (NMB) agent. Since then a wide range of drugs and drug combinations have been used to capture free-ranging moose, including other NMB agents, tranquilizers, sedatives and anesthetics. Currently, potent opioids (carfentanil or etorphine) are considered to be the drugs of choice for capture of free-ranging moose. During the pioneer years when NMB agenst were used for immobilization, mortality rates were as high as 26% in some studies. However, mortality rates of 2-18% are still being reported from recent projects. Although no perfect capture technique or drug exist, we believe that a moratlity rate greater that 2% is unacceptable in free-ranging moose. By using immobilizing drugs with proven safety and by refining the capture methods, mortalities can be significantly reduced. Data from more than 1,400 helicopter immobilizations of moose with etorphine in winter showed a mortality rate of only 0.5%. Chemical immobilization of free-ranging moose is a form of veterinary anesthesia conducted under the most difficult circumstances. Immobilized moose should be clinically examined and monitored, preferably by a wildlife veterinarian. Drugs currently used for moose immobilization are highly toxic and potentially lethal for humans, and all personnel involved should be qualified to perform first aid to humans. In addition, the use of dart guns requires an understanding of ballistics and gun safety. For routine immobilization of free-ranging moose, we recommend carfentanil at 0.01 mg/kg or etorphine at 7.5-9.0 mg/adult. At these doses most animals are able to maintain sternal recumbency. We do not advocate to combine opioids with xylazine or other sedative drugs because this will increase the risk for tympany, regurgitation and aspiration of rumen contents.

• Storaas, Torstein; Gundersen, Hege; Nicolaysen, Knut; Andreassen, Harry Peter; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Steinset, Ole Knut [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2002). Om ansvarlege grunneigarar - ei ulveenkje og overlevande elgkalvar. Hjorteviltet. ISSN 1502-3729. 12, p. 4–8. Full text in Research Archive
• Storaas, Torstein; Gundersen, Hege; Nicolaysen, Knut; Andreassen, Harry Peter; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Steinset, Ole Knut [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2002). Lite elg att til jegerane - Elg og ulv på Koppangkjølen. Elgjakt. p. 82–85. Full text in Research Archive
• Storaas, Torstein; Gundersen, Hege; Nicolaysen, Knut; Andreassen, Harry P.; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Solberg, Erling Johan [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2002). Lite elg att til jegerane Elg og ulv på Koppangkjølen. Elgjakt. p. 82–85. Full text in Research Archive
• Storaas, Torstein; Gundersen, Hege; Nicolaysen, Knut; Andreassen, Harry P.; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Solberg, Erling Johan [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2002). Om ansvarlege grunneigarar - ei ulveenkje og overlevande elgkalvar. ?. 12, p. 4–8. Full text in Research Archive
• Storaas, Torstein; Andreassen, Harry Peter; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Gundersen, Hege; Nicolaysen, Knut & Solberg, Erling Johan [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2001). Redda av trekkelg - elgproduksjon i reviret til Koppang-ulveflokken. Hjorteviltet. ISSN 1502-3729. 11, p. 90–95. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Spekulativ kortversjon for late lesarar. Elgtrekket kom i november - desember 2000. Gjennom året vil ulvane drepa og eta rundt 120 elgar, mellom dei 80 som budde fast i reviret. I tillegg vart 30 elgar som bur i reviret ihelkøyrde langs veg og jernbane. Jegarane skaut 42 elgar hausten 2000. Om lag 10 vaksne elgar døydde av ulike andre årsaker. Tilsaman er truleg rundt 160 elgar som høyrer til i ulvereviret daude og borte. Dette er 10 fleire enn dei me i fjor rekna skulle verta fødde i 2000. Dersom det verkeleg berre er 115 vaksne kyr i elgbestanden no i vinter, vert det fødd langt ferre enn dei som døyr. Det er dermed grunn til å tru at elgbestanden hausten 2001 har minska noko eller er nokolunde lik bestanden 2000. Konklusjonen vert at elgbestanden i reviret til Koppangflokken vart redda frå sterk tilbakegang av trekkelgen. I 1992 skaut dei knapt 300 elgar i reviret til Koppangsulveflokken. Då skaut dei meir enn produksjonen. I fjor skaut dei berre 42. Det var også truleg langt meir enn overskotet. Dersom forfattarane av denne artikkelen hadde hatt jaktretten i Koppangsreviret ville 7 medforfattarar utsett vidare hausting til etter at Koppangsflokken er fjerna eller sterkt redusert, medan tre tykkjer det er so morosamt og viktig å jakta elg at dei ville skote kvart sitt dyr sjølv om dei ser det som gambling med ein viktig naturressurs.

• Ryeng, Kathrine A.; Larsen, Stig; Ranheim, Birgit; Albertsen, Gunn & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2001). Clinical evaluation of established optimal immobilizing doses of medetomidine-ketamine in captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Klinisk evaluering av nyetablerte optimale immobiliseringsdoser av medetomidin-ketamin hos oppstallet rein (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The objective was to evaluate clinical effects and repeatability of clinical effects of established optimal immobilizing doses of medetomidine (MED)-ketamine (KET) in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Twelve healthy 6- to 8-month old reindeer were included in the study. Each reindeer was immobilized once with an initial dose of 0.06 mg of MED/kg of body mass and 0.3 mg KET/kg and twice with an optimal dose of MED-KET. Reversal was achieved with 5 mg of atipamezole/mg of MED injected 45 minutes after MED-KET administration. Recorded variables included time to first sign of sedation, time until the animal lifted its head up, and time until the reindeer stood. Oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin (SpO2), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded 10, 25, and 40 minutes after immobilization. Mean time to first sign of sedation and time until an animal lifted its head up were significantly reduced for reindeer given optimal doses, compared with the initial dose. Mean SpO2 remained > 90% during initial immobilization, was significantly lower for the optimal doses, but increased during immobilization from 85 to 89%. At all doses, RR increased significantly throughout the recorded period; however, RT and HR were rather constant and were similar to corresponding values recorded in reindeer in winter. Except for time until reindeer stood, all time variables, SpO2, RR, RT, and HR were repeatable. Immobilization of captive reindeer with the established optimal doses is clinically acceptable, although SpO2 should be carefully monitored. Optimal doses produced the same clinical effect during repeated immobilization of the same reindeer.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Brunberg, Sven; Ahlqvist, Per; Franzén, Robert; Friebe, Andrea & Segerström, Peter [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2001). Reversible immobilization and anesthesia of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus Arctos) with Medetomidine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam and Atipamezole. A review of 575 captures. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  During an 8-yr-period, 1993-2000, a total of 575 captures of 241 individual free-ranging brown bears were accomplished in Sweden and Norway with combinations of M (Domitor® 1 mg/ml or Zalopine® 10 mg/ml, Orion Pharma Animal Health, Turku, Finland) and TZ (Zoletil® 500 mg dry powder/vial, Virbac International, Carros Cedex, France). The bears were captured for radiotagging, biometry, and biological sampling as part of an ongoing ecological and demographic study on Scandinavian brown bears. Bears were darted from a helicopter using DAN-INJECT® equipment (DAN-INJECT ApS, Børkop, Denmark). Captures were made during spring and early summer (April-June). All bears received 5 mg A (Antisedan® 5 mg/ml, Orion Pharma Animal Health) per mg M, administered half i.v. and half s.c. or half i.m. and half s.c., for reversal. During the course of this study, standard immobilizing doses of MTZ for various age and sex classes were established. The following recommendations are currently applied: 0.5 mg M plus 125 mg TZ in 1-yr-old bears (15-45 kg); 1 mg M plus 250 mg TZ in 2-yr-old and 3-yr-old bears (45-70 kg); 2 mg M plus 500 mg TZ in adult females and subadult males (70-120 kg); 3 mg M plus 750 mg TZ in small adult males (120-180 kg); 4 mg M plus 1000 mg TZ inlarge adult males (180-240 kg). If the bear is not down in 15 minutes, a full dose is repeated. All bears are receiving 5 mg A per mg M, administered half i.m. and half s.c., for reversal. In conclusion, medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam is an excellent drug combination for immobilization and anesthesia of free-ranging Scandinavian brown bears. Induction is rapid, the safety margin is wide, there are no major adverse clinical effects, muscle relaxation is good, and analgesia is adequate for abdominal surgery. By use of atipamezole the recovery times can be shortened.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Øen, Egil Ole & Heim, Morten (2001). Risk assessment of etorphine immobilization in moose: a review of 1,347 captures. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  An initial dose of 7.5-9.0 mg etorphine per animal was used in 1,347 immobilizations of 1,149 free-ranging moose (Alces alces) in Norway, 1984-2000. The animals were captured as part of ongoing ecological studies or for management purposes. All captures were done in winter (November-April). The animals were darted from a helicopter using standard remote drug delivery systems. Diprenorphine at 12 mg per 9 mg etorphine was used for reversal. Immobilized animals were grouped according to age: 391 calves (animals < 1 year) and 956 adults (animals > 1 year). Seven animals (0.5%) died or were euthanized during the capture process, five calves (1.3%) and two adult cows (0.2%). Four of the calves died due to respiratory arrest shortly after darting. Necropsies showed poor body condition in all these animals. The fifth calf developed bilateral hind leg paresis and was euthanized. Necropsy showed traumatic spinal lesions, caused by dart impact in the lumbar region, osteoporosis, cachexia and verminous pneumonia. One of the cows was hit high in the neck and died within two minutes of darting. This cow was pregnant and in good body condition. Necropsy showed possible intravascular drug injection and shock development. The other cow drowned during the induction phase when it tried to cross a deep river. Follow-up radio telemetry was done for at least 1,119 of the animals (97.4%). No mortalities caused by the capture (residual drug effects, stress, myopathy or predation) were seen. We conclude that etorphine (9 mg/ml) is a very safe and effective drug for immobilization of free-ranging moose from helicopter in winter. In our opinion, etorphine should be considered the drug of choice for moose immobilization.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2001). Reversible anaesthesia in lynx. ?. p. 4–4. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2001). Reversible anaesthesia in brown bears. ?. p. 8–8. Full text in Research Archive
• Ryeng, Kathrine A.; Arnemo, Jon M. & Larsen, Stig (2001). Determination of optimal immobilizing doses of medetomidine-ketamine in the ratio 1:5 in captive reindeer. An iteration designed controlled clinical study in wildlife medicine. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The objective was to establish optimal immobilizing doses of medetomidine (MED) with ketamine (KET) for hand-syringe- and dart administration in captive reindeer. Materials & Methods Twelve healthy 6-9 months old reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). An optimal dose was defined as a dose resulting in an induction time of 150-210 seconds, measured from the time of intramuscular injection until recumbency. Initially, each stalled animal was immobilized by hand-injection. If the induction time was longer than 210 seconds, the dose was doubled at the next immobilization. If it was shorter than 150 seconds, the dose was halved at the next immobilization. This iteration procedure was continued in each animal until an optimal dose was found. Later each animal was paddocked and darted with its optimal hand-syringe dose. Adjusting to a linear relationship between dose and induction time, individual optimal darting doses were predicted and later verified. Results The established mean optimal hand-syringe and darting doses were 0.10 mg MED/kg with 0.50 mg KET/kg, and 0.15 mg MED/kg with 0.75 mg KET/kg, producing mean induction times of 171 seconds, and 215 seconds, respectively. The mean induction time after darting being 5 seconds above the upper limit of the predefined time interval. Conclusion The higher dose requirement outdoors compared to indoors was explained by factors inherent in the darting technique and by the different confinements. Both the iteration and the prediction methods seem applicable for determination of optimal doses of MED-KET in reindeer. These procedures may be used to reduce the number of experimental animals in dose-response studies in other species.

• Ryeng, Kathrine A.; Arnemo, Jon M. & Larsen, Stig (2001). Determination of optimal immobilizing doses of medetomidine-ketamine in the ratio 1:5 in captive reindeer. An iteration designed controlled clinical study in wildlife medicine. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The objective was to establish optimal immobilizing doses of medetomidine (MED) with ketamine (KET) for hand-syringe- and dart administration in captive reindeer. Materials & Methods Twelve healthy 6-9 months old reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). An optimal dose was defined as a dose resulting in an induction time of 150-210 seconds, measured from the time of intramuscular injection until recumbency. Initially, each stalled animal was immobilized by hand-injection. If the induction time was longer than 210 seconds, the dose was doubled at the next immobilization. If it was shorter than 150 seconds, the dose was halved at the next immobilization. This iteration procedure was continued in each animal until an optimal dose was found. Later each animal was paddocked and darted with its optimal hand-syringe dose. Adjusting to a linear relationship between dose and induction time, individual optimal darting doses were predicted and later verified. Results The established mean optimal hand-syringe and darting doses were 0.10 mg MED/kg with 0.50 mg KET/kg, and 0.15 mg MED/kg with 0.75 mg KET/kg, producing mean induction times of 171 seconds, and 215 seconds, respectively. The mean induction time after darting being 5 seconds above the upper limit of the predefined time interval. Conclusion The higher dose requirement outdoors compared to indoors was explained by factors inherent in the darting technique and by the different confinements. Both the iteration and the prediction methods seem applicable for determination of optimal doses of MED-KET in reindeer. These procedures may be used to reduce the number of experimental animals in dose-response studies in other species.

• Storaas, Torstein; Nicolaysen, Knut; Andreassen, Harry Peter; Gundersen, Hege; Wabakken, Petter & Steinset, Ole Knut [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2000). Gløym elgjakt i ulverevir? Hjorteviltet. ISSN 1502-3729. 10, p. 91–93. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Dei fleste er samde om at ei lita ulvestamme ikkje vil ha nokon særleg verknad på den norske elgstammen. Til tross for ulvens inntog nådde elgavskytinga rekordhøge tal under siste jakta, både på landsbasis og lokalt i Hedmark fylke.

• Storaas, Torstein; Nicolaysen, Knut; Andreassen, Harry P.; Gundersen, Hege; Wabakken, Petter & Steinset, Ole Knut [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2000). Gløym elgjakt i ulverevir? ?. 10, p. 91–93. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Dei fleste er samde om at ei lita ulvestamme ikkje vil ha nokon særleg verknad på den norske elgstammen. Til tross for ulvens inntog nådde elgavskytinga rekordhøge tal under siste jakta, både på landsbasis og lokalt i Hedmark fylke.

• Rosell, Frank; Ranheim, Birgit & Arnemo, Jon M. (2000). Anestesi og radiomerking av bever. Norsk veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 112(12). Full text in Research Archive
• Tallian, Aimee Grace; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Evans, Alina; Friebe, Andrea; Fröbert, Ole & Hansen, Jennifer Eve [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2025). Skandinaviska björnprojektet. En samlad kunskap om våra skandinaviska björnar. Naturvårdsverket. ISSN 9789162089429. doi: https:/www.naturvardsverket.se/publikationer/8900/978-91-620-8942-9/. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Det skandinaviska björnprojektet är ett av världens längst pågående forskningsprojekt om björnar. I syfte att lära sig mer om björnarnas biologi, fysiologi, beteende och ekologi har projektet under 40 år märkt och studerat 940 björnar. Trots 40 års forskning motsvarar detta endast cirka fyra generationer hos björnen så denna unikt långa tidsserie ger data som blir alltmer värdefulla för varje år. Målet är och har varit att följa den svenska björnpopulationen och förse förvaltningen med kunskap samt bidra till förståelsen av björnen och dess roll i ekosystemet. Projektet är den längsta pågående forskningssatsning som finansierats via Naturvårdsverkets medel för forskning ur Viltvårdsfonden. Rapporten sammanfattar viktiga fynd, metoder och resultat som inte bara handlar om björnens ekologi och fysiologi utan också om hur kunskaperna om björnens förmåga att anpassa sig till långa perioder i ide tas vidare till humanmedicinen. Rapporten är resultatet av ett långt och välutvecklat samarbete mellan Sverige och Norge inom både forskning och förvaltning. Målet är att denna samlade vetenskap ska bidra till att stärka en kunskapsbaserad och hållbar förvaltning av våra björnar nu och framåt.

• Græsli, Anne Randi; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Miller, Andrea & Evans, Alina (2025). Biomedical protocol Brown bears (Ursus arctos). Universitetet i Innlandet. Full text in Research Archive
• Tallian, Aimee Grace; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Evans, Alina; Friebe, Andrea; Fröbert, Ole & Hansen, Jennifer Eve [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2025). Scandinavian Brown Bear Research Project - A 40 year research summary. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242654076. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Scandinavian Brown Bear Research Project (SBBRP) is one of the world's longest running research projects on brown bears. In the following report, we describe the current state of knowledge about brown bears in Scandinavia, summarize key findings, methodologies, and implications of the research conducted under the SBBRP over the last four decades, and outline future directions. This report is divided into 8 sections; each section also includes ’Key Points’ in the beginning, which summarizes important information found in each section. Section 1 provides background information, including a short history of the SBBRP and how its research and mission have evolved through time, as well as descriptions of our core study areas in Sweden, and an overview of both current and historical methodologies. Section 2 gives an overview of the brown bear population in Scandinavia. This includes details about their current and historical ranges and how those have been influenced by management, gives an overview of their population ecology including population size and demography, describes the general characteristics of brown bears, discusses health and disease, and summarizes what we know about brown bear genetics and connectivity. Section 3 discusses brown bear behavior and ecology including their diet and foraging patterns, their habitat, movement, dispersal, home range characteristics, and space use, the fundamentals of their mating system, reproduction, and overall fitness, and their social and individual behavior putting those into the context of intraspecific interactions, and describes their denning ecology. Section 4 describes the Scandinavian brown bear in the context of interactions with other species in the landscape. This includes prey species such as moose, reindeer, and livestock, as well as sympatric predators such as wolves, wolverine, and lynx. Section 5 discusses human-brown bear interactions from multiple angles. This includes how human disturbance can affect bear behavior, the effects of hunting on the bear population as well as on their behavior and evolution, and also looks at what we know about direct human-bear encounters in Scandinavia. Section 6 gives an overview of general brown bear physiology, describes what is known about ecotoxicology in bears such exposure to lead (Pb), and summarizes how bears have been used as translational models in human medical research. Section 7 is focused on research tools and ethics, highlighting how the SBBRP has been at the forefront of brown bear capture-anesthesia methodology over the last 40 years, as well as describing our research on how capture can affect bear physiology and behavior. Finally, Section 8 discusses the future and long-term goals of the SBBRP and highlights core areas of future research and development. Our long-term goal is to continue to monitor the Scandinavian brown bear population and facilitate local management decisions, contribute to the understanding of brown bear biology and ecology in the context of our changing world, and provide nature-based solutions based on brown bear physiology to the field of human medicine.

• Støen, Ole-Gunnar; Grand, Luc Le; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Sæbø, Solve; Rauset, Geir Rune & Arnemo, Jon Martin [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2018). Jaktforsøk på brunbjørn med hund - antall og hundetypens betydning for bjørnens fysiologi. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242632326. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Støen, O.-G, Le Grand, L., Thorsen, N.H., Sæbø, S., Rauset, G.R, Arnemo, J.M., Fuchs, B., Evans, A.L., Ahlquist, D. & Boström, R. 2018. Jaktforsøk på brunbjørn med hund - antall og hundetypens betydning for bjørnens fysiologi. NINA Rapport 1501. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. I Sverige felles det årlig over 200 bjørner. Jakt med hund er en vanlig jaktmetode og bruken av såkalte støverhunder har økt i omfang. I Norge er bruken av løs, på drevet halsende hund til jakt på bjørn ikke tillatt. Etter innføringen av lisensfelling på bjørn har det vært en diskusjon hvorvidt slike hunder også skal kunne tillates for bjørnejakt i Norge. Det har samtidig blitt stilt spørsmål om jakt ved bruk av støverhunder er mer stressende for bjørnen enn jakt med spisshunder. Stress kan vises i form av økt hjertefrekvens og kroppstemperatur. Økt hjertefrekvens kan sees på som en adaptiv respons til stress, mens økning i kroppstemperatur kan ha livstruende fysio-logiske konsekvenser. Fokuset i denne undersøkelsen har vært å undersøke hvordan jaktforsøk med ulike hundetyper og antall hunder påvirker bjørnens kroppstemperatur og hjertefrekvens. Vi simulerte ordinær jakt med hunder på bjørner utstyrt med GPS-halsbånd og biologgere. Vi sammenlignet den fysiologiske belastningen bjørnen opplever i løpet av et jaktforsøk, i løpet av året og i forhold til andre forstyrrelser, samt endring i bjørnens atferd i døgnene etter jaktforsøkene. Bjørnens fart og avstand til hunden påvirket både kroppstemperaturen og hjertefrekvensen hos bjørnene i løpet av et jaktforsøk. Hjertefrekvensen økte når hundene var nærmere bjørnen, og i jaktforsøk med to hunder økte dette mer enn i jaktforsøk med bare én hund. Hundetype i seg selv (spisshunder eller støverhunder) så ikke ut til å ha noen ytterligere effekt på bjørnens kroppstemperatur og hjertefrekvens når man tar hensyn til bjørnens fart og sammenligner bjørner i samme jaktsituasjon (antall hunder, avstand til hundene og lufttemperatur). Ser man hele jaktforsøket under ett, er bjørnens atferd forskjellig avhengig av hundetype. Spiss-hunder står i los med bjørnen i mye større grad enn støverhunder (hhv. 59% mot 30%), mens støverhunder jager etter bjørnen i større grad enn spisshunder (hhv. 59% mot 32%). Det er også en tydelig tendens at den fysiologiske belastningen, her målt som maksimal kroppstemperatur, kroppstemperaturbelastning over tid og gjennomsnittlig hjertefrekvens, avhenger av hundetype og antall hunder. Et jaktforsøk med to støverhunder har generelt en tendens til å resultere i større fysiologisk belastning enn et jaktforsøk med én spisshund. Frekvensen av hvor ofte bjørnen i løpet av resten av året opplever tilsvarende fysiologiske belastninger som i løpet av et jaktforsøk, viser tilsvarende tendenser. De fleste sammenligningene av jaktforsøk med forskjellig hundety-per og antall var derimot ikke statistisk signifikante, sannsynligvis pga. lavt og ubalansert utvalg. Det er derfor nødvendig med flere jaktforsøk og bedre balanse i antallet jaktforsøk før man kan konkludere med sikkerhet at det er klare forskjeller i fysiologisk belastning. Det var signifikant mindre fysiologisk belastende for bjørner å møte mennesker i skogen enn å bli jaktet på av hunder, men det var derimot ingen forskjell mellom jaktforsøkene og de mest belastende episodene i løpet av sommeren for alle tre mål på fysiologisk belastning. Det er allikevel verdt å merke seg at den høyeste kroppstemperaturen registrert var under jaktforsøkene, og at en tredjedel av bjørnene opplevde den høyeste kroppstemperaturen det gjeldende året under et jaktforsøk, og mer enn halvparten av disse kroppstemperaturene kan karakteriseres som overoppheting. Hundetypenes påvirkning av bjørnens atferd i løpet av jaktforsøkene er nok en viktig årsak til at jaktforsøk der to støverhunder ble benyttet sammenlignet med én spisshund generelt har en tendens til å resultere i høyere maksimal kroppstemperatur, større total temperaturbelastning og høyere gjennomsnittlig hjertefrekvens for bjørnen, samt fysiologiske tilstander som sjeldnere oppleves av de samme bjørnene i andre deler av året. Derimot ser det ikke ut til at hundetype og antall hunder gir forskjell i bjørnens hviletid, eller bjørnens forflytning, som ikke endret seg i døgnene etter jaktforsøkene.

• Mayer, Martin; Robstad, Christian; Serra, E. Pi; Hohwieler, K.; Fuchs, B & Evans, A. L. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). Exposure of the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) towards hunters during the spring hunt. Universitetet i Sørøst-Norge/Universitetet i Søraust-Noreg. Full text in Research Archive
• Odden, John; Mattisson, Jenny; Linnell, John Durrus; Mysterud, Atle; Melis, Claudia & Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2012). Framdriftsrapport for Scandlynx Norge 2011. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242624376. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Rapporten oppsummerer aktiviteten til det skandinaviske forskningsprosjektet på gaupe (Scandlynx) i Norge det siste året. Rapporten er i hovedsak ment som en kort oversikt over gjennomførte aktiviteter til oppdragsgivere på nasjonalt, regionalt og lokalt plan. Scandlynx gjennomføres på norsk side i regi av Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA), men samarbeider med en rekke andre forskningsinstitusjoner. Det siste året har Scandlynx drevet forskning i 4 områder, (1) Troms og Finnmark, (2) Buskerud, Telemark, Oppland og Vestfold fylker, (3) Oslo, Akershus og Østfold fylker og (4) Nord- Trøndelag. I Troms og Finnmark har hovedfokus vært på å studere gaupas og jervens predasjon på tamrein og sau, og studere gaupenes interaksjoner med jerv. Totalt har vi fulgt 13 gauper og 11 jerver med GPS-sendere innenfor to separate studieområder i 2011. Vi gjennomførte byttedyrregistrering i en lang intensivperiode på sommeren, og i løpet av 408 “gaupedøgn” ble det funnet 108 tamrein, 7 sau og 25 småvilt drept av gaupe. Tilsvarende, i løpet av 240 “jervedøgn” ble det funnet 22 reinkalver, 2 lam og 1 hare som vi antar er drept av jerv, i tillegg til 9 kadaver (ikke drept av jerv) og 62 matgjømmer. Av 68 gaupedrepte rein som var tilgjengelig for en eller flere av de merkede jervene ble 14 rein (21%) besøkt av en GPS-merket jerv. Gauper og jerver i Finnmark benytter enorme leveområder, men variasjonen er svært stor mellom individer. Voksne hunngauper (n =15) har så langt benyttet seg av leveområder på mellom 255 og 3468 km2 beregnet med konkave polygoner. Voksne hanngauper (n = 6) har grovt sett benyttet dobbelt så store leveområde, fra 919 til 4941 km2. Jervetispene (n =3) har så langt benyttet seg av leveområder fra 217 og 1679 km2 og hannjervene (n = 6) har brukt leveområder fra 554 til 1996 km2. De enorme leveområdene til gaupene viser at dagens forvaltningssoner i regionen er for små til å kunne romme helårsområdene til det pålagte antall gaupeynglinger. Scandlynx-prosjektet har i en årrekke studert variasjonen i reproduksjon hos gaupe i Skandinavia. Generelt ser vi at andelen gauper som føder unger kan variere mye mellom og mellom områder. Vi finner den laveste andelen i de nordlige områdene, Sarek og Troms og Finnmark. Det er særlig andelen to år gamle gauper som får fram unger som varierer. Jervebestanden i Norge blir overvåket blant annet ved at det hvert år gjøres en beregning av antall jerveindivider baserte på DNA-analyser av innsamlede jervekskrementer. Vinteren 2009/10 fulgte vi 9 jerver med fungerende GPS-sender i Finnmark, og 8 av disse ble fanget opp under den årlige ekskrementinnsamlingen. Tilsvarende ble i 2011 10 av 14 merkede jerver fanget opp ved hjelp av DNA.

• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Söderberg, Arne & Kraabøl, Morten (2012). Skadeskyting av rovvilt. Begrepsforståelse, kunnskapsstatus og kvantifisering. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242624338. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Det siste tiåret har det vært en økning i uttak av rovdyr. Samtidig har interessen for rovvilt-jakt vært stigende og antall lisensjegere har økt tilsvarende. I forbindelse med rovviltjakta har det forekommet skadeskytinger som har fått mye medieomtale, og det er stilt spørsmål om skadeskytingsomfanget er akseptabelt eller ikke. Det meste som finnes av undersøkelser om skadeskyting stammer fra elgjakta. Imidlertid er opplysningene i disse rapportene mangelfulle slik at det er umulig å sammenligne tall for andelen skadeskutte dyr. Tall for skadeskytingsomfang i tilgjengelige undersøkelser varierer fra 1 til 15 % for hjortevilt (primært elg). Nyere obduksjonsrapporter for skutte ulver sannsynliggjør at skadeskytings-andelen for ulv er vesentlig høyere enn for hjortevilt. Et grunnleggende problem i diskusjonen rundt "skadeskyting", er at vi mangler en entydig definisjon av begrepet. Det er heller ikke definert i Forskrift om utøvelse av jakt, felling og fangst, selv om en hel paragraf omtaler skadeskyting. Flere har imidlertid lansert ulike defi-nisjoner av skadeskyting, som etter vår oppfatning ikke konkretiserer problemet i tilstrekke-lig grad. I denne rapporten presenterer vi en helt ny og multidisiplinær tilnærming til en universell definisjon av begrepet skadeskyting, som er i tråd med §1 i Forskrift om utøvelse av jakt, felling og fangst om at jakta ikke skal påføre viltet unødig lidelse. Vi har gjennom mange år samlet detaljert informasjon fra jakt på elg, bjørn, gaupe, ulv og rev. Dette er gjort via spørreskjema som jegerne selv fyller ut. Datasettet muliggjør for førs-te gang en evaluering av dyrevelferdsmessige parametere (drepeeffekt, fluktstrekninger, organpenetreringer etc.) for disse artene. Etter som konkrete tall for skadeskytingsomfanget er meget vanskelig å oppdrive, anvender vi i stedet jegernes egne opplysninger fra rappor-terte fellinger til å oppnå et indirekte estimat for skadeskytingsomfanget for rovdyr. Det betyr at vi evaluerer kvaliteten til fellingene ved å se på fluktstrekningene etter påskyting i et dyrevelferdsmessig perspektiv. På denne måten får vi et kvalitativt mål på hvilke arter som er mest utsatt for skadeskyting. Samme tilnærming anvender vi for å sannsynliggjøre situasjoner som mest trolig kan føre til skadeskyting ved jaktutøvelsen (frekvensfordelinger av for eksempel skuddvinkler, skuddhold, fluktstrekninger etc.). For å forstå skadeskytingsproblematikken og våre data er det nødvendig å ha kunnskaper om sårballistikk og komparativ fysiologi. Ved hjelp av denne tverrfaglige tilnærmingen vi-ser vi at den gjennomsnittlige fluktstrekningen et dyr klarer å tilbakelegge etter at begge lunger er perforert med ett sideskudd, avhenger av kroppsstørrelse. En voksen elg vil i gjennomsnitt tilbakelegge 65 meter mens en voksen bjørn faller etter 33 meter, som igjen er tre ganger lengre enn det en gaupe klarer. Som forventet ut fra sårballistisk teori gikk elg-kalvene like langt som voksne bjørner for like organpenetreringer etter som de har tilnær-met lik kroppsmasse. Den minste arten, rødreven, klarte i snitt å bevege seg 3 meter etter treff, men oppviste ofte en ”knall og fall”-effekt, som forventet. Vi betegner disse flukts-trekningene som de normalt forventede for de respektive artene ved et godt treff.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Evans, Alina & Fahlman, Åsa (2012). Biomedical Protocols for Free-ranging Brown Bears, Wolves, Wolverines and Lynx. Høgskolen i Hedmark. Full text in Research Archive
• Stokke, Sigbjørn; Vang, Silje; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Hansson, Magnus; Roer, Ole & Stokkereit, Asle [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2011). Kan vi stole på våre ettersøkshunder? en evaluering av godkjente ettersøkshunders sporingsevne på hjortevilt. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242622723. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Norge har lange tradisjoner for å utøve jakt og fiske, og det er fokus på at dette skal skje innen etisk forsvarlige rammer. I de siste 25 årene har spesielt hjorteviltet blitt en viktigere jaktressurs og i takt med dette har kravene til jaktutøvelse blitt skjerpet. I dag kreves det aktiv opplæring av nye jegere, samt en årlig skytetrening med innlagte tester for storviltjegere. I tillegg er hunden blitt en viktigere faktor, både for å drive fram viltet og for å finne eventuelle skadde dyr. Det stilles nå krav til at en godkjent ettersøkshund er tilgjengelig ved jakt på både elg, hjort og rådyr. Disse hundene skal ha bestått en ferskspor- og en blodsporprøve for å bli godkjent. Imidlertid foregår det ingen testing av ettersøkshundenes evne til å følge ett og samme dyr, noe som er påkrevet dersom intensjonen med kravet om ettersøkshund skal oppfylles. Det har nylig blitt vist at ettersøkshunder som sporet bjørn i liten grad evnet å følge den bjørnen de var satt til å spore. Direktoratet for naturforvaltning (DN) nedsatte derfor i 2010 en kontaktgruppe bestående av representanter fra DN, Norges Jeger- og Fiskerforbund samt Norsk Kennel Klub i den hensikt å evaluere den nåværende ordningen med opplæring og godkjenning av ettersøkshunder. Gruppas mandat var å gå gjennom gjeldende forskrift og instruks, samt å fremme forslag om nødvendige endringer basert på nyervervet kunnskap. Gruppa ønsket spesifikt å se på hvorvidt hunder som var godkjent etter ulike godkjenningsordninger fungerte etter hensikten. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA) ble i den sammenheng forespurt om å gjennomføre evalueringen. For å evaluere hvorvidt en ettersøkshund evner å følge et spesifikt hjorteviltindivid, valgte vi å teste ettersøksekvipasjer (hund og fører) i forhold til GPS-merkede individer av elg og hjort. Til dette fikk vi disponere 13 GPS-radiomerkede elger som Faun Naturforvaltning administrerer i Gardermoenområdet, samt 5 GPS-radiomerkede hjorter fra Hordahjortprosjektet. Senderne ble så reprogrammert til å registrere dyrenes posisjoner hvert 5. minutt. I forkant av testene ble elgene eller hjortene oppsøkt og skremt av en person, hvorpå dyreindividets siste posisjon før skremming ble merket, og den umiddelbare fluktretningen ble registrert. Hvert av ettersøksdyrene ble observert direkte for å forsikre oss om at ingen medfølgende, umerka individer skulle kunne villede hunden. Ettersøksekvipasjen ble siden satt til å spore dyret etter en tidsforsinkelse på 2-22 timer, og fikk anledning til å holde på i en time før ettersøket ble avsluttet. I likhet med ettersøksdyrene ble sporruta til ettersøksekvipasjene registrert ved bruk av en GPS. Vi evaluerte så ekvipasjenes sporingsevne ved å sammenligne sporruta til ettersøksekvipasjen med sporruta til ettersøksdyret. NØKKELORD Norge, Akershus, Gardermoen, Hordaland, ettersøk, ettersøkshund, id-sporing, fersksporprøve, blodsporprøve, elg, hjort, GPS, GIS, radiomerking, modellering, skadeskyting KEY WORDS : Norway, Akershus, Gardermoen, Hordaland, tracking down wounded animals, dog used to track down wounded animals, idtracking, trials on fresh tracks, trials on blood-tracks, moose, red deer, GPS, GIS, radio-collaring, modelling, wounding

• Solberg, Erling Johan; Heim, Morten; Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Sæther, Bernt-Erik & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2011). Immobilisering og radiomerking av elg på Vega, 1992-2010 : konsekvenser for dyrevelferd, kondisjon, reproduksjon og overlevelse. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242622402. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  For å kunne forstå dynamikken i bestander av jaktbare viltarter er det ofte nødvendig å merke et visst antall dyr for å innhente informasjon om individuell overlevelse, reproduksjon, kondisjon og atferd. Både merkeprosessen og at dyret i etterkant må bære et fysisk merke (eks. radiosender) kan imidlertid være stressende for dyret, og vil kunne ha kortsiktige og/eller langsiktige konsekvenser for dyrets velferd. I Vega kommune i Nordland har NINA gjennomført medikamentell immobilisering og merking av elg nesten hvert år siden 1992, med det resultat at de aller fleste individene (>95 %) har vært radiomerket fra 8 måneders alder. I den forbindelse har dyrene også blitt målt og veid, og i etterkant har vi registrert reproduksjon, overlevelse, vektutvikling, spredning, habitatbruk og annen atferd. I denne rapporten gir vi en kort historisk oversikt over denne merkeaktiviteten. Samtidig undersøker vi i hvilken grad vår håndtering har medført synlige kortsiktige eller langsiktige negative effekter på elgens overlevelse, reproduksjon og vektutvikling, og således kan tenkes å ha konsekvenser for elgens velferd. Vega kommune består av øyene Vega, Igerøya og Ylvingen, i tillegg til en rekke mindre øyer, holmer og skjær som stort sett er ubefolkede, og som ikke har fast bestand av elg. På Vega og Igerøya (som henger sammen) innvandret 3 elger i 1985 og dannet grunnlaget for dagens bestand. Senere har også elgen spredt seg til Ylvingen, og totalt er det i dag omkring 50-60 elg i hele kommunen. I løpet av perioden 1992-2010 gjennomførte vi 362 immobiliseringer av elg i Vega kommune, fordelt på 216 forskjellige individer. Disse har gått med radiohalsbånd i totalt 579 elgår (i gjennomsnitt 2,68 år pr. individ). I studieperioden er det kun èn elg som har omkommet som følge av merkeprosessen, en okse som druknet. Tilsvarende har vi få indikasjoner på at radiohalsbåndet volder direkte problemer for elgen. En mer systematisk undersøkelse av mulig pels- og hudslitasje av elg under remerking, avdekket pelsslitasje hos ett individ, men ingen hudslitasje (gnagsår). Dette er også erfaringen fra tidligere remerkinger og fra elg skutt i jakta. Data på vektutvikling og rekrutteringsrater understøtter vårt generelle inntrykk at elgen stresses forholdsmessig lite av merkeaktiviteten og av å måtte bære radiohalsbånd. Sammenlignet med andre bestander i Norge, har elgbestanden på Vega svært høye vekter og tvillingrater (et mål på kalveproduksjonen), og ingen nedgang kan spores i rekrutteringsrater eller kalvevekter i løpet av studieperioden. Tilsvarende er de naturlige dødelighetsratene i elgbestanden på Vega lave sammenlignet med andre bestander i Skandinavia, og viser ingen positiv trend i løpet av perioden. Vi fant heller ingen sammenheng mellom elgens slaktevekt for en gitt alder og kjønn, og antallet ganger dyret var immobilisert (0-8 ganger pr. individ) eller antall år dyret hadde hatt påmontert radiohalsbånd (0-13 år). Norge, Nordland, Vega, elg, konsekvensutredning, radiomerking, langtidskonsekvenser, Norway, Nordland, Vega, impact assessment, radio-collaring, long-term consequences

• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Evans, Alina & Fahlman, Åsa (2011). Biomedical protocols for free-ranging brown bears, wolves, wolverines and lynx. NINA. Full text in Research Archive
• Odden, John; Mattisson, Jenny; Strømseth, Thomas Holm; Sjulstad, Kjartan; Linnell, John Durrus & Persson, Jens [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Framdriftsrapport for Scandlynx Norge 2010. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242622204. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Rapporten oppsummerer aktiviteten til det skandinaviske forskningsprosjektet på gaupe (Scandlynx) i Norge det siste året. Rapporten er i hovedsak ment som en kort oversikt over gjennomførte aktiviteter til oppdragsgivere på nasjonalt, regionalt og lokalt plan. Scandlynx gjennomføres på norsk side i regi av Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). Det siste året har Scandlynx drevet forskning i 3 områder, (1) Troms og Finnmark, (2) Buskerud, Telemark, Oppland og Vestfold fylker og (3) Akershus og Østfold fylker. Hovedmålsetningene til prosjektet har vært å studere gaupas predasjon på tamrein og sau, evaluere metodikken som brukes i overvåkingen av gaupe, studere gaupas interaksjoner med jerv, studere effekten av gaupe på rådyrbestander, samt studere faktorer som påvirker gaupas bestandsdynamikk. NØKKELORD : gaupe, Lynx lynx, jerv, Gulo gulo, rådyr, Capreolus capreolus, amrein, Rangifer tarandus, sau, Ovis aries, Scandlynx, Norge, Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx, wolverine, Gulo gulo, roe deer, Capreolus capreolus, reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, Scandlynx, Scandinavia

• Swenson, Jon E.; Støen, Ole-Gunnar; Zedrosser, Andreas; Kindberg, Jonas; Brunberg, Sven & Arnemo, Jon Martin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). Bjørnens status og økologi i Skandinavia. Rapport fra Det skandinaviske bjørneprosjektet til Miljødepartementet. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). Full text in Research Archive
• Odden, John; Mattisson, Jenny; Andrén, Henrik; Linnell, John D.C.; Persson, Jens & Flagstad, Øystein [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2009). Skandlynx : framdriftsrapport fra det skandinaviske forskningsprosjektet på gaupe 2008-2009. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242620859. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Odden, J., Mattisson, J., Andren, H., Linnell, J.D.C., Persson, J., Flagstad, Ø., Nilsen, E.B., Arnemo, J.M., Sköld, K., Segerström, P., Samelius, G., Rauset, G.R., Danell, A. & Liberg, O. 2009. Skandlynx : framdriftsrapport fra det skandinaviske forskningsprosjektet på gaupe 2008-2009. - NINA Rapport 513. Rapporten oppsummerer aktiviteten til det skandinaviske forskningsprosjektet på gaupe, Scandlynx, de siste 2 årene. Rapporten er i hovedsak ment som en kort oversikt over gjennomførte aktiviteter til våre oppdragsgivere på nasjonalt, regionalt og lokalt plan. Scandlynx gjennomføres i regi av Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA) og Grimsö forskningsstasjon, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU).

• Polder, Anuschka; Skåre, Janneche Utne; Tryland, Morten; Ropstad, Erik; Gabrielsen, Geir Wing & Vikøren, Turid [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2009). Screening of halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) in wild living terrestrial mammals in Svalbard, Norway and Northern Sweden. Statlig program for forurensningsovervåking. Full text in Research Archive
• Polder, Anuschka; Skåre, Janneche Utne; Tryland, Morten; Ropstad, Erik; Gabrielsen, Geir Wing & Vikøren, Turid [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2009). Screening of halogenated organic compounds(HOCs) in wild living terrestrial mammals in Svalbard, Norway and Northern Sweden. Statlig program for forurensningsovervåking. Full text in Research Archive
• Storaas, Torstein; Pedersen, Simen; Pedersen, Simen; Andreassen, Harry P.; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Dötterer, Michael [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2008). Effekter av ulv på elgbestanden : da ulven kom og forsvant fra Koppangkjølen Effects of wolves on moose : when the wolf came and went from Koppangkjølen. Høgskolen i Hedmark. ISSN 9788276716474. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Fra 1997 til 2005 hevdet ulv revir på Koppangkjølen i Stor-Elvdal og Rendalen kommuner, Hedmark Fylke. Vi fulgte elgbestanden i området gjennom SETT ELG, takseringer fra helikopter og ved hjelp av radiomerkede elger. Vi har SETT ELG-data fra alle årene og gode data fra helikoptertakseringer og radiomerkede elger særlig fra 1999¿2001. Særlig mot slutten ble datainnsamlingen begrenset av prosjektøkonomien. Ulvenes antall og revirgrenser ble hver vinter kartlagt ved sporing på snø, og i 2004 ble tilleggsinformasjon innsamlet ved GPS-merking av både den revirhevdende tispa og hannen. Vi har beregnet det økonomiske tapet for jaktrettshaverne ved ulvens uttak av elg og analysert utviklingen av både reelle og potensielle inntekter fra småviltjakt og hytteutleie i ulvereviret. Basert på ulike deler av innsamlet datamateriale har vi produsert studentoppgaver på bachelor-, master- og ph.d.-nivå, i tillegg til diverse populærartikler og vitenskapelig publiserte arbeider. Her presenterer vi de viktigste resultatene fra de forskjellige arbeidene for å gi en samlet oversikt over hva vi lærte fra perioden med ulv på Koppangkjølen. During 1997 to 2005 a wolf territory was situated at Koppangkjølen in Stor-Elvdal and Rendalen municipalities, Hedmark County. We monitored the moose population in the area using a hunters¿ observation index called OBSERVED MOOSE, helicopter surveys, and by radiomarking moose. We have OBSERVED MOOSE data from all the years and good helicopter survey data and information from radiomarked moose, especially from 1999¿2001. Data collection was restricted in the later years by the project budget.The wolf pack numbers and territory boundaries were monitored each winter by snow tracking. In 2004 we got additional data by radiomarking both the female and male wolf territory holders. We estimated the landowner¿s economic loss by wolves killing moose and analyzed the development of the income from small game hunting and cabin renting within the wolf territory. Based on different parts of the data collected, our project has produced Bachelor-, Master-, and Ph.D.-theses, in addition to several popular articles and scientific papers. Herein we present the main results from our work and summarize the most important findings from the period with wolves at Koppangkjølen.

• Storaas, Torstein; Pedersen, Simen; Andreassen, Harry Peter; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Dötterer, Michael & Eriksen, Ane [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2008). Effekter av ulv på elgbestanden: da ulven kom og forsvant fra Koppangkjølen. Høgskolen i Hedmark. ISSN 9788276716474. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  English: During 1997 to 2005 a wolf territory was situated at Koppangkjølen in Stor-Elvdal and Rendalen municipalities, Hedmark County. We monitored the moose population in the area using a hunters’ observation index called OBSERVED MOOSE, helicopter surveys, and by radiomarking moose. We have OBSERVED MOOSE data from all the years and good helicopter survey data and information from radiomarked moose, especially from 1999–2001. Data collection was restricted in the later years by the project budget.The wolf pack numbers and territory boundaries were monitored each winter by snow tracking. In 2004 we got additional data by radiomarking both the female and male wolf territory holders. We estimated the landowner’s economic loss by wolves killing moose and analyzed the development of the income from small game hunting and cabin renting within the wolf territory. Based on different parts of the data collected, our project has produced Bachelor-, Master-, and Ph.D.-theses, in addition to several popular articles and scientific papers. Herein we present the main results from our work and summarize the most important findings from the period with wolves at Koppangkjølen. Within the Koppang wolf territory, a summer population of about 700 moose increased to more than 1 100 individuals due to migration in winter. The wolf pack size varied between 2 and 11 wolves. Of 135 radiomarked adult moose observed over 505 observed moose years, only 2 moose were classified as probably killed by wolves. However, many unmarked calves and yearlings were killed. It proved difficult to estimate exactly how many moose the wolves killed based on different indirect study methods on moose. The calf losses also increased with larger wolf packs and lower winter temperatures. The two years with good comparable data, we got inaccurate and varying estimates by the different methods with point estimates ranging from 62–175 moose per year. In our models we used a mean annual predation of 115 moose. This fits well with the yearly loss of 100–130 moose per wolf pack estimated by The Scandinavien wolf project (SKANDULV) by following GPS-marked wolves. Over 8 years, this mean level of predation would probably give a total loss of just below 1000 moose. Our models showed that the moose population would decrease dramatically with this level of predation if traffic accidents and harvest remained constant. Most likely, the predation on moose was even higher in the years when the wolf pack was at its largest and we had the best data. However, predation estimates based on OBSERVED MOOSE during these years were biased by a change in local harvest and hunting practices as a result of the wolf pack presence and the landowners’ interest in not reducing the moose population. Therefore, we based our estimate for these years on helicopter surveys, radiomarked moose and OBSERVED MOOSE from before the change in hunting practice, and estimated a mean predation loss of 160 moose a year within the wolf territory. If predation was this high in every year, the total loss would approach 1300 moose. When the old wolf female disappeared, the new territorial pair used a much larger area, and as a result the losses to wolves inside the old territory at Koppangkjølen were probably lower. A wolf pack hunts prey within its territory boundaries. However, as Koppangkjølen is a wintering area for migrating moose, the wolves could also kill moose that summered outside the territory when they moved into the territory during winter. We observed that the migrating cows lost a larger proportion of their calves in winter than cows resident year-round within the wolf territory. We also observed that the moose behaved slightly differently on supplementary feeding sites inside and outside the wolf territory. This indicates that local moose behavior may be affected by experience of wolf presence. The loss of moose to wolves is probably diluted across a larger area, neighboring the wolf territory because the wolves killed many calves of migrating moose. Furthermore net calf production was lower inside the territory and we suggest there was greater immigration than emigration, especially of young bulls. Our models indicated that the immigration of calf-loosing moose during winter reduced the losses to wolves of the resident moose population considerably. It proved difficult to estimate the loss of moose to wolves from hunter harvest data before and after the wolves established and disappeared. From the harvest data in the wolf territory 5 years before the wolves established, it seems as if the landowners reduced the harvest by 250 moose and that this reduction was sufficient to increase the moose population during the wolf period. However, the moose at Koppangkjølen is managed in 6 different management units with sometimes differing spatial and temporal goals. To determine the real losses during the wolf period, the harvest must be compared to the current goals of each management unit. In Koppang management unit (ca 1/6 of the wolf territory) the land owners reduced the harvest over 8 years by more than 300 moose to achieve their management goal of maintaining the population size. The other management units reduced their harvest by less. As the hunting practice and harvest changed inside the wolf territory, the hunter-based information from OBSERVED MOOSE also changed, most likely biasing the information. Hunter-based statistics on harvest and OBSERVED MOOSE are crude tools that have to be used with care to estimate losses to wolves. From our experience we conclude that moose losses to wolves will best be achieved by intensive studies of GPS-collared predators. As the local moose harvest was reduced, the calf losses to wolves were distributed over a larger area than the wolf territory because of wintering migration, and immigration was greater than emigration, the winter moose population within the wolf territory was not reduced despite many moose being killed by wolves. Thus the browsing pressure on pine plantations was not reduced. Because damage on forest regrowth may be substantial in high moose density areas, when wolves establish in an area we need models to predict when it is economically worth reducing the moose harvest and stabilizing the moose population, or on the contrary, when it will be best to reduce the moose population and invest in forest regeneration. If the mean annual wolf predation was as high as the years we had most wolves and best data, the wolf pack during the 8 year period reduced the income from moose hunting by 13 million NOK and gave a potential loss of 3 million from small game hunting and cabin renting. If so, total losses for the landowners within the wolf territory over 8 years may be close to 16 million NOK, with an annual loss of approximately 2 million NOK compared to the income if the wolves had settled in some other area. To reduce widespread illegal killing, and to achieve sustainable management and higher acceptance of wolves locally, a management strategy for the regional and national authorities could be to (after negotiations) also generously pay the local landowners and municipalities for economic losses other than loss of domestic animals where resident wolves are protected.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin & Fahlman, Åsa (2008). Biomedical protocols for free-ranging brown bears, gray wolves, wolverines and lynx. Høgskolen i Hedmark. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Chemical immobilization of wild animals is a form of veterinary anesthesia conducted under the most difficult circumstances. Anesthetic drugs are never completely devoid of toxicity and induction of anesthesia invariably carries a risk to the life of even healthy patients. The risk of severe side effects, injuries and death can never be completely eliminated. In addition, several immobilizing drugs are toxic and potentially lethal to humans. Chemical immobilization of free-ranging wildlife should only be considered if it is necessary to accomplish research or management goals, and should be carried out by a team of professionals with proper training, experience and expertise in wildlife capture, veterinary anesthesia, animal handling and basic first aid and CPR techniques. If captures are carried out by darting from a helicopter, the skill of the pilot and the crew members is of paramount importance for a successful outcome. All captures need to be properly planned. If possible, chemical immobilization of brown bears, wolves, wolverines and lynx should be carried out in winter or spring, on snow-covered ground. High ambient temperatures, open water, and bare ground make captures more difficult and will increase the risk of accidents and mortality. Although a number of different capture techniques are available, darting from a helicopter is the most efficient, safest and probably least stressful method in most species and situations. Net-gun capture of wild animals is not recommended due to the extreme risk of helicopter accidents and due to animal welfare considerations

• Rimstad, Espen; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Braastad, Bjarne Olai; Bøe, Knut Egil; Fossum, Kåre & Håvarstein, Leiv Sigve [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2007). Comments on: The opinion of the Agence française de sécurité sanitaire (Afssa) on changes to the control measures for sheep and goat herds in which a case of classical or atypical scrapie has been detected. Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards & Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Agence française de sécurité sanitaire (Afssa) was asked by the Direction général de l’alimentation (DGAI) to comment on various proposals made by the CES ESST (expert committee on TSEs) in the EC TSE Roadmap.<p><p> On January 24^rd 2007, the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Panel on Biological Hazards and Panel on Animal Health and Animal welfare) received a request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority for comments on Afssa’s opinion. In response, an <i>ad hoc</i> Working Group of experts was appointed with the mandate to draft a note regarding this issue.

• Braastad, Bjarne Olai; Øen, Egil Ole; Folkow, Lars; Haug, Tore; Knudsen, Siri Kristine & Arnemo, Jon Martin [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2007). Scientific Opinion on animal welfare aspects of the killing and skinning in the Norwegian seal hunt. Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Fahlman, Åsa; Ahlqvist, Per; Andersen, Reidar; Andrén, Henrik & Brunberg, Sven [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2007). Biomedical protocols for free-ranging brown bears, gray wolves, wolverines and lynx. Norwegian School of Veterinary Science. Full text in Research Archive
• Håstein, Tore; Høgåsen, Helga Rachel; Hjeltnes, Brit; Valle, Paul Steinar; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Braastad, Bjarne Olai [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2006). Import av tropiske reker fra Hawaii. Uttalelse fra Faggruppe for Dyrehelse og Dyrevelferd (Dyrevern) i Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). Full text in Research Archive
• Farstad, Wenche Kristin; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Braastad, Bjarne Olai; Bæverfjord, Grete; Fossum, Kåre & Handeland, Sigurd O [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2006). Dyrevelferdsmessig risikovurdering av produksjon av 0-årssmolt. Uttalelse fra Faggruppe for Dyrehelse og Dyrevelferd (Dyrevern) i Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Fjerdingby, Dagny Nina; Ranheim, Birgit; Fjeldaas, Terje; Ådnøy, Tormod & Braastad, Bjarne Olai [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2006). Avhorning og kastrering av kje og kalv. Uttalelse fra Faggruppe for Dyrehelse og Dyrevelferd (Dyrevern) i Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). Full text in Research Archive
• Pedersen, Hans Christian; Wabakken, Petter; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Brainerd, Scott M.; Brøseth, Henrik & Hjeljord, Olav [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2005). Det skandinaviske ulveprosjektet SKANDULV. Oversikt over gjennomførte aktiviteter i 2000-2004. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242616654. Full text in Research Archive
• Rosef, Olav & Arnemo, Jon Martin (2005). Malnutrition in farmed red deer hinds (Cervus elaphus atlanticus) in Norway. Fagkontoret for hjort. ISSN 9788272062520. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Malnutrition was studied in farmed red deer. Malnourished animals did not recover from winter energy loss, remained in poor condition throughout the summer, and some died of starvation. Liver analysis of one hind that died of malnutrition showed selenium and cobalt deficiency. This hind was cachectic and heavily infected with lungworm (Dictyocaulus spp). Serum levels of thirty-three parameters of hinds suffering from malnutrition (n=4) were compared to values from free-ranging reference hinds (n=10). Hinds suffering from malnutrition had significantly higher values (p<0.01) of glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, globulin, alpha 2 globulin, beta globulin, gamma globulin, urea and copper. The farmed hinds, however, had been fed supplementary copper and did not suffer from deficiency. Malnourished hinds had significantly lower values of albumin, creatinine and zinc. These parameters can be used to diagnose malnutrition in red deer hinds. Hinds suffering of malnutrition recovered completely within two months after treatment with 20 mL Becoplex vet® i.m., 10 mL Selenevit vet® i.m. and 10 mL Ivomec® pour-on vet.

• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Ahlqvist, Per; Andersen, Reidar; Andrén, Henrik; Brunberg, Sven & Dypsund, Per [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2005). Biomedical protocols for free-ranging brown bears, gray wolves, wolverines and lynx. Norwegian School of Veterinary Science. Full text in Research Archive
• Swenson, Jon E.; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Bellemain, Eva; Brunberg, Sven; Dahle, Bjørn Steinar & Drageset, Ole-Mattis [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2005). Rovvilt og Samfunn (RoSa) - Det skandinaviske bjørneprosjektet. Oversikt over gjennomførte aktiviteter. Sluttrapport til Norges forskningsråd. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242615510. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne rapporten sammenfatter Det skandinaviske bjørneprosjektets resultater fra perioden 2000-2004. Resultatene som er mest relevante for Norges forskningsråds prosjekt ”Rovvilt og Samfunn (RoSa)” er som følger. 1) En analyse av spredning hos unge bjørner av begge kjønn viste tetthetsavhengighet. Det er første gang dette er vist hos bjørn. Flere vandrer ut, og de går lengre, når tettheten er lav. Vi har også modellert bjørnens potensielle utbredelse i Skandinavia. 2) Våre resultater bekrefter det vi har funnet tidligere; at dødeligheten hos år-sunger øker etter at voksne hanner dør. En fordobling av dødeligheten hos voksne hanner var forbundet med en dobling av dødeligheten hos årsunger. Vi dokumenterte at de tre forutset-ningene for seksuelt selektert ungedrap forekommer hos brunbjørn, og binner har flere strate-gier for å unngå ungedrap. 3) En test av 7 metoder viste at individbestemmelse fra DNA i ekskrementer innsamlet over store områder og bruk av programmet MARK var en god metode for å estimere bestandsstørrelse. I tillegg er bjørneobservasjoner fra elgjegere, korrigert for innsats, en god metode for bestandsovervåking. 4) Som forventet har jakten sannsynligvis stabilisert bjørnebestanden i Dalarna, mens bestanden i Gävleborg fortsatt øker. Grunnen kan være at jakttrykket sannsynligvis er lavere i Gävleborg, hvor bjørnen har ankommet relativt ny-lig. I tillegg har vi funnet at størrelsen på leveområder minsker med økende bestandstetthet, at binner sannsynligvis hevder revir, enten enkeltvis eller som grupper av beslektede binner, at mødre beholder små ettåringer ett år til for at de kan bli større som toåringer, og at binner be-gynner å bli uproduktive rundt en alder på 28-29 år. Binner velger partnere for parring som er nærme, store, eldre og har høyere genetisk variasjon. Ettåringenes størrelse er avhengig av morens størrelse, kullstørrelse, fødetilgang og bestandstetthet, mens størrelsen hos voksne binner er avhengig av fødetilgang før kjønnsmodning og kanskje bestandstetthet. Den skandi-naviske bjørnen har god genetisk variasjon, men den sørligste bestanden har relativt få repro-duserende individer og liten innvandring fra nord, noe som kan være negativt for den genetiske variasjonen på sikt. Bjørn er en effektiv predator på elgkalver, men ikke på voksne elg. For-holdet elg:bjørn er viktig for å forutse effektene av bjørnepredasjon på en elgbestand. For at jakten på skadebjørner skal være vellykket, må den komme i gang umiddelbart etter at sauene er drept. Det er likevel ikke påvist noe forhold mellom felling av skadebjørn og tap året etter.

• Håstein, Tore; Wasteson, Yngvild; Bernhoft, Aksel; Hjeltnes, Brit; Husby, Asbjørn & Ahlstrøm, Øystein [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2005). Vurdering av faren for spredning av fiskesjukdommer ved bruk av dødfiskensilasje uten varmebehandling og/eller uensilerte biprodukt i pelsdyrfôr. Uttalelse fra Faggruppe for Dyrehelse og Dyrevelferd (Dyrevern) i Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). Full text in Research Archive
• Pedersen, Hans Chr.; Wabakken, Petter; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Brainerd, Scott; Brøseth, Henrik & Gundersen, Hege [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2005). Rovvilt og Samfunn (RoSa). Det skandinaviske ulveprosjektet – SKANDULV. Oversikt over gjennomførte aktiviteter i 2000-2004. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242616654. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Første halvdel av det 19. århundre regnes som den siste store ulveperiode her i landet, men rundt 1880 var bestanden så redusert at det kun ble felt 20 - 30 dyr per år. I 1966 var ulven praktisk talt utryddet fra både Norge og Sverige, og ingen ynglinger av ulv ble bekreftet på den skandinaviske halvøya i årene 1965 – 1977. En reetablering av ulv startet i begynnelsen av 1980-åra og vinteren 2004/2005 ble det registrert rundt 120 ulv i Norge og Sverige. Det skandinaviske ulveforskningsprosjektet SKANDULV ble startet, og i perioden 1998-2005 ble det foretatt i alt 100 merkinger av 70 individer. Dyrene ble utstyrt med telemetrihalsbånd og/eller øremerker og ulvene ble fanget med helikopter og bedøvelsesgevær. På ulver med konvensjonelle sendere (VHF) ble et relativt stort antall ulver ommerket i 2003-2004 med GPS-halsbånd. Dyrene ble peilet minst én gang per uke, enten fra bakken (triangulering) eller lufta. Avhengig av spørsmålsstilling har ulvene med konvensjonelle radiosendere i perioder blitt lokalisert hyppigere, til dels flere ganger daglig. GPS-teknologi førte til en mer kontinuerlig overvåking med 3-48 posisjoner per døgn. For predasjonsstudiene ble ulvene lokalisert minst en gang per time over perioder fra 2 til 16 uker. For studier av sosial organisering ble ulver innen samme flokk eller lederdyr fra to naborevir GPS-lokalisert minst 6 ganger daglig på samme klokkeslett, og dette gjennom hele året. I årene 1978-1982 ble noen enslige ulver sporet på begge sider av grensen i Hedmark og Värmland. Sommeren 1983 ynglet et ulvepar i grensetraktene på Finnskogen (Nyskoga) – det første registrerte ulvekull på over 100 år i denne delen av Skandinavia. Men først på 1990-tallet begynte den skandinaviske ulvebestanden å vokse for alvor. I perioden 1990/91 til 1995/1996 vokste ulvebestanden fra 8 til 39 individer med kun to ynglinger per år. Den første ynglingen på norsk side ble registrert i 1997 ved Koppang i Hedmark. Fra 1999 til 2000 økte antall ynglinger kraftig, fra 6 til 10 kull, mens antall individer økte fra 74 til 92. Fra 2001/02 til 2002/03 avtok ulvebestanden for første gang siden sesongen 1989/90, men kun midlertidig. Vinteren 2004/2005 ble totalt 135-152 ulver registrert med en rekord på 14 ynglinger i 2004. Å kunne vurdere framtidig utvikling i en ulvebestand er viktig for å ta avgjørelser om aktuelle forvaltningstiltak. Bestandsdynamikk hos ulv avhenger av bestandens sammensetning med hensyn på dyrenes sosiale status. Vi må derfor ikke bare vite antall dyr, men også hvor stor andel av disse som potensielt reproduserer. Bestandsovervåkingen av ulv i Norge og Sverige koordinert på tvers av grensa og feltregistreringer har pågått i begge land siden 1978. For kontroversielle arter som ulv er det viktig at bestandsdata kvalitetssikres. Overvåkningen av ulv benytter samme metoder og vurderingskriterier på norsk og svensk side. Bestandsovervåkingen oppgir antall ulv som minimums- og maksimumstall. Minimum er det antall ulv som er verifisert gjennom sikre observasjoner eller DNA-undersøkelse, mens maksimum inkluderer dyr som ikke er verifisert, men heller ikke kan utelukkes. Det er vanskelig å artsbestemme ulv, skille ulike individer fra hverandre og telle dem i barmarkssesongen. Årlige beregninger av bestandsstørrelsen gjelder derfor vinterstammen av ulv. Siden 1980 har kun én-to familiegrupper blitt påvist uten at det vinteren før ble registrert et revirmarkerende par i området. Dette antyder at så godt som alle flokker og par fanges opp av bestandsovervåkingen. Feltarbeidet er gjennomført etter samme metode de siste 28 år, og årlige bestandstall kan derfor sammenlignes mellom vintre. DNA-undersøkelser av prøver som innsamles under ulvesporing eller i yngleområder sommerstid, har blitt et viktig supplement og en uavhengig kontroll av feltarbeidet som gjøres vinterstid. Å bestemme antall individer i stasjonære flokker og par er tidkrevende, men kan gjøres på god sporsnø. Å korrekt bestemme antall ikke-stasjonære ulver er derimot vanskeligere og er den største kilden til eventuell usikkerhet i bestandsberegningen. Andel valper i flokker om vinteren kan benyttes til å beregne totalbestanden om vinteren. Rekrutterte valper bør registreres så tidlig som mulig i vintersesongen, siden enkelte valper kan vandre ut allerede midtvinters. For nyetablerte flokker antas at valpene utgjør totalt antall flokkmedlemmer minus to foreldre. For andre flokker beregnes antall valper ved å benytte korreksjonsfaktoren 0,8 på det totale antall ulv etter at to dyr er trukket fra. Korreksjonsfaktoren benyttes fordi flokken kan inneholde ungulver fra tidligere kull. Å kunne beregne bestandsstørrelsen ut ifra antall individer i stasjonære flokker og par vil likesom forrige metode være meget ressursbesparende. For å benytte denne metoden trenger vi også en korreksjonsfaktor; nærmere bestemt en som angir hvor stor andel stasjonære flokker og par utgjør av totalbestanden. I perioden 1991/92 til 2004/05 utgjorde andelen i gjennomsnitt 74 %, mens den de fem siste år har ligget mellom 72 og 85 %. Når en reetablering av ulv skjer kun fra én flokk vil det i utgangspunktet bare være stasjonære dyr. Andelen enslige ulver øker med tiden ettersom unge ulver vandrer ut og danner nye flokker. En stabilisering i forholdet mellom enslige ulver og ulver i flokker/par kan inntreffe når bestanden er i ferd med å mettes, eller bestandsveksten midlertidig stagnerer som følge av høy dødelighet. I Skandinavia har vi i øyeblikket kun sistnevnte situasjon. Ulv i sørlige deler av Norge og Sverige fødes normalt i begynnelsen av mai. Nyfødte ulvevalper forblir i hiet i tre uker, og er i denne perioden svært sårbare for illegal jakt. Løpeblod i tispers urin har her vært observert fra desember til midten av mars. Med en drektighetstid på 62 ± 3 dager stemmer dette godt overens med at valpene fødes i begynnelsen av mai. Med tilstedeværelse av et revirmarkerende par i februar/mars er det overveiende sannsynlig at yngling finner sted i området. Ulv blir normalt kjønnsmoden den andre vinteren de lever, og tisper kan få valpekull årlig fram til de er minimum 11 år. Fekunditeten hos ulv er nokså jevn over aldersklassene, men førstegangsfødende tisper får i snitt én valp mindre enn tisper som har valpet tidligere. Lav gjennomsnittsalder på ynglende tisper kjennetegner enten en (re-)etablert bestand som den skandinaviske, eller en veletablert bestand med høy dødelighet og stor utskiftning av dyr. Ulv kan få inntil 11 valper i kullet, men en normal kullstørrelse er 4 – 6 valper. Kull på 8 valper er født både i Norge og Sverige de senere år. I reetablerende ulvebestander ligger normalt kullstørrelsen høyere enn i godt etablerte bestander. Det som bestemmer kullstørrelsen hos ulv er som for dyr flest; tispenes kondisjon. Det er mengde tilgjengelig næring som avgjør tispenes kondisjon, og følgelig antall valper i kullet. Siden 1978 er det påvist 90 sikre og ytterligere 7 mulige ynglinger av ulv på den skandinaviske halvøya. Yngling av ulv på norsk side i nyere tid ble først bekreftet i 1997; i Koppangsreviret og i Kongsvinger-Årjäng reviret. Antall ynglinger pr år har ligget i relativt konstant i perioden 2000-2003 på 10-12, men økte i 2004 til 14. Antall nye revir med yngling i et år er en parameter med verdifull informasjon om bestandens nåværende utvikling og spredning. At antall nye ynglinger synker eller er lavt er enten et resultat av at bestanden er i ferd med å mettes og at det ikke er rom for flere revir, eller at dødeligheten overstiger produksjonen tilstrekkelig til at utvandrende dyr ikke møtes og etablerer nye revir. Kun det siste er for tiden aktuelt for ulv i Skandinavia. Ulv har få naturlige fiender, men foruten mennesket, kan både byttedyr og artsfrender være en trussel mot overlevelse. SKANDULV har merket 69 ulike ulver hvorav 65 med radio-sender, og de merkede dyrenes skjebne gir et rimelig godt bilde på dødeligheten i bestanden. Særlig yngre dyr er utsatt for høy dødelighet fordi de gjennom utvandring lever en mer utsatt tilværelse, men også fordi de har mindre erfaring både med å skaffe seg næring og unngå farer. Vi har lite data på valpedødeligheten i bestanden på den skandinaviske halvøya. Imidlertid er valpedødeligheten for radiomerka valper på etterjulsvinteren (januar-mai) svært lav (ca 5%). Blant de 101 ulvene som er påvist døde i Norge og Sverige siden 1977, er gjennomsnittsalderen 2,2 år på hunner og 1,8 år på hanner, mens gjennomsnittlig dødsalder er hhv 4,4 år og 3,3 år hos stasjonære ulver. Denne forskjellen kan indikere at dødeligheten både er høyere for dyr som vandrer ut, og at den er høyere på de yngre dyrene blant ulv som holder seg innen et revir. Gjennom bestandsovervåkingen av ulv kan vi beregne at gjennomsnittlig årlig dødelighet har vært 23,4 % for ulv eldre enn 0,5 år, mens en beregning basert på gjenfunn av døde merkede dyr gir en noe høyere dødelighet. Hos merka ulver med kjent dødsårsak er gjennomsnittlig alder ved død 2,7 år. Lederindivider, begge kjønn, har en årlig dødelighet på 11,8%, unge individer i flokken 44,4%, mens utvandrede ikke-territorielle individer har en årlig dødelighet på 55,1%. Merka dyr utgjør 31 % av de døde ulvene, mens de i snitt har utgjort 20 % av den totale bestanden. Merka dyr utgjør hele 47 % hvis også ulv vi har tapt kontakten med inkluderes. Det finnes imidlertid ingen ting i datamaterialet som indikerer at merka ulver var mer utsatt for ulovlig jakt enn andre ulver. Allikevel er den illegale avgangen sannsynligvis stor for ulv rent generelt. Hvis radiomerka ulver som har forvunnet på uforklarlig vis inkluderes som sannsynlig illegal avgang, vil gjennomsnittlig årlig dødelighet øke til 30,3%. Størst økning finner vi hos lederindivider, begge kjønn, hvor årlig dødelighet øker fra 11,8% til 26,4%. Inkluderes ikke bare sannsynlig illegal avgang, men også mulig illegal avgang, har utvandrede ikke-territorielle individer en gjennomsnittlig årlig dødelighet på 74,3%. Menneskepåvirkede årsaker vil være overrepresentert i statistikk over dødsårsaker hos ulv, og kun få tilfeller av naturlig avgang vil bli fanget opp. Dødsårsak hos 101 ulv i perioden 1977–2004 fordeler seg på; 49,5 % legal og illegal jakt, 29,7 % trafikk (totalt 81,2 % menneskelig aktivitet). Andre årsaker er skabb, drept av elg, drept av andre ulver, druknet eller er døde av ukjent grunn. To ulver har dødd pga komplikasjoner under narkose ved merking. Dødsårsaker hos 21 radiomerka ulver fra samme periode; 33,3 % legal og illegal jakt, 19,0 % trafikk, skabb hele 28,6 %. For å forvalte en ulvebestand er det nødvendig å kjenne årlig tilvekst. Fra denne kan det lages prognoser for framtidig utvikling, og bestandens levedyktighet kan vurderes. Ulv har et høyt potensial for bestandsvekst, men ulvens spesielle sosiale organisering er i hovedsak det som begrenser den realiserte delen av ulvens potensielle bestandsvekst. Normalt er det kun lederparet i en ulveflokk som yngler, og dermed er antall ynglinger bestemt av antall revirhevdende par og flokker i bestanden. Den geografiske utstrekningen av bestandens leveområder setter dessuten et effektivt tak på antall revirhevdende flokker. Empiriske data indikerer at tettheten av ulv flater ut på 59 ± 18.6 dyr pr 1000 km², noe som trolig skyldes sosialt stress. Med en flokkstørrelse på 6 dyr (minst to voksne, samt 4 valper over vinteren) innebærer dette også en minste revirstørrelse på ca 100 km² (minste ulverevir observert; Nord Amerika (94 km²) og Europa (80 km²)). Innenfor dagens forvaltningssone er det tilstrekkelig med næring og rom for minst 10 familiegrupper, men forvaltningsmålet er vesentlig lavere. Sosialt stress er derfor ikke ennå av betydning for ulvens bestandsdynamikk. Fram til 1990/91 var årlig tilvekst i bestanden av ulv i Skandinavia liten, og bestanden holdt seg på under ti dyr. Etter dette har den gjennomsnittlige tilveksten i bestanden vært mellom 20 til 29 %. Tilveksten er et resultat av stabil reproduksjon og dødelighet. Enkeltstående år med særlig høy dødelighet (1992/93 eller 2001/02) gir ikke nødvendigvis utslag på tilveksten. Hvis minst to kjønnsmodne dyr av motsatt kjønn er igjen per flokk kan en bestand av ulv vokse også etter år med unormalt høy dødelighet. Enkeltstående år med særlig høy dødelighet vil selvfølgelig medføre at den totale bestandsstørrelsen neste år blir mindre enn hva den ville vært uten høyere dødelighet enn normalt. Hvor store utslagene blir, avhenger altså av hvilke ulv som tas ut og hvorvidt de tas ut fra én eller flere flokker. Et individs egenskaper kodes av dets gener, men påvirkes også av dets omgivelser. Hvert gen, som består av et par med to alleler, koder for en egenskap, men flere gener kan også kode for samme egenskapen. En dyrebestands alleler er dens evne til å handtere eventuelle evolusjonære endringer og når det er få individer i en bestand øker sjansen for at like alleler settes sammen. Fører dette til en lavere overlevelse, sier vi at bestanden er rammet av en innavlsdepresjon. DNA-profiler for skandinavisk ulv fra 1980-tallet har vist at disse ulvene kommer fra Finland/Russland og ikke fra f. eks. ulike skandinaviske eller baltiske dyreparker. Data på utvandrende ulver, både fra Nord-Amerika og Skandinavia (radiomerka ulver) har vist at slike lange vandringer ikke er uvanlige. En radiomerket tispevalp (fra Gråfjellsreviret i Hedmark ble skutt i Nord-Finland, ca. 1100 km fra merkeplassen. Siden 1987 har feltdata og DNA-analyser vist at minst fire forskjellige ulver har vandret fra ulike revir i søndre Skandinavia opp til Norrbotten og ytterligere minst tre til Västerbotten. I samme periode er det registrert minst tre innvandringer til Norrbotten, én til Västerbotten og to til Jämtland fra Finland/Russland. De ulver som var og er opphav til dagens bestand i Sør-Skandinavia var definitivt i stand til å vandre hit på egne bein. Dagens skandinaviske ulvebestand er liten, har liten genetisk variasjon og er isolert fra andre ulvebestander. Når det gjelder alle disse tre faktorer har den skandinaviske ulvebestanden et dårlig utgangspunkt. Problemer vi kan få med innavl er avhengig av hva de tre individene, som dagens bestand bygger på, hadde i sin genetiske bagasje. For å undersøke dette må vi kjenne til graden av innavl (innavlskoeffisienter) hos individene i bestanden. Vi må også konstruere et såkalt stamtre eller slektsskapstre. Slike stamtrær kan lett lages for tamdyr eller dyr i fangenskap, men for viltlevende dyr er dette ekstremt vanskelig. Her er vår skandinaviske ulvebestand nærmest unik, nettopp fordi dette er nesten fullstendig kartlagt. Gjennom å kombinere data fra DNA-analyser av ulike typer av ulvemateriale med feltinformasjon har vi skaffet oss en detaljert kunnskap om slektskapsforholdene i vår ulvebestand. Denne kartlegging av ville ulver er helt enestående i verdenssammenheng. I perioden 1983-2003 har det blitt dannet 31 ulike par i den skandinaviske ulvebestanden som også har ynglet. Av disse er opprinnelsen hos begge dyr i 27 av parene beregnet. Dette innebærer at også graden av innavl (innavlskoeffisient) for disse 27 par og deres avkom kan beregnes. Tispa og hannen fra Nyskogareviret i 1983 var ikke i slekt med hverandre, slik at deres avkom har innavlskoeffisienten 0,0. Søskenparring gir innavlskoeffisienten 0,25, mens selvbefruktning gir en innavlskoeffisient på 0,5. Det gjennomsnittlige innavlsnivået i bestanden i perioden 2000-2003 ligger så høyt som 0,26. Ulvene er altså i gjennomsnitt mer i slekt med hverandre enn for avkom fra helsøskenparringer. Dette har sannsynligvis medført en reduksjon i antall valper registrert i førstegangsreproduserende flokker i de seinere åra. Utvandring hos ulv har som hensikt å etablere et egnet revir og finne en make. Dette gjør at ulv kan vandre både langt og lenge før de eventuelt blir stasjonære i et område og etablerer revir. I Skandinavia har tisper og hanner i gjennomsnitt utvandret like langt, hhv 133 km og 143 km. Tisper vandret lengre strekninger når bestanden var mindre og revirene var mer spredt. Med større bestand og tettere mellom revirene, har tispenes avstand blitt kortere. For hanner var bildet det motsatte. Det er større variasjon i utvandringsavstandene mellom ulike individer enn mellom kjønn; begge kjønn, fra ca 20 – 40 km til 330 km. Normalt etablerer tispene seg i nærheten av fødselsreviret. Enkelte dyr har vandret ut av den skandinaviske bestanden, til den finsk-russiske bestanden. De yngste ulvene vandrer ut allerede vinteren før de fyller ett år, men de fleste forlater flokken først i sitt andre leveår. Noen forblir i flokken enda noen år, mens et fåtall dyr aldri forlater den. Av 11 tisper radiomerket ved 7 – 9 måneders alder, har 8 vandret ut (73 %), mens andelen hanner er 88 % (7 av 8). Gjennomsnittlig alder for utvandring har vært henholdsvis 1,3 år for tispevalpene, og 1,1 år for hannvalpene. Med en økende bestand forventes større antall utvandrer. En høyere andel utvandrere stabiliserer flokkstørrelse og -dynamikk innen revirene, men ikke bestanden som helhet. Dette har betydning for forvaltningen både av ulven selv, og de arter av byttedyr den påvirker. Ulv kan vandre i overkant av 1000 km når de forlater fødereviret for å finne ledig territorium, men spredningsdistansene innen en og samme bestand varierer mye. Mye tyder på at retningen en vandrende ulv velger er tilfeldig i utgangspunktet, men at dens videre kurs kan påvirkes av hindringer i terrenget som store veier, tett bebyggelse o.l., samt tilstedeværelse av andre ulver. På grunn av den formidable evnen til å foreta lange vandringer kan ulv ofte dukke opp langt fra reproduserende bestander. Enkelte radiomerkede ulver har vandret flere hundre kilometer fra sitt fødested i midt-Sverige, f. eks. til Rogaland. Tilsvarende finnes det god dokumentasjon på at ulv har vandret nordover fra sine føderevir i Sør-Skandinavia til Nord-Norge og Nord-Sverige, og dessuten så langt sør som til Skåne. Den lengste avstanden registrert hittil i Nord-Amerika er på 886 km. De fleste langvandringene foretas av enkeltindivider, men også ulvepar og til og med familiegrupper kan av og til kan forlate sine revir og vandre flere hundre kilometer. Ulvetisper kan vandre like langt som hanndyr, selv om hannulver står for 75 % av de dokumenterte vandringsavstandene over 300 km. Slik vandring kan skje året rundt, men topper seg hovedsakelig på vårparten, og i noen grad også på høsten. Moderne GPS-teknologi har gitt oss ny verdensrekord i langvandring hos ulv; ei tispe fra Gråfjellsreviret merket som valp i 2002 ble skutt ved den finsk-russiske grensa våren 2005, 1100 km fra merkeplassen. Ulv er en sterkt revirhevdende art med streng rangordning. Dette har klare effekter på artens bestandsdynamikk og er av stor betydning for effektene på aktuelle byttedyrbestander. Når et nytt revir etableres er det oftest en utvandrende tispe som velger sted for etablering av reviret. Her blir hun inntil en enslig hannulv med akseptabel kvalitet dukker opp. Det etablerte paret revirmarkerer og etter en vellykket yngling blir det en ulveflokk, også kalt familiegruppe, i reviret. Gjennomsnittlig flokkstørrelse for vinterbestanden i Skandinavia har siden reetableringen vært 6 ± 1,6 ulv (variert mellom 3 og 11). Fordi ulvebestanden i Skandinavia er under ekspansjon, vil flokkstørrelsen normalt ikke være særlig stor. Ulv i Norge og Sverige hevder uvanlig store revir i forhold til næringstilgangen, og følgelig er det plass til mange dyr i hver flokk. Gjennomsnittlig revirstørrelse for ulv på den skandinaviske halvøya har variert fra 311 – 1990 km², med et gjennomsnitt på 1166 km². Kun 5-6 av de 22–23 nye ulverevir som har blitt etablert i perioden 1978 – 2002 ble etablert med felles grense med et annet revir. Selv om en fortetning har skjedd de siste 2-3 åra, er det rom for en betydelig fortetning av ulv innen dens nåværende utbredelse. Ulvens diett avhenger av hva som er tilgjengelig, og kan generelt inkludere alt fra søppel og mindre pattedyr til elg og bison. I Skandinavia utgjør elg den største andelen konsumert føde etterfulgt av rådyr og diverse små pattedyr som grevling, bever, hare, smågnagere og fugl. Analyser av ekskrementer fra ulv som er innsamlet fra en rekke revir i Norge og Sverige siden slutten av 1980-tallet viser at elgkjøtt utgjør mer enn 95 % av alt kjøtt som konsumeres. Mest fokus omkring ulvens effekt på byttedyra har derfor vært rettet mot effekten på elgbestanden. Gjennom utstrakt vintersporing av ulv, samt bruk av radiosendere på ulv og elg, har vi fått en oversikt over hvor ofte ulven slår en elg (predasjonstakt) og hvilke elger som drepes (byttedyrvalg). Ulven dreper ikke en hvilken som helst elg. Av 209 ulvedrepte elger var hele 80 % enten kalv (64 %) eller åring (16 %), mens 11 % var fra den eldste aldersgruppen, 11 år og eldre. De resterende 9 % var fullvoksne elger i sin beste alder (2-11 år). Det var en tydelig dominans av elgkyr (>80 %) i de to eldste aldersgruppene. Det var stor variasjon mellom revirene; 93% kalv i Bograngenreviret, men kun 39% det tilgrensende Nyskogareviret, noe som kan skyldes varierende jaktstrategi hos ulv i de to områdene. For å undersøke om ulven prefererte syke og svake byttedyr ble fettinnholdet i beinmargen fra kjevebein og lårbein hos ulvedrept elgkalv i Grangärde-reviret analysert. Den gjennomsnittlige fettprosenten hos 24 ulvedrept kalv var på 55 % (28-73%), godt over grenseverdien (10 %). Det samme gjaldt for et utvalg eldre dyr, der fettinnholdet var på ca 70 % (grenseverdi 20 %). Det var heller ingen forskjell i fettprosent mellom kalv og voksne elg drept av ulv og elg skutt under jakta. Ulven er allikevel ikke helt uselektiv med hensyn til valg av byttedyr, men foretrekker å ta kalv og eldre individer. Predasjonstakten er beregnet som gjennomsnittlig antall dager mellom hver gang ulven slo en elg i perioden 1999-2003. Det funnet 230 elg drept av ulv, og ulveflokkene varierte mellom 2 og 8 individer. Predasjonstakten varierte mellom 2,7 og 10,5 dager per elg drept. For GPS-merkede ulver, som gir et mer presist estimat, ligger gjennomsnittsintervallet på 4 dager per drept elg. Hvis predasjonstakten er stabil gjennom året vil en ulveflokk (2-8 individer) i gjennomsnitt slå mellom 62 og 90 elg per år. Estimatet medfører en viss usikkerhet ettersom både fødebehov og elgens gjennomsnittsstørrelse, og dermed fødeverdi for ulven, varierer gjennom året. En noe høyere predasjonstakt er antydet for sommeren siden kalvene da er små og utgjør betraktelig mindre biomasse med kjøtt. Flere kalver er derfor nødvendig for å dekke det samme kjøttbehovet. Siden predasjonstakten varierer mellom vinter og sommer er det vanskelig å beregne hvor mange elg en ulveflokk dreper i løpet av året. En alternativ tilnærming til dette problemet er å studere elgen framfor ulven. Ved å radiomerke et representativt antall elg innenfor og utenfor et ulverevir, og siden beregne reproduksjonsrater, overlevelsesrater og tetthet av elg i området, kan vi få en oversikt over hvor mange elg som drepes av ulv hvert år. I gjennomsnitt fant vi at 59-65 % av kalvene som ikke ble skutt overlevde sitt første leveår innenfor ulverevir, mens overlevelsen var 88 %, hvilket antyder at 23-29 % av kalvene ble tatt av ulv. På grunnlag av predasjonsratene på elgkalv og tetthet og struktur i elgbestanden, data på elgens kjønns- og aldersstruktur, og bestandstetthet basert på flytellinger, oppfølging av radiomerkede elgkyr under kalvingen, elgobservasjoner under jakta (sett elg) og elgjaktstatistikk kunne vi beregne predasjonsraten. Effekten av ulvens predasjon på elgbestanden måler vi gjerne som andelen av den årlige tilveksten av elg som drepes av ulv. I Hedmark ble i 2003 ca 415 elg beregnet tatt av ulv (antar 3,5 ulveflokker/par, 5 enkeltindivid), 7650 elg skutt, mens 700 elg gikk med i trafikken. Om vi antar en tilnærmet stabil elgbestand og at dødeligheten utenom jakt og ulvepredasjon (sult, sykdom, bjørn, skadefelling etc.) tilsvarer det som døde i trafikken (700), tok jakt (ca 81 %) og trafikk (ca 7 %) hoveddelen av den årlige tilveksten av elg i Hedmark i 2003, mens ulven tok om lag 4-5 %. For praktisk bruk vil en mer relevant tilnærming være å studere effekten av ulvens predasjon på elg innenfor ulverevir. Fire faktorer vil være avgjørende for effekten av predasjon på en elgbestand innenfor revir: Ulveflokkens predasjonstakt (antall elg drept pr år), revirets størrelse og elgbestandens størrelse og produktivitet. Viktige faktorer som kan medvirke til å skape variasjon i predasjonstakt og predasjonsrate mellom områder og år er variasjon i ulvens jakteffektivitet og elgens evne til å unngå å bli drept. Så langt i studiene kan det virke som om antallet elg drept pr ulveindivid er høyere i Skandinavia enn i Nord-Amerika. Dette kan skyldes flere forhold, hvorav en mulig årsak er at elgen ennå ikke har tilvendt seg ulven som et farlig rovdyr. I den grad elgens manglende erfaring med ulv påvirker predasjonstakten kan vi kanskje forvente å se en reduksjon i predasjonstakten etter hvert som elgens erfaringsgrunnlag øker. Ulv har vært ansett som en typisk villmarksart, men i dag vet vi at dette ikke er riktig. Etableringen av ulv i det norske Mosse-reviret i Østfold er et illustrerende eksempel: her bor det 22 personer/km², og 37 % av området består er kultivert land. Kongsvinger-Årjäng reviret langs den norsk-svenske grensa representerte mer typisk skandinavisk ulvehabitat med < 2 personer/km² og < 1 % kultivert land. I Mosse-reviret hvor den menneskelige aktiviteten er uvanlig høy til ulverevir å være, er dyrene mest aktive om natta, og i ro om dagen, mens i revir mer upåvirka av mennesker er ulvene mest aktive om morgenen og formiddagen. En intensivstudie av lederhannen i Mosse-reviret viste at ulvene gikk over fra å være aktive til å holde seg i ro under de mest intensive timene av elgjakta, dvs. morgen og formiddag. Dermed minsket de risikoen for overraskende møter med mennesker. Intensivstudier av radiomerka ulv viser at disse ulvene verken unngikk eller oppsøkte innretninger som mindre veier, mindre jorder, dyreinnhegninger, enkeltstående hus eller små grupper av hus. Derimot viste de en unnvikende atferd i forhold til store veier, store jorder og større ansamlinger av hus. De oppsøkte skogsbilveier mer enn tilfeldig, men bare vinterstid. Tilsvarende velger den naturlige veier som frosne bekkefar, etablerte dyretråkk og lysninger. Ved framprovoserte møter mellom menneske og ulv i to revir (Moss og Kongsvinger-Årjäng) viste ingen av de fem radiomerkede ulvene eller de 13-17 flokkmedlemmene deres mindre fryktreaksjon enn forventet. Ved to tilfeller viste en alfahunn tendenser til forsvar ved en valpeplass. I de andre 123 forsøkene stakk ulven umiddelbart av gårde. Ulvenes fluktdistanse varierte fra 35 til 488 meter (gjennomsnitt 257 ± 125 meter). Fluktdistansene var nærmere dobbelt så lange i medvind (329 ±114 meter) som i motvind (184 ±107 meter). Ulvenes fluktdistanser var lengre i perioden da valpene var for unge til å følge flokken (346 ± 84 meter vs. 210 ± 101 meter i perioden da valpene fulgte flokken). Det ble ikke funnet noen form for tilvenning til forstyrrelsene. SKANDULV har utført skremmingsforsøk på radiomerkede ulver i Norge og Sverige. To forsøk der ulven over fem dager ble utsatt for knallskudd avfyrt fra signalpistol resulterte i en større skyhet etter skremmingsforsøkene. Skremmingsforsøk kan brukes til å opprettholde skyhet hos ulv som ikke jaktes, og av den grunn har potensial til å habitueres. Hvor lenge den økte skyheten hos skremt ulv varer har vi imidlertid ikke kunnskap om. Tiltak som er igangsatt for å redusere problemene med tilstedeværelse av store rovdyr er ulvetelefonen og SKANDULVs hjemmesider. Ulvetelefonen skal hjelpe til med å forebygge at jakthunder blir drept eller skadet av ulv. Ulvetelefon brukes også av andre friluftsinteresserte som vil vite hvor ulvene er når de blir peilet. Hjemmesidene gir fortløpende informasjon om prosjektet på norsk og svensk. En engelsk versjon er under utvikling. Betydelig innsats er også lagt på annen informasjon, med deltagelse på kurs, møter og andre arrangementer samt skriving av populærvitenskapelige artikler og opptreden i både norsk og utenlandsk media. Mye innsamlet data er ennå ikke ferdig analysert og flere av konklusjonene som framkommer her vil derfor ikke være endelige. Selv om mye feltarbeid videreføres også utover 2004, har 2005 vært preget av oppsummering og analysering av allerede tilgjengelige data. Dette vil gjenspeiles i en økende publiseringstakt i årene som kommer av vitenskapelige og mer populærvitenskapelig artikler.

• Hansen, Trond Willa; Mørk, Torild; Tryland, Morten; Arnemo, Jon M & Andersen, Reidar (2005). Rabies hos flaggermus. En oversiktsrapport. NINA Rapport 76. Full text in Research Archive
• Rusch, Graciela; Stokke, Sigbjørn; Røskaft, Eivin; Mwakalebe, Grayson; Wiik, Harald & Arnemo, Jon Martin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2005). Human-wildlife interactions in western Serengeti, Tanzania. Effects of land management on migratory routes and mammal population densities. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242616296. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Serengeti-Mara ecosystem constitutes one of the last great migratory systems in Africa and supports the highest concentrations of large predators in the world. The health of the ecosystem, as judged by fundamental processes has been regarded as good, however, the prospects for the future maintenance of its integrity need to consider the enormous expansion of human activities in the region as well as the current global notion that protected areas cannot be managed in isolation from the local claims of poverty alleviation and rural development. Consequently, a better understanding of the interactions between land management and wildlife biodiversity is critical to face current challenges of protected area management. In this study, we focused on three issues aiming to gain knowledge on land management – wildlife interactions. First, we documented the distribution patterns of all larger mammal species along ground transects stretching from the protected area into the open land (in our case, the communal land in the non-protected area) on a monthly basis and during a period of 3 years. Second, we assessed the patterns of migratory behaviour of Serengeti wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) using modem telemetry, which yielded the most complete and accurate data set to date. Thirdly, we established the distribution and quality of forage in terms of the biomass of herbaceous vegetation in three land-management areas and assessed consumption during the migration period to link forage availability to the use of the area by herbivores. Our results on wildebeest movements agree generally with earlier notions that the migration in Serengeti occurs mostly within the protected area. However, the transect records showed that large herds of wildebeests use non-protected areas while migrating north which reveals that there are at present important areas of the ecosystem, as defined by the migrants that are not protected. Our data also indicate important differences in the northward migration route compared to the one described earlier in the late seventies, when the migration made an extensive use of the western corridor area. In contrast, our data suggest a more eastern route, following a narrow fringe along the borderline between the national park and the game reserve areas. Both the wildebeest distribution maps and the daily movement distances indicate that in the dry season, the wildebeest made a more concentrated use of the range compared to the rain season period. This pattern can be attributed to relatively higher forage availability (higher standing biomass) in the dry season range compared to that in the plains in the main season. Other possible causes can be the availability of fewer water sources in this season that force the animals to concentrate the use in their vicinity or the impact of agricultural activities that have greatly expanded in the Mara area in the last decades. The transect data reveal differences in density distributions between the protected and non-protected areas. Common large herbivores (i. e. impala (Aepyceros melampus), Thomson’s gazelle (Gazella thomsoni), Burchell’s zebra (Equus burchelli), Grant’s gazelle (Gazella granti), topi (Damaliscus korrigum), giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) and warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) had significantly lower densities along the transects stretching through the open land and the game reserve areas compared with the areas within the National Park. The open land is characterised by some vegetation types typically influenced by human activities (scrub, scrub grassland and vegetation dominated by weeds) that were absent both in the game reserve and the national park areas. But there were differences between the Game Reserve and the National Park as well. The game reserve area had a prevalence of more open types (grassland and wooded grassland), which may be a result of a more intense disturbance regime. The forage availability data were also indicative of a general higher disturbance pressure (grazing, fire and cultivation combined) in the Game Reserve compared with the National Park, as for example, the lower standing biomass which can be attributed to a higher frequency of fires. Fire was widespread in the study area at the time of the onset of the northern migration. Twenty eight per cent of the sites were burnt and the majority of them was located along the borderline between the Game Reserve and the National Park (24 and 18 burnt plots respectively). No burning was recorded in the open land. At this time, burnt sites not only had a significantly reduced amount of total standing biomass (10% of non-burnt sites) but of green biomass as well. Consequently, if the area affected by fire is large, the ’early burning’ practice will result in a substantial reduction of the forage available during migration and in the dry season. A more careful consideration of the timing of the burning and of the frequency of fires appears to be necessary when planning future management practices and regulations since food availability during the dry season is critical to the wildebeest. The open land had high total standing biomass and green biomass, as well as a higher proportion of sites with no evident signs of grazing both before and after the northern migration passed the area. These results are in agreement with the GPS-tracking and transect data that indicate a low use of the area by migratory wildebeest and other wildlife. It is also in agreement with the findings of the socio-economic studies that show that the use of the area by livestock is also limited at the moment. The results indicate that biomass parameters are not good predictors of regional herbivore forage choice in anthropogenic habitats. The differences in standing biomass and biomass compartments between the game reserve and the national park are more surprising since there were no a priori indications of differences in forage availability and quality between the areas. The lower amount of standing biomass in non-burnt sites together with a lower proportion of stem biomass and a higher proportion of green leaves in the Game reserve can probably be attributed to the incidence of higher intensity of fires and grazing. The game reserve area also had a higher predominance of open vegetation types which is also in agreement with higher disturbance. The practice of burning seems to be common in the game reserve areas and the consumption data indicated a very intensive use of some areas.

• Dötterer, Michael; Wabakken, Petter; Zimmermann, Barbara; Christensen, Hanne; Omland, Marius & Johansen, Tom [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2004). Prosjekt innlandsoter : utbredelse og bestandsutvikling av oter i Hedmark fylke, 1901-2002 Project inland otter : distribution and population trend of otter in Hedmark County, southeastern Norway 1901-2002. Høgskolen i Hedmark. ISSN 9788276713206. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Sammendrag: En analyse av jaktstatistikken viser en kontinuerlig nedgang i oter-bestanden i Hedmark (og i det kontinentale Skandinavia) fra 1901 til 1954. I Norge har oteren vært totalfredet siden 1982, og på Østlandet siden 1972. Likevel ble det ikke registrert økning i bestanden før midten av 1990-tallet. Fra tidlig nittitallet ble det stadig oftere funnet spor etter otere og døde eksemplarer av arten, både i Hedmark og i nabofylker på norsk og svensk side av grensen. Tre studier, henholdsvis i 1989 (Christensen 1995), i 1995 (Johansen 1995) og i 1999 (Øie og Myklebust 1999), viste aktivitet av oter i midtre og nordøstre deler av Hedmark fylke. Fra 1998 begynte vi systematisk innsamling av informasjon om oterutbredelse i Sørøst-Norge. Vi mottok 452 rapporter om observasjoner eller spor- og sportegn av oter fra 70 ulike informasjonskilder for perioden 1954–2002. Av disse var 353 observasjoner fra Hedmark fylke. Fordelingen av oterobservasjoner var ujevnt fordelt i Hedmark fylke. Observasjonsskjemaene viste en konsentrasjon av forekomst i visse områder og totalt fravær i andre områder. Det var nesten totalt fravær av oterobservasjoner i det sørlige Hedmark, sør for elva Jømna (kun fire av 353 rapporteringer). Andre områder med få rapporteringervar Trysilelva-Ljørdalen, nordlige deler av Tolga og Os kommuner, Holøydalen i Tolga kommune og Glomma mellom Atna og Rena. Observasjoner fore-kom vanligst langs Renaelva fra Rena til Øvre Rendalen, øvre deler av Atnaelva, langs Glomma mellom Jømna og Rena, langs Glomma mellom Hanestad og Tolga og i Femundsmarka nord for Drevsjø mot sørøstre deler av Sør-Trøndelag (Aursund-regionen). Utviklingen fra 1990 til 2002 viser at det tidligere kjerneområdet i Femundsmarka, Alvdal, Atnaelva og kjerneområdet ved Renaelva har blitt til ett sammenhengende utbredelsesområde for oter. Kvikneregionen og Gaula elvesystem kan nå potensielt forbinde denne lokale oterpopulasjonen med den sammenhengende populasjonen langs kysten av Sør-Trøndelag. Likeledes vil områdetAursunden/ Femundsmarka potensielt kunne forbinde den samme lokale populasjonen med svensk bestand av innlandsoter. Det ble registrert reproduksjon i åtte ulike områder i perioden 1979–2002, syv innen Hedmark fylke og èn i Røros kommune i Sør-Trøndelagfylke. Det viktigste reproduksjonsområdet var i Løpsjøen i Åmot kommune, med seks reproduksjonsår mellom 1990 og 1999. I tillegg ble reproduksjon registrert i elva Jømna (1998 og 1999), i Elverum (1998), ved Deset (1994 og 1995), ved Østamyra i Rendalen (1998), i Tylldalen (1979 og 2000 og to ganger i området mellom Tynset og Tolga (1979 og 2002). Det beste reproduksjonsåret var i 1998, med rapportert yngling fra fire ulike områder. Barmarksregistreringen av oter i Hedmark fra 1989 (Christensen 1995)ble delvis gjentatt høsten 2002. Av 145 lokaliteter ble 70 (hovedsakelig i sør) undersøkt på nytt for forekomst av markeringer og ekskrementer. Ved å bruke samme punkttakseringsmetode ble oteraktivitet funnet på 11,1 % - 12,7 % av lokalitetene, mot 3,2% i 1989. Dette er en firedobling i registrert oterforekomst i disse deler av Hedmark, og viser at oterpopulasjonen har beveget seg fra en svært kritisk bestandssituasjon i 1989 til en mindre kritisk i 2002. Ved å bruke en ny 400m-transektmetode, der man leter etter oteraktivitet over en lengre strekning ved hver lokalitet, fant vi oteraktivitet ved 22,9 % 27,1 % av lokalitetene. From 1901 to 1954, hunting statistics show a continuous decline in otter numbers in non-coastal Hedmark County, and continental Scandinavia in general. In Norway, the otter has been totally protected by law since 1972 in south-eastern Norway and throughout the whole country since 1982. Despite this the population did not recover until the mid 1990s. In the early 1990s, observations

• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Ahlqvist, Per; Gangås, Lars; Odden, John & Segerström, Peter (2003). Biomedical protocol for free-ranging lynx (Lynx lynx) in Scandinavia. Norges veterinærhøgskole. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Brunberg, Sven; Swenson, Jon E.; Weber, Annmarie & Soling, Kalle (2003). Medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam in brown bears (Ursus arctos): Test of high doses in captive animals. Skandinaviska Björnprojektet. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin (2003). Anaesthesia and pain control in gray wolves. Orion Pharma Animal Health. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Ahlqvist, Per & Segerström, Peter (2003). Immobilization protocol for free-ranging gray wolves (Canis lupus) in the Scandinavian Wolf Research Project. Norges veterinærhøgskole. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnemo, Jon Martin; Andersen, Roy; Persson, Jens; Segerström, Peter & Ranheim, Birgit (2003). Biomedical protocol for free-ranging wolverines (Gulo gulo) in Scandinavia. Norges veterinærhøgskole. Full text in Research Archive
• Swenson, Jon E.; Dahle, Bjørn; Arnemo, Jon Martin; Brunberg, Sven; Hustad, Håkon & Nerheim, Eskil [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2003). Utredninger i forbindelse med ny rovviltmelding. Status og forvaltning av brunbjørnen i Norge. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 9788242613585. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Siden forrige rovviltmelding er den politiske målsettingen om å ha yngling av brunbjørn (Ursus arctos) i alle de fem administrative kjerneområdene for bjørn oppnådd. Ingen godkjente observasjoner av yngling er funnet utenfor disse kjerneområdene. Dagens politiske målsetting er "mindre enn" 8-10 voksne binner i hvert kjerneområde. Vårt estimat for hele Norge er i denne størrelsesorden, minimum ca. 6-12 voksne binner i hele landet.

• Storaas, Torstein; Andreassen, Harry P.; Gundersen, Hege; Wabakken, Petter; Arnemo, Jon M. & Henriksen, Hege [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (1999). Elg som næring : et forprosjekt om forvaltning av ressursen elg i områder med rovdyr, trafikk og aktivt skogbruk. Høgskolen i Hedmark. ISSN 9788276710694. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Vi har utformet en skisse for et prosjekt som skal gi svar på om elgbestanden i Stor-Elvdal kan gi grunnlag for en økonomisk levedyktig, og økologisk bærekraftig, næringsvirksomhet. Prosjektet er delt i økologiske delprosjekt som skal gi informasjon til utarbeiding av bioøkonomiske modeller. Til tross for at elgen er en godt studert dyrea rt trenger vi grundigere studier av effekten av landskapsformer, vilttiltak og rovdyr på bestandsutvikling og forflytningsmønster, og dermed på skogskader og elgpåkjørsler.Vi trenger avskytingsmodeller som inkorporerer tap til rovdyr, påkjørsler og tilfeldige variasjoner i demografi. Den økologiske og økonomiske informasjonen skal nyttes av samfunnsvitere for å utarbeide alternative modeller for forvaltning av viltstammer som trekker over eiendomsgrenser. Skissen skal brukes som et underlag forvidere arbeid med å finansiere og gjennomføre prosjektet Elg som næring. We have outlined a project to evaluate if an ecological and economical sound enterprise may be based on the moose population of Stor-Elvdal municipality. The project is composed of ecological unitsthat shall giveinformation to make economical models. Even though themoose is a well-studied species, we need more thorough studies of theeffect of landscap e, mana gement programs and carnivores on population development and movements of moose, and on forest damage and moose-traffic accidents. We need harvesting models that incorporate movementpatterns and losses to carnivores and traffic. The ecological and economical information must be used by social scientists to make models of how populations which cross property borders may be managed.

• Storaas, Torstein; Andreassen, Harry Peter; Gundersen, Hege; Kastdalen, L.; Arnemo, Jon Martin & Brottveit, Ånund [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (1999). Elg som næring: Et prosjekt om forvaltning av ressursen elg i områder med rovdyr, trafikk og aktivt skogbruk. Høgskolen i Hedmark. ISSN 9788276710694. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Vi har utformet en skisse for et prosjekt som skal gi svar på om elgbestanden i Stor-Elvdal kan gi grunnlag for en økonomisk levedyktig, og økologisk bærekraftig, næringsvirksomhet. Prosjektet er delt i økologiske delprosjekt som skal gi informasjon til utarbeiding av bioøkonomiske modeller. Til tross for at elgen er en godt studert dyreart trenger vi grundigere studier av effekten av landskapsformer, vilttiltak og rovdyr på bestandsutvikling og forflytningsmønster, og dermed på skogskader og elgpåkjørsler. Vi trenger avskytingsmodeller som inkorporerer tap til rovdyr, påkjørsler og tilfeldige variasjoner i demografi. Den økologiske og økonomiske informasjonen skal nyttes av samfunnsvitere for å utarbeide alternative modeller for forvaltning av viltstammer som trekker over eiendomsgrenser. Skissen skal brukes som et underlag for videre arbeid med å finansiere og gjennomføre prosjektet Elg som næring.

• Kolstad, Nils; Wik, Martin; Thorhallsdottir, Anna G.; Arnemo, Jon M. & Haarlaa, Rihko (1997). Landbruk og Naturutnyttelse i de Arktiske områder i Norden. Instilling fra arbeidsgruppe nedsatt av NOVA. Full text in Research Archive

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